FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Movement of light through materials
Light - Ray diagrams of images

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate the movement of light through materials
-distinguish between transparent, translucent and opaque materials
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-use a torch to demonstrate how light passes through different materials
-record observations in a table
-classify materials as transparent, translucent, or opaque

How does light travel through different materials?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 81
- Torch
- Mirror
- Clear glass
- Clear water
- White paper
- Tracing paper
- Paper smeared with oil
- Block of wood
- Piece of cloth
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 82

- oral questions -observation -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Formation of shadows
Light - Formation of eclipses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-illustrate the formation of shadows and eclipses in nature
-explain why shadows form
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-place wooden blocks and plastic bottles on a table
-direct light towards the objects
-observe what happens behind the objects
-place the torch at different angles and observe changes

How are shadows formed?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 83
- Source of light (torch)
- Block of wood
- Plastic bottle
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 83-84
- Three rounded objects of different sizes

- oral questions -observation -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Reflection on smooth surfaces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate the reflection of light at plane surfaces
-compare reflection from different materials
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-direct light from a torch to the shiny surface of a mirror
-repeat the activity using white paper and colored paper
-put water in a basin and direct light on the water
-direct light to the classroom wall
-observe and compare reflections

How does light reflect from different surfaces?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 85
- Mirror
- White paper
- Water
- Basin
- Classroom wall
- Colored paper
- Torch

- oral questions -observation -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Demonstrating reflection
Light - Meaning of reflection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate the reflection of light at plane surfaces
-use a mirror to reflect sunlight
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-hold a mirror with the shiny surface facing away
-observe what they see in the mirror
-use a mirror to direct rays of the sun towards a wall
-observe the reflected light

What happens when light hits a mirror?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 85
- Mirror
- Sunlight
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 87
- Ball
- Wall
- Charts showing reflection of light

- oral questions -observation -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Locating images in mirrors
Light - No parallax method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate image formation in plane mirrors
-locate the position of images
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-set up an experiment with pins, plane mirror, white paper, and soft board
-place pins to mark the image position
-draw lines to locate the image
-measure distances from object to mirror and image to mirror

How can we locate the position of an image in a mirror?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 88-89
- Five pins
- Mounted plane mirror
- White sheet of paper
- Soft board or carton paper
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 90-91
- Long pin or sewing needle
- Ordinary pin

- oral questions -observation -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Characteristics of mirror images

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate image formation in plane mirrors
-describe characteristics of images in plane mirrors
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-place objects in front of a plane mirror
-compare size of image and object
-write their name and observe the image
-touch different parts of their face while looking in a mirror
-draw ray diagrams showing image formation

What are the characteristics of images formed in plane mirrors?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 91-92
- Plane mirror
- Protractor
- Pen
- Drawing materials

- oral questions -observation -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Digital observation of images
Light - Observing images in mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate image formation in plane mirrors
-search for information on image formation
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-search for information on formation of images in plane mirrors
-search for characteristics of images formed in plane mirrors
-present findings in class

How are images formed in plane mirrors?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 92
- Digital devices with internet
- Reference materials
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 93
- Plane mirror
- Working table

- oral questions -presentation assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Drawing ray diagrams
Light - Formation of rainbow

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-draw ray diagrams of images in plane mirrors
-explain image formations
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-copy and complete a diagram by drawing a ray diagram
-show how the image of the object is formed
-identify key characteristics of images formed in mirrors

How do we draw complete ray diagrams?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 93
- Drawing materials
- Diagrams showing ray formation
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 94
- Water
- Basin
- Mirror
- White sheet of paper
- Sunlight

- oral questions -drawing assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Application of reflection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-describe the application of reflection of light in day-to-day life
-identify uses of mirrors
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-discuss why people use mirrors
-examine pictures showing applications of reflection
-identify how reflection of light is applied in each case
-discuss other ways reflection is used in everyday life

How is reflection of light applied in day-to-day life?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 95-96
- Pictures showing applications of light
- Mirror

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - White ceilings and periscopes
Light - Importance of reflection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-describe the application of reflection of light in day-to-day life
-explain how periscopes work
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-use digital devices to find out why ceilings are painted white
-study a diagram showing how a periscope works
-discuss what a periscope is and how reflection is applied
-identify the importance of periscopes

Why are ceilings painted white? How do periscopes work?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 96
- Digital devices
- Diagram of a periscope
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 97
- Pictures showing uses of reflection

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Reflection in vehicles and tools
Light - Making a periscope (Part 1)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-describe the importance of movement of light in everyday life
-explain uses of mirrors in vehicles and tools
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-discuss the importance of side mirrors in vehicles
-explain the use of mirrors in barber shops and salons
-explain how periscopes help soldiers
-identify different optical instruments and their uses

How are mirrors used in vehicles and professional tools?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 98
- Pictures of vehicles with mirrors
- Pictures of optical instruments
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 99-100
- Two plane mirrors
- Carton
- Knife/scissors
- Glue
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Protractor
- Sellotape
- Digital device

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Making a periscope (Part 2)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate the importance of movement of light in everyday life
-complete making a periscope
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-join the pieces of the periscope together
-attach mirrors at 45° on both sides
-test the periscope by placing an object at one end
-complete the periscope by covering the open side
-use the periscope to observe objects

How does a periscope show the application of reflection?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 100-101
- Materials from previous lesson
- Objects to observe

- observation -practical assessment -project assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Levers as simple machines - Meaning of levers
Levers as simple machines - Common levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-identify common levers used in day-to-day life
-describe the meaning of levers
-appreciate the use of levers in making work easier

The learner is guided to:
-brainstorm the meaning of levers as simple machines
-research the meaning of levers from textbooks or digital devices
-compare findings and write down definition in notebooks

What are levers?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 103
- Relevant textbooks
- Digital devices
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 103-104
- Pictures of various levers

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Levers as simple machines - Parts of levers
Levers as simple machines - Classification of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-describe parts of a lever as used in making work easier
-identify effort, load, and fulcrum
-appreciate the use of levers in making work easier

The learner is guided to:
-examine machines in pictures
-identify the part where force is applied
-identify the part that turns during work
-identify the work done by the machine
-draw levers and label the parts

What are the parts of a lever?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 104-105
- Pictures of levers
- Drawing materials
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 106
- Pictures of different levers
- Table for classification

- oral questions -written questions -drawing assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Levers as simple machines - Using levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate the use of levers in making work easier
-perform tasks using levers
-appreciate the use of levers in making work easier

The learner is guided to:
-observe demonstrations of performing tasks with levers
-take turns using levers to perform tasks
-seek assistance with challenges
-discuss how levers make work easier

How are levers used to make work easier?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 107
- Various lever tools (scissors, bottle openers, etc.)

- observation -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Levers as simple machines - How levers make work easier
Levers as simple machines - Appreciating levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate how a lever makes work easier in day-to-day life
-explain the mechanical advantage of levers
-appreciate the use of levers in making work easier

The learner is guided to:
-research how levers make work easier
-discuss and note down findings
-share points with other groups
-understand concepts of force and distance in lever operation

Why do levers make work easier?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 107
- Relevant textbooks
- Print media
- Digital devices
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 108
- Scissors
- Pieces of waste paper
- Paper punch

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Levers as simple machines - Making a beam balance
Slopes as simple machines - Types of slopes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate the use of levers in making work easier
-make a beam balance from local materials
-appreciate the use of levers in making work easier

The learner is guided to:
-use a clothes hanger, containers, and thread to make a beam balance
-suspend containers on the clothes hanger
-test the beam balance by weighing small objects
-identify which class of lever a beam balance is

How can we make a beam balance?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 108
- Clothes hanger
- Two similar containers
- Marker pen
- Six pieces of thread
- Hammer
- Nail
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 110
- Pictures of different slopes

- observation -practical assessment -project assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - Science walk

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-identify types of slopes used as simple machines
-observe slopes in the environment
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-take a walk outside the classroom and in the neighborhood
-look for and identify different types of slopes
-take photographs of slopes if possible
-discuss how each slope makes work easier
-make notes and present them in class

What slopes can we find in our environment?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 111
- Digital camera (if available)
- Notebooks

- observation -oral presentation -written assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - How slopes work
Slopes as simple machines - Climbing slopes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate how a slope makes work easier in day-to-day life
-compare tasks with and without slopes
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-lift a carton of books directly onto a table
-make a slope from a piece of timber and push the carton up
-compare which method is easier
-discuss why the slope makes work easier

How do slopes make work easier?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 111
- Carton filled with books
- Table
- Smooth piece of timber
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 112
- Strong piece of timber
- Raised ground

- observation -oral questions -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - Uses of slopes
Slopes as simple machines - Documenting slope uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-identify the uses of slopes in everyday life
-examine slopes in different settings
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-examine pictures showing different slopes in use
-identify the slopes in the pictures
-discuss the importance of ramps for wheelchair users
-identify importance of other slopes shown

How are slopes used in everyday life?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 113
- Pictures showing different slopes in use
- Notebooks
- Table template

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - Digital activity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-identify the uses of slopes in everyday life
-recognize various applications of slopes
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-discuss how wheelchair users use ramps
-identify how staircases help climb tall buildings
-examine how ramps help load heavy objects
-explore other uses of slopes like ladders, elevators, and escalators

What are the various uses of slopes in society?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 114
- Digital resources
- Pictures of various slopes

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - Making a ladder
Slopes as simple machines - Making a ramp

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-construct a simple slope
-make a ladder from local materials
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-place two long pieces of wood parallel to each other
-arrange shorter pieces horizontally at uniform intervals
-join the pieces using nails and hammer
-complete the ladder
-test the ladder for simple tasks

How can we make a ladder?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 114
- Two strong pieces of wood (2m long)
- Eight strong pieces of wood (45cm long)
- Hammer
- Nails
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 115
- Five pieces of timber (2m long)
- Four narrow pieces of timber (1m long)
- Six blocks of timber
- Gloves
- Nails
- Hammer

- observation -practical assessment -project assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - Community project
Light, levers, and slopes - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-identify the uses of slopes in everyday life
-plan a community ramp project
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-discuss challenges wheelchair users face with raised places
-explain how ramps help people with mobility issues
-identify places in the locality that need ramps
-plan how to help the community build ramps

How can we help our community by building ramps?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 115
- Pictures of wheelchair ramps
- Planning materials
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book
- Previous notes
- Models and projects created in class

- discussion assessment -planning assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Project presentations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate applications of light, levers, and slopes
-present completed projects
-appreciate the importance of simple machines

The learner is guided to:
-present periscopes, beam balances, ladders, and ramps
-demonstrate how each works
-explain scientific principles behind each
-discuss improvements for future projects

How do our projects demonstrate scientific principles?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book
- Completed projects
- Presentation space

- presentation assessment -project evaluation