Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Fire Safety - Meaning and importance of fire
Fire Safety - Possible causes of fire outbreaks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the term fire
- Explain the importance of fire in daily life
- Appreciate the role of fire in our lives

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on the meaning of fire
- Discuss the importance of fire in daily life
- Present findings in class

Why is fire important in our daily lives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 1
- Pictures showing uses of fire
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 2
- Pictures of fire outbreak scenarios
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Class presentations

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Fire Safety - Ways of preventing fire outbreaks
Fire Safety - Firefighting techniques: Cooling and smothering
Fire Safety - Firefighting techniques: Starving and interrupting
Fire Safety - Importance of fire safety
Data Safety - Meaning and importance of data
Data Safety - Threats to data: Viruses
Data Safety - Threats to data: Unauthorized access

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain ways of preventing fire outbreaks in the environment
- Identify fire prevention equipment and their uses
- Demonstrate responsibility in fire prevention
- Define data and information in electronic devices
- Explain the importance of data in electronic devices
- Appreciate the value of data in electronic devices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing fire prevention measures
- Discuss measures put in place to prevent fire outbreak at school and home
- Learn about smoke detectors, fire extinguishers and fire alarms
- Discuss storage of flammable substances and importance of fire safety training
- Brainstorm on the meaning of data and information in electronic devices
- Use digital devices or print media to find out the importance of data
- Outline main points in notebooks
- Share points with classmates

How can we prevent fire outbreaks in our environment?
What is data and why is it important in electronic devices?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 5
- Pictures of fire prevention measures
- Fire safety equipment (smoke detectors, fire extinguishers, fire alarms)
- "No Smoking" signs
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 7
- Pictures of firefighting methods
- Water containers
- Sand and blankets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 8
- Fire extinguisher
- Video clips on firefighting
- Charts showing firefighting methods
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 9
- Nearby workplace or workshop
- Fire safety equipment
- Resource person
- Notebooks
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 10
- Digital devices (computers, tablets, smartphones)
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 11
- Digital devices showing virus warnings
- Pictures of virus alerts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 12
- Digital devices
- Internet resources
- Case studies on data breaches

- Observation - Oral questions - Class presentations
- Observation - Oral questions - Written notes

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Data Safety - Ways of protecting data
Data Safety - Protecting data using passwords

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe ways of protecting data in electronic devices
- Identify techniques of securing data
- Demonstrate responsibility in data protection

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing ways of protecting data
- Discuss how data can be protected (use passwords and scan devices using antivirus)
- Discuss techniques of securing data in electronic devices against threats

How can we protect data in electronic devices?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 12
- Digital devices
- Charts showing data protection methods
- Pictures of data protection techniques
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 13
- Password-protected files
- Internet resources on password creation

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Data Safety - Securing data with passwords on documents
Data Safety - Understanding antivirus software
Data Safety - Installing and scanning devices using antivirus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Secure a document using a password
- Follow steps to encrypt documents with passwords
- Show confidence in securing data

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Create a new document or open an existing document
- Click "File" then "Info"
- Click "Protect document" and select "Encrypt with password"
- Insert password and confirm it
- Close document and test password protection

How do we secure documents with passwords on a computer?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 14
- Computers with word processing software
- Documents to be protected
- Step-by-step guides
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 15
- Digital devices with antivirus software
- Internet access
- Antivirus program interfaces
- Digital devices (phones, tablets, computers)
- Antivirus software
- Internet connection

- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies
Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies
Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Data Safety - Securing school electronic devices
Data Safety - Importance of data safety in daily life
Data Safety - Debate on data safety importance
Visual Programming - Meaning of visual programming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify electronic devices in school that need protection
- Secure data in school electronic devices using appropriate techniques
- Explain the importance of securing school devices
- Argue for or against the importance of data safety
- Apply critical thinking in discussing data safety issues
- Acknowledge the need for data safety in electronic device interaction

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify electronic devices in school (mobile phones, tablets, computers)
- Under teacher guidance, ensure data is secured in these devices
- Discuss why it is important to secure data in these devices using antivirus
- Participate in Computer Club debate on: "Data safety is important in our interaction with electronic devices today"
- Present arguments supported by evidence
- Listen to opposing views and respond appropriately
- Draw conclusions on data safety importance

Why is it important to secure data in school electronic devices?
Is data safety essential in our digital interactions?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 15
- School electronic devices
- Antivirus software
- Password protection tools
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 16
- Digital devices
- Case studies on data safety
- Real-life examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 16
- Debate guidelines
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 51
- Internet access
- Visual programming software
- Projector

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions
- Debate participation - Observation - Oral presentations - Peer assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Types of visual programming applications
Visual Programming - Examples of visual programming applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify educational applications
- Describe multimedia applications
- Recognize video game applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on educational applications
- Research multimedia applications
- Explore video game applications
- Brainstorm on examples of visual programming applications

What types of applications can be created using visual programming?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 52
- Digital devices
- Internet connection
- Textbooks
- Application examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 53
- Computers/tablets
- Internet access
- Application icons
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Features of visual programming applications
Visual Programming - Input feature in visual programming
Visual Programming - Terminologies in visual programming (Part 1)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify input features
- Recognize processing features
- Describe output and effects features

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Launch Scratch application with teacher guidance
- Identify features under input category
- Explore processing features
- Study output and effects (sound, animations, background)

What are the main features of visual programming applications?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 55
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Projector
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 56
- Computers/tablets
- Scratch software
- Practice worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 57
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Glossary worksheets

- Practical work - Observation - Peer review

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Terminologies in visual programming (Part 2)
Visual Programming - Creating sequential instructions (Part 1)
Visual Programming - Creating sequential instructions (Part 2)
Visual Programming - Animation project setup

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain coding and coding blocks
- Define sequence statements
- Describe repeating statements
- Understand selection statements and variable declarations
- Use Control blocks (Forever)
- Apply Motion blocks (move steps, bounce)
- Add Sound blocks
- Create simple animation sequence

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research meanings of coding, coding blocks, sequence statements
- Study repeating statements (forever, repeat until, repeat 10)
- Learn about selection statements and variable declarations
- Complete terminology table in notebooks
- Select and drag Forever block from Control
- Add move 10 steps from Motion
- Insert Play sound meow from Sound
- Add If on edge, bounce block
- Set rotation style to left-right
- Test program by clicking green flag

How do we give instructions to computers using visual programming?
How do we make characters move and make sounds?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 58
- Digital devices
- Scratch application
- Reference materials
- Practice examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 59
- Computers/tablets
- Internet access
- Scratch online platform
- Projector for demonstration
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 60
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Step-by-step guide
- Sample projects
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 61
- Computers/tablets
- Scratch software
- Internet connection
- Visual examples

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Peer review
- Practical work - Program functionality - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating flying bat animation (Part 1)
Visual Programming - Creating flying bat animation (Part 2)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use Forever loop for continuous motion
- Apply motion blocks to sprite
- Add costume changes for animation effect

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Events and add When flag clicked
- Add Forever block from Control
- Insert move 10 steps inside Forever
- Add next costume from Looks
- Insert wait 1 sec from Control

How do we create continuous movement in animations?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 62
- Computers with Scratch
- Bat sprite
- Instruction guide
- Sample animations
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 63
- Computers/tablets
- Completed Scratch project
- Testing checklist
- Peer review forms

- Practical work - Animation quality - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Materials for Production

Visual Programming - Creating own animation project
Visual Programming - Importance of visual programming
Composite Materials - Identifying composite materials in the locality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Plan own animation project
- Select appropriate sprites and backdrops
- Apply learned programming blocks
- Create functional animation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Plan animation idea
- Choose sprites and backdrop
- Apply sequence of blocks learned
- Add motion, sound, and effects
- Test and refine animation
- Present project to peers

How can we create our own unique animations?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 64
- Computers/tablets
- Scratch software
- Planning templates
- Project rubric
- Digital devices
- Career resources
- Internet access
- Presentation tools
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 63
- Pictures of composite materials
- Realia (concrete, bricks, manufactured boards)

- Project work - Presentation - Peer and self-assessment

Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Composition of composite materials
Composite Materials - Constituent materials of composites
Composite Materials - Matching composite materials to their uses
Composite Materials - Uses in work environment
Composite Materials - Searching for information on uses
Composite Materials - Importance in the locality
Ceramic Materials - Identifying common ceramic materials
Ceramic Materials - Collecting ceramic items

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the composition of composite materials
- Identify constituent materials in composites
- Appreciate the combination of materials in composites
- Explain importance of composite materials in locality
- Identify structures made from composites
- Value the impact of composites on community life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss and fill in constituent materials of composites
- Participate in group presentations
- Search for information on constituent materials using digital devices
- Study composition of concrete, bricks, papier-mâché, stone, manufactured boards
- Identify structures or items made from composites in locality
- Explain importance to the community
- Discuss how lives have been impacted by composites
- Present findings to classmates

How are composite materials made?
Why are composite materials important in our community?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 64
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Charts showing composite compositions
- Sample composite materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 65
- Print resources
- Internet link provided
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 67
- Charts showing composite uses
- Pictures of furniture and buildings
- Real composite items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 68
- Pictures of work environments
- Charts showing sector applications
- Video clips
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 69
- Manila papers for charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 70
- Community resources
- Pictures of local structures
- Digital devices
- Sample composite items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 71
- Pictures of ceramic items
- Real ceramic items (pots, plates, tiles)
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 72
- Collection bags
- Notebooks for recording
- Storage boxes
- Safety gloves

- Written assignments - Practical work - Group presentations
- Oral presentations - Written tests - Observation

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Physical properties of ceramics
Ceramic Materials - Investigating properties
Ceramic Materials - Understanding properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define physical properties
- Identify physical properties of ceramic materials
- Appreciate the unique properties of ceramics

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm meaning of physical properties
- Discuss physical properties of ceramic materials
- Use print and digital media to search for properties
- Study pictures showing brittleness, fire resistance, heat resistance

What are the physical properties of ceramic materials?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 73
- Digital devices
- Print resources
- Pictures showing properties
- Sample ceramic items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 74
- Ceramic items (glass, pots)
- Water
- Source of heat
- Tongs
- Safety equipment
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 75
- Charts showing properties
- Pictures demonstrating properties
- Reference books

- Observation - Written tests - Group discussions

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Uses in work environment
Ceramic Materials - Importance in the locality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Match ceramic materials to their uses
- Identify uses of ceramics in different sectors
- Prepare charts showing types and uses
- Appreciate ceramic material applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Match ceramic items with uses in work environment
- Search for information on uses using digital resources
- Prepare chart showing types and uses
- Visit workplaces to identify ceramic materials
- Record findings in tables

How are ceramic materials used in different workplaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 76
- Digital devices
- Manila papers for charts
- Workplace access
- Resource persons
- Sample ceramic items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 78
- Pictures of ceramic uses
- Debate guidelines
- Reference materials
- Community resources

- Chart assessment - Practical work - Oral presentations - Written reports

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Identifying cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Collecting and identifying cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Uses of hacksaws and handsaws
Cutting Tools - Uses of chisels and planes
Cutting Tools - Uses of snips, scrappers and other cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Selecting appropriate cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Using a handsaw safely
Cutting Tools - Using a hacksaw safely
Cutting Tools - Using a wood chisel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify various cutting tools used in the work environment
- Name cutting tools found in the locality
- Appreciate the diversity of cutting tools
- Select appropriate cutting tools for specific tasks
- Sort tools according to their uses
- Present findings in an organized manner

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of different cutting tools
- Identify each of the tools
- Discuss which tools have been seen or used
- Name other cutting tools found in the locality
- Discuss the use of each cutting tool collected earlier
- Sort tools for cutting paper and fabric
- Sort tools for cutting wood, metallic rods, pipes and sheets
- Identify tools for stripping wire insulations
- Present findings in a table format

What cutting tools are commonly used in our locality?
How do we select the right tool for a specific task?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 80
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Real cutting tools (hacksaws, handsaws, chisels, planes, snips)
- Charts showing cutting tools
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 81
- Various cutting tools from locality
- Storage containers
- Notebooks for recording
- Hacksaws and handsaws
- Metal rods, plastic pipes, wood pieces
- Pictures showing tool applications
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 82
- Wood chisels and cold chisels
- Various types of planes
- Wood and metal samples
- Safety equipment
- Tin snips and aviation snips
- Scrappers
- Various knives
- Wire strippers
- Different types of cutters
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 83
- Previously collected cutting tools
- Classification charts
- Notebooks for recording
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 85
- Handsaws
- Pieces of timber
- Tape measure, try square, pencil
- Clamps
- Working surface
- Protective gear (gloves, goggles)
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 86
- Hacksaws
- Metal rods and plastic pipes
- Scriber
- Bench vice
- Working bench
- Protective gloves and overalls
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 88
- Wood chisels
- Mallet
- Pencil and ruler
- Protective gloves and goggles

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using snips to cut metal sheets
Cutting Tools - Using wire cutters

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use snips to cut metallic sheets
- Apply correct technique when using snips
- Cut safely away from the body

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Wear protective gloves
- Secure metallic sheet on flat working surface
- Measure and mark cut line using scriber and steel rule
- Hold snips correctly
- Open snips and align blades with cut line
- Practice cutting along the marked line

How do we use snips to cut metal sheets safely?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 89
- Tin snips or aviation snips
- Metallic sheets
- Scriber and steel rule
- Tape measure
- Protective gloves
- Working surface
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 91
- Wire cutters
- Wires of different sizes
- Marking tools

- Practical work - Observation - Written tests

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using planes and scrappers
Cutting Tools - Using wire strippers and knives

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use a plane to smoothen and reduce timber thickness
- Use a scrapper to remove embedded dirt
- Apply proper techniques for each tool

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use jack plane to smoothen timber surface
- Practice reducing thickness of timber
- Wear protective gear (safety goggles)
- Use scrapper to remove embedded dirt from surfaces
- Hold scrapper at 30° angle
- Practice scraping different surfaces

How do planes and scrappers prepare surfaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 90
- Jack plane
- Scrappers
- Pieces of timber
- Surfaces with embedded dirt
- Safety goggles
- Protective gloves
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 92
- Wire strippers
- Insulated wires
- Utility/sliding knives
- Cardboard paper
- Ruler and pencil

- Practical work - Observation - Safety compliance

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Caring for cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Importance of cutting tools in the workplace
Computer Software - Meaning and examples of computer software
Computer Software - Categories of computer software
Computer Software - Functions of word processors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify ways of caring for different cutting tools
- Explain maintenance procedures for each tool
- Demonstrate responsibility in tool care
- Identify categories of computer software
- Distinguish between system software and application software
- Explain the role of operating systems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing ways of caring for cutting tools
- Discuss how tools are being cared for
- Use digital devices or print resources to search for ways of caring for cutting tools
- Discuss maintenance for hacksaws, handsaws, chisels, snips, cutters, planes, scrappers, strippers and knives
- Learn about system software and application software
- Discuss system software (operating systems like Microsoft Windows)
- Study application software (word processors, spreadsheets, presentations)
- Understand that system software runs in the background
- Learn that application software is user-oriented

Why is it important to care for cutting tools?
How do system software and application software differ?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 95
- Various cutting tools
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Tool maintenance materials
- Pictures of tool care
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 96
- Manila papers
- Markers and colors
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 97
- Digital devices (computers, tablets)
- Pictures showing software use
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 99
- Computers with different software
- Microsoft Windows
- Examples of application software
- Digital devices
- Charts showing software categories
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Computer laboratory
- Microsoft Word software
- Sample documents
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft Word
Computer Software - Functions of presentation software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Start Microsoft Word application
- Create a new Word document
- Save and print Word documents

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Start button and select Microsoft Word
- Create a blank document
- Learn about Word window features (title bar, ribbon, status bar, quick access toolbar)
- Type text about computer software
- Practice saving document using "Save As"
- Learn to print documents

How do we create and save documents in Microsoft Word?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 101
- Computers with Microsoft Word
- Printers
- Practice documents
- Step-by-step guides
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft PowerPoint software
- Digital devices
- Sample presentations
- Projector (if available)

- Practical work - Observation - Saved documents assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft PowerPoint
Computer Software - Saving and printing PowerPoint presentations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Start Microsoft PowerPoint application
- Create a blank presentation
- Add text and new slides to presentations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Start button and select PowerPoint
- Create blank presentation
- Learn about PowerPoint features (title bar, ribbon, thumbnail slides, placeholders)
- Click in title and subtitle placeholders to add text
- Practice adding new slides with different layouts
- Save presentation using "Save As"

How do we create presentations in PowerPoint?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 103
- Computers with Microsoft PowerPoint
- Practice presentation topics
- Step-by-step guides
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 107
- Computers with PowerPoint
- Printers
- Email access
- Sample presentations
- USB drives for saving

- Practical work - Observation - Saved presentations assessment

Tools and Production
Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship

Computer Software - Functions of spreadsheet software
Computer Software - Using Microsoft Excel
Computer Software - Saving and printing Excel worksheets
Computer Software - Importance of application software
Bookkeeping - Meaning of assets, liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Identifying assets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the functions of spreadsheet software
- Identify Microsoft Excel as spreadsheet software
- Understand how spreadsheets organize data
- Explain the importance of application software in workplaces
- Identify benefits of using application software
- Appreciate the role of software in productivity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about spreadsheets arranged in rows and columns
- Discuss Microsoft Excel functions: creating charts and graphs, searching, sorting and calculating data
- Study data analysis and saving capabilities
- Understand spreadsheet applications in workplaces
- Discuss importance in schools, companies, agriculture and sports
- Learn that software creates professional documents and presentations
- Understand software improves creativity and increases productivity
- Debate: "Without computer application software, it would be difficult to perform different tasks in our school"
- Prepare charts showing importance in various workplaces

What tasks can spreadsheet software perform?
Why is application software important in different workplaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft Excel software
- Sample spreadsheets with data
- Charts and graphs examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 109
- Computers with Microsoft Excel
- Sample data for entry
- Step-by-step guides
- Practice worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 111
- Computers with Excel
- Printers
- Sample worksheets
- USB drives
- Portfolios for storing work
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 112
- Manila papers and markers
- Case studies of software use
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 114
- Textbooks
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 115
- Pictures of assets
- Charts
- Real business examples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests
- Observation - Debate participation - Chart assessment - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Understanding liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Meaning and importance of bookkeeping
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital)
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital + Liabilities)
Bookkeeping - Expressing scenarios using bookkeeping equation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify liabilities in a business
- Explain what constitutes capital
- Value the concept of business financing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study on Tony's lorry transport business
- Mention liabilities that may be found in business
- Read case study on Jeff's motorcycle business
- Identify capital contributed in the business
- Share suggestions with classmates

What is the difference between liabilities and capital?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 116
- Case study materials
- Business scenarios
- Charts
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 117
- Charts showing bookkeeping importance
- Digital devices
- Sample business records
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 118
- Calculators
- Practice worksheets
- Charts showing equation
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 119
- Practice exercises
- Worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 120
- Practice tables

- Written assignments - Oral presentations - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Business transactions (Cash and Credit)
Bookkeeping - Types of business transactions
Bookkeeping - Cost, price, profit and loss

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify parties in business transactions
- Differentiate between cash and credit transactions
- Appreciate different payment methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
- List three items bought in the past
- Identify buyer and seller in transactions
- Read case study about Gesusu Junior School
- Discuss how headteacher paid for desks
- Explain differences between cash and credit transactions

What is the difference between cash and credit transactions?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 121
- Case study materials
- Real transaction examples
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 122
- School canteen examples
- Transaction scenarios
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 123
- Pictures of business transactions
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Worksheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position
Bookkeeping - Preparing statement of financial position
Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual
Income and Budgeting - Understanding income sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify components of statement of financial position
- Explain how to prepare the statement
- Appreciate importance of financial statements
- Define income
- Identify sources of income
- Appreciate diverse income sources

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss what shows financial position of business
- Identify components of statement
- Study example of Brian Mobile Phones
- Learn structure: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
- Discuss how both sides must balance
- Search for meaning of 'income for an individual'
- Read about Hadijah and Lemayian's sources of income
- Identify salary, royalties, dividends, business profits
- Study chart showing various income sources
- Discuss meaning of sources of income

What is a statement of financial position?
Where can individuals get income from?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 124
- Sample statements
- Charts
- Business examples
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 125
- Practice exercises
- Calculators
- Blank statement templates
- Business data
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 136
- Charts showing income sources
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 137
- Income source charts
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Sample income statements

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions
- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Benefits of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define budget and budgeting
- Explain importance of budgeting
- Value financial planning

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss pocket money and spending plans
- Search for meaning of budget and budgeting
- Read conversation between Mrs Bundi and children
- Discuss how much family earns and spends
- Explain importance of budgeting

Why is it important to make a budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 138
- Budget examples
- Family scenario materials
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 139
- Case study materials
- Charts showing benefits
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely
Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify ways to spend money wisely
- Create tips for wise spending
- Demonstrate financial responsibility

- Study poster made by Grade 8 learners
- Discuss tips on spending money wisely
- Discuss other ways of spending money wisely
- Create quotes on spending money wisely
- Display work in classroom for peer review

What are smart ways to spend money?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 140
- Sample posters
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Digital devices
- Display materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 141
- Sample budgets
- Budget templates
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 142
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Portfolio assessment - Peer review

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices to avoid
Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning
Marketing of Goods and Services - Meaning of market and marketing
Marketing of Goods and Services - Understanding marketing process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify unethical practices in budgeting
- Explain consequences of unethical practices
- Demonstrate commitment to ethical behavior
- Define market and marketing
- Differentiate between market and marketing
- Show interest in learning about marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify unethical practices from case study
- Learn about budgeting beyond means
- Understand dangers of not sticking to budget
- Discuss budgeting from illegal sources
- Learn about saving before spending
- Discuss scenarios about farmers buying tractors
- Identify who is buying and selling
- Discuss meaning of market
- Explain meaning of marketing
- Present findings to classmates

What unethical practices should we avoid in budgeting?
What is the difference between market and marketing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 143
- Charts showing practices
- Scenarios
- Discussion materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 144
- Case study materials
- Financial planning examples
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 147
- Scenarios
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 148
- Marketing examples
- Pictures of advertisements
- Digital resources
- Sample marketing materials

- Written tests - Group discussions - Observation
- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing
Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of market information

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain importance of marketing
- Identify benefits of marketing to business
- Appreciate role of marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing marketing activities
- Discuss poster offering weekend deals
- Analyze delivery services
- Read flashcards on importance of marketing
- Explain how marketing helps business

Why is marketing important to a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 149
- Pictures and posters
- Flashcards
- Marketing examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Sample surveys
- Social media examples

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Analyzing market information sources
Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors in selecting markets
Marketing of Goods and Services - ICT tools for marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use digital devices to search market information
- Analyze information from customers
- Prepare reports on findings

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for market information using digital devices
- Observe school bags classmates use
- Identify improvements students want
- Gather information about market for school bags
- Write summary notes on sources

How can we gather and analyze market information?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 151
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Textbooks
- Sample market research
- Notebooks
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 152
- Case study materials
- Charts showing factors
- Business examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 153
- Social media examples
- Marketing case studies

- Practical work - Written reports - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognizing suitable markets
Distribution of Goods and Services - Meaning and role of intermediaries
Distribution of Goods and Services - Roles of wholesalers and retailers
Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify suitable markets for products
- Match products to appropriate markets
- Demonstrate market selection skills
- Explain roles of wholesalers
- Describe functions of retailers
- Appreciate importance of intermediaries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Analyze different products and their markets
- Discuss suitability of markets for goods
- Match services to appropriate markets
- Present findings on market selection
- Review market selection criteria
- Search for information on intermediary roles
- Study sticky notes on wholesaler roles
- Learn wholesalers break bulk and transport goods
- Understand retailers offer easy access to goods
- Discuss how retailers advise wholesalers

How do we identify suitable markets for different products?
What roles do wholesalers and retailers play in distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 154
- Product samples
- Market analysis charts
- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 156
- Pictures of distribution
- Charts
- Product examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 157
- Charts showing roles
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 158
- Distribution charts
- Video clips
- Business examples

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Practical work
- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Preparing distribution charts
Distribution of Goods and Services - Case study on distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Importance of distribution in community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare charts showing distribution channels
- Illustrate product distribution
- Demonstrate understanding of channels

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read about Chui Cement, Bahati Dairies, Faulu Flour
- Identify distribution channels for each business
- Prepare charts showing channels
- Illustrate how products move to consumers
- Present charts to class

How do different businesses distribute their products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 159
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Business case studies
- Chart examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 160
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Product samples
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 161
- Debate guidelines
- Ethics diagrams
- Case studies
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 162
- Community examples
- Digital devices

- Chart assessment - Practical work - Oral presentations