Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Types of wood

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify types of wood used in the locality
- Describe physical characteristics of softwood and hardwood
- Show interest in learning about wood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to search for information on types of wood
- Discuss the physical characteristics of wood (soft and hard wood)
- Observe various items made of softwood and hardwood
- Create checklist to examine physical properties of tree types

What are the physical differences between softwood and hardwood?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 76
- Digital devices
- Samples of hardwood and softwood
- Charts showing various types of wood
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Classification of wood
Materials for Production - Density and grain patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Classify wood according to physical characteristics
- Use a checklist to sort wood as either softwood or hardwood
- Appreciate the differences between hardwood and softwood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use a checklist to sort wood as either softwood or hardwood
- Study photographs showing various types of wood
- Complete a table comparing physical characteristics of wood
- Share classification findings with peers

How can we classify wood based on its physical characteristics?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 76
- Various pieces of wood
- Checklists
- Photos of hardwood and softwood
- Exercise books
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 77
- Wood samples with visible grain
- Magnifying glasses
- Reference books
- Digital devices

- Practical work - Observation - Written tests

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Wood preparation - Conversion
Materials for Production - Wood preparation - Seasoning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of wood conversion
- Describe how wood is converted into timber using sawmills
- Recognize the importance of wood preparation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the process of converting wood into timber
- Use print or digital media to search for information on conversion methods
- Study conversion methods: plain sawing, quarter sawing, tangential sawing
- Watch videos on sawmill operations

How is wood converted from logs into usable timber?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 77
- Digital devices and internet
- Video clips on sawmills
- Pictures of timber conversion
- Charts showing conversion methods
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 78
- Digital resources
- Charts on wood seasoning
- Samples of seasoned wood
- Diagrams of kiln and air drying

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Uses of hardwood
Materials for Production - Uses of softwood
Materials for Production - Importance of wood in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify uses of hardwood in different trades
- Relate properties of hardwood to its uses
- Appreciate the value of hardwood in day-to-day life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss uses of hardwood (furniture, flooring, kitchen cabinets)
- Observe wooden items in the classroom and school
- Develop charts to match types of wood to their uses
- Research hardwood applications in various professions

What are the common uses of hardwood in our locality?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 78
- Hardwood samples
- Furniture items
- Charts and pictures
- Reference materials
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 79
- Softwood samples
- Construction materials
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Digital devices
- Charts showing wood uses
- Case studies

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Types of waste materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify waste materials found in the environment
- Categorize waste materials by type (plastic, glass, metal, paper)
- Show awareness of waste in the environment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Walk around the school compound to identify waste materials
- Study photographs showing various types of waste
- Discuss types of waste found in home and school
- Create classification system for different waste types

What types of waste materials are found in our environment?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 82
- Charts showing waste types
- Gloves and masks
- Waste bins
- Observation sheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Electronic and construction waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify electronic waste and construction waste
- Explain sources of different waste types
- Appreciate the need to properly identify waste

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify electronic waste (computers, phones, appliances)
- Discuss construction waste materials
- Visit places around school to identify various types of waste
- Create inventory of e-waste sources

How do we distinguish between different categories of waste?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of electronic waste
- Construction waste samples
- Digital resources
- E-waste labels

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Safe handling methods - Composting
Materials for Production - Safe handling methods - The 3Rs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the composting process
- Identify organic waste suitable for composting
- Demonstrate composting techniques

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to search for information on composting
- Discuss how to convert organic waste into manure
- Practice piling organic waste for composting
- Observe decomposition process over time

What is composting and why is it important?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 84
- Organic waste materials
- Compost pit
- Digital devices
- Gloves and masks
- Recyclable materials
- Charts on 3Rs
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Incineration and landfills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the incineration process
- Explain how landfills are used for waste disposal
- Understand safety considerations in these methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss safe ways of handling waste through controlled burning
- Learn about landfill design and use
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of different methods
- Examine environmental impacts of each method

When should incineration or landfills be used for waste disposal?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of incinerators
- Digital resources
- Charts on waste disposal
- PPEs

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Bio-digestion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the bio-digestion process
- Identify organic materials suitable for bio-digestion
- Appreciate bio-digestion as a sustainable waste solution

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss anaerobic digestion process
- Learn about biogas production
- Visit or observe a biodigester in operation
- Calculate potential energy generation from bio-digestion

How does bio-digestion convert waste into useful products?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of biodigesters
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Case studies

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Recycling waste materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Collect recyclable materials from the locality
- Make items from recycled waste materials
- Show creativity in recycling projects

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Collect recyclable waste materials with proper PPEs
- Brainstorm on items to make using waste materials
- Make items such as spirit lamps or flower vases
- Display recycled creations and explain process

What useful items can we create from waste materials?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 86
- Recyclable materials
- Tools for making items
- Gloves and aprons
- Waste bins

- Practical work - Project - Observation

Materials for Production
Tools and Production

Materials for Production - Importance of proper waste management
Tools and Production - Identifying holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of proper waste management
- Dispose waste materials using appropriate methods
- Demonstrate commitment to environmental conservation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice safe disposal of waste materials (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost and burn)
- Visit the locality to observe handling of waste materials
- Discuss the importance of observing safety when handling waste
- Create awareness campaign on waste management

Why is proper waste management important in our community?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 88
- Well-labelled dustbins
- PPEs
- Mop and bucket
- Digital resources
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 92
- Variety of holding tools (vices, clamps, pliers, tongs, clips)
- Charts showing holding tools
- Digital devices

- Observation - Practical work - Rubrics

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Types of vices and clamps
Tools and Production - Types of pliers, clips and tongs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify types of vices and clamps
- Describe the structure of vices and clamps
- Appreciate the variety of holding tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Observe and identify bench vices, hand vices, machine vices
- Study different types of clamps (G-clamp, F-clamp, U-clamp, sash clamp)
- Discuss physical characteristics of each type
- Compare and contrast vice and clamp uses

How do different types of vices and clamps differ in structure?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 92
- Different types of vices
- Various clamps
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 93
- Various pliers
- Different clips
- Types of tongs
- Charts

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Uses of holding tools
Tools and Production - Safe use of holding tools
Tools and Production - Using holding tools to perform tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the uses of different holding tools
- Select appropriate holding tools for given tasks
- Appreciate the importance of using correct tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the uses of holding tools
- Choose holding tools for different tasks
- Study pictures showing holding tools in use
- Match tools to specific work scenarios

How are different holding tools used in workplaces?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 94
- Chart showing uses of holding tools
- Available holding tools
- Relevant textbooks
- Digital devices
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 96
- Digital devices with internet
- Safety goggles
- Gloves
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 98
- Bench vice
- G-clamp
- Pieces of wood
- Handsaw
- Wood glue
- Workbench

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Using pliers, clips and tongs
Tools and Production - Care and importance of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use pliers to grip and bend wire
- Use clips to hold papers on drawing boards
- Use tongs to hold hot workpieces safely

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Grip and bend a wire using pliers
- Hold drawing paper onto a drawing board using paper clips
- Hold a hot workpiece using tongs
- Share experiences on the use of holding tools

How are pliers, clips and tongs used in practical tasks?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 99
- Needle nose pliers
- Wire
- Paper clips
- Drawing board
- Crucible tongs
- Bunsen burner
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 100
- Holding tools
- Clean piece of cloth
- Soft brush
- Oil can
- Tool box or rack
- Dust cover

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Identifying driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify driving tools used in day-to-day life
- Name different types of driving tools
- Show interest in learning about driving tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing various driving tools
- Identify driving tools available
- Draw the tools in exercise books and write their names
- Classify driving tools by function

What are driving tools and what are they used for?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 106
- Variety of driving tools (hammer, mallet, screwdriver, punch, spanner)
- Charts showing driving tools
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Types of hammers and mallets
Tools and Production - Types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify types of hammers and mallets
- Describe the structure of hammers and mallets
- Appreciate the variety of driving tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study ball pein hammer, cross pein hammer, straight peen hammer, claw hammer
- Observe wooden head mallet, plastic head mallet, rubber head mallet
- Compare parts, shapes and sizes of driving tools
- Discuss specific uses of each type

How do different types of hammers and mallets differ?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 107
- Different types of hammers
- Various mallets
- Charts
- Digital resources
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 108
- Various spanners
- Different screwdrivers
- Types of punches
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Uses of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the uses of different driving tools
- Select appropriate driving tools for given tasks
- Appreciate the importance of using correct tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss uses of driving tools for different tasks
- Select driving tools to perform given tasks
- Study pictures showing driving tools being used
- Create task-to-tool matching exercise

How are different driving tools used in various tasks?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 109
- Chart showing uses of driving tools
- Real driving tools
- Relevant textbooks
- Exercise book and pen

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Safe use of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain safety precautions when using driving tools
- Demonstrate safe use of driving tools
- Develop safe working habits

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices to search for information on safe use
- Watch videos on how to safely use each tool
- Role-play safe use of hammers, mallets, screwdrivers, spanners and punches
- Discuss hazards and prevention

What safety measures should be observed when using driving tools?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 111
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Safety goggles
- Gloves
- First aid box

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Using hammers and mallets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use a hammer to join pieces of wood
- Use a mallet to drive dowels into wood
- Apply correct techniques in using driving tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Join two pieces of wood using a hammer and nails
- Join two pieces of wood using a wooden mallet and dowel
- Demonstrate safe use of driving tools when performing tasks
- Practice correct striking technique

How do we use hammers and mallets to perform tasks safely?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 112
- Claw hammer
- Wooden mallet
- Pieces of wood
- Nails
- Dowels
- Workbench
- Clamp

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Using screwdrivers, spanners and punches

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use a screwdriver to fasten screws
- Use a spanner to tighten bolts and nuts
- Use a punch to make holes in leather

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Fasten pieces of wood using a screwdriver and screws
- Tighten a bolt and nut using a spanner and pliers
- Make holes in a leather belt using a revolving leather hole punch
- Practice technique and precision

How are screwdrivers, spanners and punches used in practical tasks?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 113
- Screwdriver
- Wood screws
- Spanner
- Pliers
- Bolt and nut
- Leather hole punch
- Leather belt

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Care and importance of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Clean and store driving tools properly
- Explain the importance of driving tools
- Appreciate the need for proper tool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use a dry piece of cloth to wipe off dirt from tools
- Clean and safely store driving tools
- Discuss the importance of driving tools in day-to-day life
- Present discussion points in class

Why is it important to care for driving tools properly?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 115
- Driving tools
- Clean piece of cloth
- Soft brush
- Tool box
- Storage shelf
- Digital devices

- Observation - Practical work - Written tests

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Identifying problems in the locality
Tools and Production - Brainstorming on solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explore the locality to identify problems
- List problems affecting the community
- Show awareness of community needs

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit the school locality to identify problems
- Conduct observations and interviews
- Consult people in the community about challenges they face
- Record information gathered

What problems in our locality can be solved using Pre-Technical Studies skills?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 121
- Notebook
- Pen
- Digital devices for recording
- Observation sheets
- List of problems from previous lesson
- Exercise book
- Whiteboard/flip chart

- Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Selecting an item to make

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Discuss possible items to solve the identified problem
- Select an appropriate item to make
- Demonstrate creative thinking

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the problem in detail
- Brainstorm on items that can be made (e.g., waste bins, compost pit, incinerator)
- Select one item using available materials
- Use digital devices to identify suitable items

What item can we make to solve the identified problem?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 122
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Exercise book
- Pen

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Sketching and planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Sketch the item to be made
- List materials required
- Estimate the cost of materials

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Sketch the item (e.g., innovative waste bin)
- Discuss the sketch with group members
- Identify materials required
- Estimate the cost of materials

How do we plan for making the project item?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 122
- Drawing materials
- Exercise book
- Pen
- Calculator

- Portfolio - Observation - Practical work

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Obtaining materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Find and collect required materials
- Use locally available materials
- Demonstrate resourcefulness

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Collect the materials and tools needed
- Look for required materials (paint, nails, bolts, hinges, screws)
- Use locally available materials and waste materials
- Take photographs of materials collected

Where can we get the materials needed for our project?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 123
- Locally available materials
- Waste materials
- Digital devices for photos
- Transport materials

- Checklist - Observation - Practical work

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Implementation phase 1

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Develop a project implementation plan
- Discuss safety precautions
- Begin making the item

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Come up with a plan for the project with timelines
- Discuss safety precautions to observe
- Share roles among group members
- Begin making the item

How do we safely implement our project plan?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 123
- Materials and tools
- Personal protective equipment
- Workbench
- Project plan

- Observation - Practical work - Rubrics

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Implementation phase 2

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Continue making the project item
- Apply skills learned in previous lessons
- Work collaboratively in groups

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Continue with making the item following the plan
- Wear appropriate safety gear
- Use appropriate tools correctly
- Monitor progress against timeline

How is our project progressing?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 123
- Materials and tools
- Personal protective equipment
- Workbench
- Progress checklist

- Practical work - Observation - Progress checklist

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Implementation phase 3
Tools and Production - Costing and pricing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Complete making the project item
- Apply finishing touches
- Ensure quality of workmanship

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Complete making the item
- Apply finishing touches (painting, labeling)
- Ensure the item meets quality standards
- Clean work area

Is our project item complete and functional?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 124
- Materials and tools
- Paint and labels
- Cleaning materials
- Personal protective equipment
- Cost records
- Calculator
- Exercise book
- Pen

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Presentation and feedback

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Present the finished item
- Explain how the item solves the problem
- Receive and respond to feedback

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Display the finished product to other groups
- Explain the problem and how the item solves it
- Receive comments and feedback
- Use feedback to improve the item

How effectively does our item solve the identified problem?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 124
- Finished project item
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms

- Observation - Oral questions - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Community education

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Educate the community on using the item
- Demonstrate how to use the item properly
- Promote community awareness

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Educate the community on how to use the item
- Demonstrate proper use of the waste disposal bin
- Discuss benefits to the community
- Answer questions from community members

How do we help the community use our project item effectively?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 125
- Finished project item
- Demonstration materials
- Information leaflets

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Marketing and production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Assess demand for the item
- Plan for production of more items
- Understand basic marketing concepts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Assess demand from the community
- Make more items if there is demand
- Learn about marketing the product
- Sell to the community with teacher guidance

Can we produce more items to meet community demand?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 125
- Production materials
- Marketing materials
- Record keeping book

- Practical work - Written tests - Observation

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Solving other community problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify other problems in the community
- Discuss solutions using Pre-Technical Studies skills
- Show commitment to community service

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Refer to list of problems from beginning of project
- Find out how other problems can be solved
- Discuss ways to apply skills to solve problems
- Plan future projects

What other problems can we solve using our skills?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 125
- List of community problems
- Exercise book
- Pen
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Recording problem-solving experiences

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Document problems solved
- Record skills applied
- Share experiences with others

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Record problems solved in a table
- Document Pre-Technical skills applied
- Share experiences with classmates
- Reflect on learning

How can we document our problem-solving journey?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 125
- Exercise book
- Pen
- Project portfolio
- Digital devices

- Portfolio - Written assignments - Self-assessment

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Portfolio compilation phase 1
Tools and Production - Portfolio compilation phase 2

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Organize project documentation
- Compile evidence of work done
- Create a project portfolio

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Collect all project sketches and plans
- Organize photographs of project stages
- Compile cost estimates and records
- Arrange documents in chronological order

How do we organize our project documentation?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 122
- All project documents
- Photographs
- File folder
- Labels
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 125
- Exercise book
- Pen
- Project documentation
- Feedback forms

- Portfolio - Observation - Checklist

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Reflection on learning phase 1

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Reflect on skills acquired during the project
- Identify strengths and areas for improvement
- Appreciate collaborative work

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Review all project work
- Discuss skills learned
- Identify what went well and what could be improved
- Share reflections with group members

What did we learn from this project experience?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 126
- Project portfolio
- Exercise book
- Pen
- Reflection guide

- Self-assessment - Oral questions - Written reflection

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Reflection on learning phase 2
Tools and Production - Final presentation preparation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Link project work with academic concepts
- Understand practical application of theory
- Plan for continuous skill application

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Link project work with Pre-Technical Studies concepts
- Discuss how concepts learned enabled project completion
- Reflect on how project deepened learning
- Plan to apply skills in future

How did our classroom learning help us complete this project?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 126
- Project portfolio
- Exercise book
- Pen
- Reflection guide
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 124
- Presentation materials
- Project item
- Portfolio
- Digital devices

- Written reflection - Oral questions - Self-assessment