FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Characteristics of mirror images

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate image formation in plane mirrors
-describe characteristics of images in plane mirrors
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-place objects in front of a plane mirror
-compare size of image and object
-write their name and observe the image
-touch different parts of their face while looking in a mirror
-draw ray diagrams showing image formation

What are the characteristics of images formed in plane mirrors?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 91-92
- Plane mirror
- Protractor
- Pen
- Drawing materials

- oral questions -observation -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Digital observation of images
Light - Observing images in mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate image formation in plane mirrors
-search for information on image formation
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-search for information on formation of images in plane mirrors
-search for characteristics of images formed in plane mirrors
-present findings in class

How are images formed in plane mirrors?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 92
- Digital devices with internet
- Reference materials
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 93
- Plane mirror
- Working table

- oral questions -presentation assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Drawing ray diagrams

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-draw ray diagrams of images in plane mirrors
-explain image formations
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-copy and complete a diagram by drawing a ray diagram
-show how the image of the object is formed
-identify key characteristics of images formed in mirrors

How do we draw complete ray diagrams?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 93
- Drawing materials
- Diagrams showing ray formation

- oral questions -drawing assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Formation of rainbow

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-describe the formation of rainbow in nature
-create a simple rainbow
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-add water in a basin and place a mirror in slanting position
-place the basin near a window with direct sunlight
-mount a white sheet of paper on the wall
-tilt the mirror to reflect light towards the paper
-observe the formation of colors

How is a rainbow formed?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 94
- Water
- Basin
- Mirror
- White sheet of paper
- Sunlight

- oral questions -observation -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Application of reflection
Light - White ceilings and periscopes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-describe the application of reflection of light in day-to-day life
-identify uses of mirrors
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-discuss why people use mirrors
-examine pictures showing applications of reflection
-identify how reflection of light is applied in each case
-discuss other ways reflection is used in everyday life

How is reflection of light applied in day-to-day life?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 95-96
- Pictures showing applications of light
- Mirror
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 96
- Digital devices
- Diagram of a periscope

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Importance of reflection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-describe the importance of movement of light in everyday life
-identify various instruments that use reflection
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-examine pictures showing different uses of light
-identify what each picture shows
-explain how reflection is applied in each instrument
-discuss the importance of each instrument

Why is reflection of light important in everyday life?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 97
- Pictures showing uses of reflection

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Reflection in vehicles and tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-describe the importance of movement of light in everyday life
-explain uses of mirrors in vehicles and tools
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-discuss the importance of side mirrors in vehicles
-explain the use of mirrors in barber shops and salons
-explain how periscopes help soldiers
-identify different optical instruments and their uses

How are mirrors used in vehicles and professional tools?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 98
- Pictures of vehicles with mirrors
- Pictures of optical instruments

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Making a periscope (Part 1)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate the importance of movement of light in everyday life
-start making a periscope
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-watch a video on making a periscope
-measure and cut rectangular pieces from carton
-draw and cut out shapes for the periscope
-begin assembling the periscope

How can we make a periscope?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 99-100
- Two plane mirrors
- Carton
- Knife/scissors
- Glue
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Protractor
- Sellotape
- Digital device

- observation -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light - Making a periscope (Part 2)
Levers as simple machines - Meaning of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate the importance of movement of light in everyday life
-complete making a periscope
-appreciate the importance of movement of light in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-join the pieces of the periscope together
-attach mirrors at 45° on both sides
-test the periscope by placing an object at one end
-complete the periscope by covering the open side
-use the periscope to observe objects

How does a periscope show the application of reflection?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 100-101
- Materials from previous lesson
- Objects to observe
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 103
- Relevant textbooks
- Digital devices

- observation -practical assessment -project assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Levers as simple machines - Common levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-identify common levers used in day-to-day life
-describe examples of levers
-appreciate the use of levers in making work easier

The learner is guided to:
-examine pictures showing common levers
-identify each machine in the pictures
-discuss how the machines are used in daily life
-find out other machines used at home and school

What are examples of common levers?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 103-104
- Pictures of various levers

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Levers as simple machines - Parts of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-describe parts of a lever as used in making work easier
-identify effort, load, and fulcrum
-appreciate the use of levers in making work easier

The learner is guided to:
-examine machines in pictures
-identify the part where force is applied
-identify the part that turns during work
-identify the work done by the machine
-draw levers and label the parts

What are the parts of a lever?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 104-105
- Pictures of levers
- Drawing materials

- oral questions -written questions -drawing assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Levers as simple machines - Classification of levers
Levers as simple machines - Using levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-classify levers into the three classes
-identify arrangements of fulcrum, load, and effort
-appreciate the use of levers in making work easier

The learner is guided to:
-examine pictures of levers
-classify levers according to positions of parts
-fill in a table showing lever classifications
-identify characteristics of each class of lever

How are levers classified?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 106
- Pictures of different levers
- Table for classification
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 107
- Various lever tools (scissors, bottle openers, etc.)

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Levers as simple machines - How levers make work easier

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate how a lever makes work easier in day-to-day life
-explain the mechanical advantage of levers
-appreciate the use of levers in making work easier

The learner is guided to:
-research how levers make work easier
-discuss and note down findings
-share points with other groups
-understand concepts of force and distance in lever operation

Why do levers make work easier?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 107
- Relevant textbooks
- Print media
- Digital devices

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Levers as simple machines - Appreciating levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate the use of levers in making work easier
-compare tasks with and without levers
-appreciate the use of levers in making work easier

The learner is guided to:
-make holes on waste paper without using a paper punch
-repeat the activity using a paper punch
-cut paper without and with scissors
-compare the ease of doing tasks with and without levers

How much easier is work with levers compared to without?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 108
- Scissors
- Pieces of waste paper
- Paper punch

- observation -oral questions -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Levers as simple machines - Making a beam balance
Slopes as simple machines - Types of slopes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate the use of levers in making work easier
-make a beam balance from local materials
-appreciate the use of levers in making work easier

The learner is guided to:
-use a clothes hanger, containers, and thread to make a beam balance
-suspend containers on the clothes hanger
-test the beam balance by weighing small objects
-identify which class of lever a beam balance is

How can we make a beam balance?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 108
- Clothes hanger
- Two similar containers
- Marker pen
- Six pieces of thread
- Hammer
- Nail
Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 110
- Pictures of different slopes

- observation -practical assessment -project assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - Science walk

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-identify types of slopes used as simple machines
-observe slopes in the environment
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-take a walk outside the classroom and in the neighborhood
-look for and identify different types of slopes
-take photographs of slopes if possible
-discuss how each slope makes work easier
-make notes and present them in class

What slopes can we find in our environment?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 111
- Digital camera (if available)
- Notebooks

- observation -oral presentation -written assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - How slopes work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate how a slope makes work easier in day-to-day life
-compare tasks with and without slopes
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-lift a carton of books directly onto a table
-make a slope from a piece of timber and push the carton up
-compare which method is easier
-discuss why the slope makes work easier

How do slopes make work easier?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 111
- Carton filled with books
- Table
- Smooth piece of timber

- observation -oral questions -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - Climbing slopes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate how a slope makes work easier in day-to-day life
-compare climbing with and without a slope
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-try climbing up to a raised point directly
-create a slope using timber from ground to raised point
-walk on the slope to the raised point
-compare the force used in each case
-discuss why slopes require less force

Why do we use less force when using a slope?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 112
- Strong piece of timber
- Raised ground

- observation -oral questions -practical assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - Uses of slopes
Slopes as simple machines - Documenting slope uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-identify the uses of slopes in everyday life
-examine slopes in different settings
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-examine pictures showing different slopes in use
-identify the slopes in the pictures
-discuss the importance of ramps for wheelchair users
-identify importance of other slopes shown

How are slopes used in everyday life?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 113
- Pictures showing different slopes in use
- Notebooks
- Table template

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - Digital activity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-identify the uses of slopes in everyday life
-recognize various applications of slopes
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-discuss how wheelchair users use ramps
-identify how staircases help climb tall buildings
-examine how ramps help load heavy objects
-explore other uses of slopes like ladders, elevators, and escalators

What are the various uses of slopes in society?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 114
- Digital resources
- Pictures of various slopes

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - Making a ladder

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-construct a simple slope
-make a ladder from local materials
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-place two long pieces of wood parallel to each other
-arrange shorter pieces horizontally at uniform intervals
-join the pieces using nails and hammer
-complete the ladder
-test the ladder for simple tasks

How can we make a ladder?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 114
- Two strong pieces of wood (2m long)
- Eight strong pieces of wood (45cm long)
- Hammer
- Nails

- observation -practical assessment -project assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Slopes as simple machines - Making a ramp
Slopes as simple machines - Community project

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-construct a simple slope
-make a ramp from local materials
-appreciate the use of slopes in everyday life

The learner is guided to:
-place pieces of timber side by side
-join the pieces using nails and narrow timber
-place blocks of different heights underneath to create a slope
-complete the ramp
-place the ramp where people can use it

How can we make a ramp?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book pg 115
- Five pieces of timber (2m long)
- Four narrow pieces of timber (1m long)
- Six blocks of timber
- Gloves
- Nails
- Hammer
- Pictures of wheelchair ramps
- Planning materials

- observation -practical assessment -project assessment

FORCE AND ENERGY

Light, levers, and slopes - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate the movement of light through materials
-identify common levers and slopes
-appreciate the importance of simple machines

The learner is guided to:
-review key concepts of light properties
-review lever types and classifications
-review slope types and uses
-discuss real-life applications

What have we learned about light, levers, and slopes?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book
- Previous notes
- Models and projects created in class

- oral questions -written questions

FORCE AND ENERGY

Project presentations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-demonstrate applications of light, levers, and slopes
-present completed projects
-appreciate the importance of simple machines

The learner is guided to:
-present periscopes, beam balances, ladders, and ramps
-demonstrate how each works
-explain scientific principles behind each
-discuss improvements for future projects

How do our projects demonstrate scientific principles?

Oxford Everyday Science and Technology Learner's Book
- Completed projects
- Presentation space

- presentation assessment -project evaluation