Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Plane Geometry - Instruments used in drawing
Plane Geometry - Layout of a drawing environment
Plane Geometry - Constructing combined shapes
Plane Geometry - Use of plane geometry in drawing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify drawing instruments and equipment
- Describe the uses of drawing instruments
- Show interest in using drawing instruments properly

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify tools and instruments used in drawing from pictures
- Discuss how instruments are used in drawing
- Search for information on drawing instruments using digital devices
- Draw some instruments on paper

How do drawing instruments help us make accurate drawings?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 18
- Drawing instruments (set squares, compasses, rulers)
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 20
- Drawing sheets
- Pencils and straight edges
- Sample drawings showing layout
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 23
- Drawing books
- Geometrical sets
- Compasses and rulers
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 26
- Drawing equipment
- Career brochures

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical demonstration

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Types of dimensioning in drawing
Dimensioning - Linear and angular dimensioning
Dimensioning - Radial dimensioning and lines used for dimensioning
Dimensioning - Rules for dimensioning straight lines
Dimensioning - Rules for dimensioning circles and curves
Dimensioning - Forms of dimensioning (chain, parallel, combined)
Dimensioning - Dimensioning shapes in drawings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define dimensioning as used in drawing
- Identify types of dimensioning
- Show interest in learning about dimensioning

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on the meaning of dimensioning
- Study diagrams showing different types of dimensioning
- Identify linear, angular, radial, and arc dimensioning from examples
- Discuss differences between dimensioning types

Why is dimensioning important in technical drawings?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 27
- Charts showing dimensioned drawings
- Digital devices
- Sample technical drawings
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 28
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources
- Sample dimensioned drawings
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 30
- Drawing books
- Rulers and compasses
- Charts showing line types
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 32
- Drawing equipment
- Reference books on technical drawing
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 34
- Compasses
- Sample drawings with circles
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 36
- Charts showing dimensioning forms
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 38
- Rulers and measuring tools
- Portfolio folders

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Plain Scale Drawing - Features of a plain scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Understanding plain scale components
Plain Scale Drawing - Interpreting a plain scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Drawing figures to a given scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Drawing plane figures to scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define scale drawing
- Identify features of a plain scale
- Appreciate the importance of scale in drawing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on meaning of scale drawing
- Study pictures showing plain scales
- Discuss features of plain scale (main units, sub-units, zero mark, R.F)
- Identify features on sample plain scales

Why do we need to use scales when drawing large or small objects?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 41
- Charts showing plain scales
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Sample scale drawings
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 43
- Drawing instruments
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Sample plain scales
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 44
- Plain scale examples
- Rulers
- Practice worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 46
- Drawing books
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 47
- Graph paper
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Plain Scale Drawing - Uses of plain scale drawing
Visual Programming - Meaning of visual programming
Visual Programming - Types of visual programming applications
Visual Programming - Examples of visual programming applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify uses of plain scale drawing in work environment
- Explain importance of scale drawing in daily life
- Value the application of scale drawing in various fields

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study plain figures showing scale applications (maps, land plans)
- Discuss uses of plain scale drawing
- Search for real-world applications of scale drawing
- Present findings on importance of scale drawing

How is plain scale drawing used in the community and workplace?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 50
- Maps and plans
- Digital devices
- Career brochures
- Community resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 51
- Internet access
- Visual programming software
- Projector
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 52
- Internet connection
- Textbooks
- Application examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 53
- Computers/tablets
- Application icons
- Digital resources

- Oral presentations - Written tests - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Features of visual programming applications
Visual Programming - Input feature in visual programming
Visual Programming - Terminologies in visual programming (Part 1)
Visual Programming - Terminologies in visual programming (Part 2)
Visual Programming - Creating sequential instructions (Part 1)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify input features
- Recognize processing features
- Describe output and effects features

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Launch Scratch application with teacher guidance
- Identify features under input category
- Explore processing features
- Study output and effects (sound, animations, background)

What are the main features of visual programming applications?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 55
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Projector
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 56
- Computers/tablets
- Scratch software
- Practice worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 57
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Glossary worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 58
- Scratch application
- Practice examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 59
- Scratch online platform
- Projector for demonstration

- Practical work - Observation - Peer review

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating sequential instructions (Part 2)
Visual Programming - Animation project setup
Visual Programming - Creating flying bat animation (Part 1)
Visual Programming - Creating flying bat animation (Part 2)
Visual Programming - Creating own animation project

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use Control blocks (Forever)
- Apply Motion blocks (move steps, bounce)
- Add Sound blocks
- Create simple animation sequence

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Select and drag Forever block from Control
- Add move 10 steps from Motion
- Insert Play sound meow from Sound
- Add If on edge, bounce block
- Set rotation style to left-right
- Test program by clicking green flag

How do we make characters move and make sounds?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 60
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Step-by-step guide
- Sample projects
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 61
- Computers/tablets
- Scratch software
- Internet connection
- Visual examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 62
- Bat sprite
- Instruction guide
- Sample animations
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 63
- Completed Scratch project
- Testing checklist
- Peer review forms
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 64
- Planning templates
- Project rubric

- Practical work - Program functionality - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Materials for Production
Materials for Production
Materials for Production
Materials for Production
Materials for Production
Materials for Production
Materials for Production

Visual Programming - Importance of visual programming
Composite Materials - Identifying composite materials in the locality
Composite Materials - Composition of composite materials
Composite Materials - Constituent materials of composites
Composite Materials - Matching composite materials to their uses
Composite Materials - Uses in work environment
Composite Materials - Searching for information on uses
Composite Materials - Importance in the locality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain importance of visual programming in daily life
- Identify careers using visual programming
- Value visual programming skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss importance of visual programming
- Research careers using visual programming
- Share examples of visual programming applications in community
- Present findings in class
- Reflect on learning experience

Why is visual programming important in today's world?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 64
- Digital devices
- Career resources
- Internet access
- Presentation tools
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 63
- Pictures of composite materials
- Realia (concrete, bricks, manufactured boards)
- Charts showing composite compositions
- Sample composite materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 65
- Print resources
- Internet link provided
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 67
- Charts showing composite uses
- Pictures of furniture and buildings
- Real composite items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 68
- Pictures of work environments
- Charts showing sector applications
- Video clips
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 69
- Manila papers for charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 70
- Community resources
- Pictures of local structures
- Sample composite items

- Oral presentations - Written reports - Self-reflection

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Identifying common ceramic materials
Ceramic Materials - Collecting ceramic items
Ceramic Materials - Physical properties of ceramics
Ceramic Materials - Investigating properties
Ceramic Materials - Understanding properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify ceramic materials in the locality
- Name items made from ceramic materials
- Show interest in learning about ceramics

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of items made from ceramic materials
- Name items in each picture
- Discuss ceramic materials used to make items
- Name other ceramic items in locality
- Share findings with class

What are ceramic materials and where do we find them?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 71
- Pictures of ceramic items
- Real ceramic items (pots, plates, tiles)
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 72
- Collection bags
- Notebooks for recording
- Storage boxes
- Safety gloves
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 73
- Print resources
- Pictures showing properties
- Sample ceramic items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 74
- Ceramic items (glass, pots)
- Water
- Source of heat
- Tongs
- Safety equipment
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 75
- Charts showing properties
- Pictures demonstrating properties
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical identification

Materials for Production
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship

Ceramic Materials - Uses in work environment
Ceramic Materials - Importance in the locality
Bookkeeping - Meaning of assets, liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Identifying assets
Bookkeeping - Understanding liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Meaning and importance of bookkeeping
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital)
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital + Liabilities)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Match ceramic materials to their uses
- Identify uses of ceramics in different sectors
- Prepare charts showing types and uses
- Appreciate ceramic material applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Match ceramic items with uses in work environment
- Search for information on uses using digital resources
- Prepare chart showing types and uses
- Visit workplaces to identify ceramic materials
- Record findings in tables

How are ceramic materials used in different workplaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 76
- Digital devices
- Manila papers for charts
- Workplace access
- Resource persons
- Sample ceramic items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 78
- Pictures of ceramic uses
- Debate guidelines
- Reference materials
- Community resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 114
- Textbooks
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 115
- Pictures of assets
- Charts
- Real business examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 116
- Case study materials
- Business scenarios
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 117
- Charts showing bookkeeping importance
- Sample business records
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 118
- Calculators
- Practice worksheets
- Charts showing equation
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 119
- Practice exercises
- Worksheets

- Chart assessment - Practical work - Oral presentations - Written reports

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Expressing scenarios using bookkeeping equation
Bookkeeping - Business transactions (Cash and Credit)
Bookkeeping - Types of business transactions
Bookkeeping - Cost, price, profit and loss
Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position
Bookkeeping - Preparing statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Express business scenarios using equation
- Apply equation to different situations
- Demonstrate understanding of equation components

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Mohamed's bookshop scenario
- Express bookkeeping equation for different situations
- Calculate values when business expands
- Work on scenarios involving loans
- Complete practice exercise table

How can we use the bookkeeping equation in real business situations?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 120
- Business scenarios
- Calculators
- Practice tables
- Worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 121
- Case study materials
- Real transaction examples
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 122
- School canteen examples
- Transaction scenarios
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 123
- Pictures of business transactions
- Practice scenarios
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 124
- Sample statements
- Business examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 125
- Practice exercises
- Blank statement templates
- Business data

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual
Income and Budgeting - Understanding income sources
Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Benefits of budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define income
- Identify sources of income
- Appreciate diverse income sources

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for meaning of 'income for an individual'
- Read about Hadijah and Lemayian's sources of income
- Identify salary, royalties, dividends, business profits
- Study chart showing various income sources
- Discuss meaning of sources of income

Where can individuals get income from?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 136
- Charts showing income sources
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 137
- Income source charts
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Sample income statements
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 138
- Budget examples
- Family scenario materials
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 139
- Charts showing benefits
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 140
- Sample posters
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Display materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices to avoid
Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare a personal budget
- List income and expenses
- Include savings in budget

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss what to consider when preparing budget
- Study Rehema's monthly budget example
- Identify income sources and expenses
- Calculate savings target
- Prepare simple budget for Shs 3,000 shopping money
- Present budget for feedback

How do we prepare a personal budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 141
- Sample budgets
- Budget templates
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 142
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 143
- Charts showing practices
- Scenarios
- Discussion materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 144
- Financial planning examples

- Practical work - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Meaning of market and marketing
Marketing of Goods and Services - Understanding marketing process
Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing
Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of market information
Marketing of Goods and Services - Analyzing market information sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define market and marketing
- Differentiate between market and marketing
- Show interest in learning about marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss scenarios about farmers buying tractors
- Identify who is buying and selling
- Discuss meaning of market
- Explain meaning of marketing
- Present findings to classmates

What is the difference between market and marketing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 147
- Scenarios
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 148
- Marketing examples
- Pictures of advertisements
- Digital resources
- Sample marketing materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 149
- Pictures and posters
- Flashcards
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Sample surveys
- Social media examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 151
- Internet access
- Textbooks
- Sample market research
- Notebooks

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors in selecting markets
Marketing of Goods and Services - ICT tools for marketing
Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognizing suitable markets
Distribution of Goods and Services - Meaning and role of intermediaries
Distribution of Goods and Services - Roles of wholesalers and retailers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify factors for selecting markets
- Explain importance of each factor
- Appreciate market research

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about Mr Omar's uniform business
- Explore factors considered (demand, purchasing power)
- Discuss market preferences and size
- Learn about competition and infrastructure
- Understand legal requirements

What factors should we consider when selecting a market?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 152
- Case study materials
- Charts showing factors
- Business examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 153
- Internet access
- Social media examples
- Marketing case studies
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 154
- Product samples
- Market analysis charts
- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 156
- Pictures of distribution
- Charts
- Product examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 157
- Charts showing roles
- Reference books

- Observation - Written tests - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods
Distribution of Goods and Services - Preparing distribution charts
Distribution of Goods and Services - Case study on distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify different distribution channels
- Explain Channel 1 (direct distribution)
- Describe other channels

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for video clips on distribution channels
- Study chart showing different channels
- Learn Channel 1: Producer to Consumer direct
- Understand Channel 2: Producer to Retailer to Consumer
- Study Channel 3 with wholesaler

What are the different channels for distributing goods?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 158
- Distribution charts
- Video clips
- Digital devices
- Business examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 159
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Business case studies
- Chart examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 160
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Product samples
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 161
- Debate guidelines
- Ethics diagrams
- Case studies
- Reference materials

- Observation - Written assignments - Practical work

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Importance of distribution in community
Financial Services - Financial institutions available in Kenya
Financial Services - Services offered by financial institutions in Kenya
Financial Services - Case study on financial services
Financial Services - Utilizing financial services for entrepreneurial development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain importance of distribution
- Identify community benefits
- Value role of distribution in economy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study on distribution importance
- Discuss why distribution is important in community
- Learn distribution creates employment
- Understand distribution makes goods available
- Appreciate distribution supports economic growth

Why is distribution of goods and services important?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 162
- Case study materials
- Community examples
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 128
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- Newspapers and business magazines
- Exercise books and pens
pg. 130
- Banking and insurance brochures
- Charts and reference materials
pg. 132
pg. 133
- Access to local financial institutions
- Business planning templates
- Report writing guidelines

- Oral presentations - Written reports - Self-reflection

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Reasons for government involvement in business in Kenya
Government and Business - Ways in which government is involved in business activities
Government and Business - Types of taxes in Kenya
Government and Business - E-Government services in business
Government and Business - Importance of complying with government regulations in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the reasons for government involvement in business in Kenya
- Describe how government promotes economic development and infrastructure
- Appreciate the government's role in business

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss government involvement in infrastructure, defense, subsidies and regulation
- Study role of Competition Authority of Kenya (CAK)
- Examine government involvement in mining, energy and vital documents processing
- Make short notes and present to class

Why is it important for the government to get involved in business?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 136
- Business Studies textbooks
- Symbol for Competition Authority of Kenya
- Charts and digital resources
- Pictures of infrastructure projects
pg. 138
- Digital devices with internet
- E.P.Z symbol
- Charts and print media
pg. 140
- English dictionary
- Charts showing types of taxes
- Digital resources
pg. 142
- Access to e-Citizen platform
- Case study materials
- Huduma Centre information
pg. 145
- Case studies on compliance

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation - Discussion participation

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Review and assessment
Business Plan - Meaning and importance of a business plan in entrepreneurship
Business Plan - Components of a business plan in financial management
Business Plan - Analyzing a business plan example
Business Plan - Filling in a business plan template for a given business project
Business Plan - Presenting and using a business plan
Business Plan - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Review key concepts on government and business
- Apply knowledge of government involvement and taxes
- Demonstrate understanding of e-Government services and compliance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Review reasons for government involvement and ways government is involved
- Discuss types of taxes and their importance
- Review e-Government services and compliance importance
- Complete assessment exercises

How does government involvement benefit businesses and the economy?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 146
- Business Studies textbooks
- Assessment materials
- Charts and summaries
pg. 148
- English dictionary
- Digital devices with internet
- Sample business plans
pg. 150
- Charts
pg. 153
- Example business plan (Mateka Pens)
- Exercise books and pens
- Charts and analysis guides
- Business plan template
- Calculators
pg. 154
- Completed business plans
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms
- Assessment rubrics
- QR code for digital exercise

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation - Self-reflection