INDUSTRY

Introduction and Factors Influencing Industrial Location
Factors Influencing Industrial Location

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define industry and industrialisation. Distinguish between industrialised and less industrialised countries. Explain the role of capital and skilled manpower in industrial development. Account for the importance of raw materials and markets in industrial location.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Q/A on economic activities. Teacher explains industry concepts using Kenya vs South Africa examples. Discussion on capital and skilled manpower factors. Analysis of raw material proximity and market location with local examples.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 107-112

INDUSTRY

Types of Industries - Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
Classification and Distribution of Industries in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define and distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary industries. Give examples of each type in Kenya. Explain manufacturing and assembly industries. Describe service industries and their characteristics.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Teacher explains the three types of industries with examples. Discussion on manufacturing versus assembly industries. Analysis of motor vehicle assembly plants in Kenya. Students categorise local industries by type.

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Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 113-119

INDUSTRY

Distribution of Industries in Kenya (continued)
Manufacturing Industries and Cottage Industries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe meat processing and non-food agricultural industries. Explain cotton, sisal, tobacco and pyrethrum processing. Account for timber and paper processing. Identify non-agricultural manufacturing industries.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Teacher explains meat processing and agricultural non-food industries. Discussion on cotton processing from ginneries to textiles. Analysis of sisal, tobacco and pyrethrum processing locations. Study of timber and paper processing industries.

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KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 123-125

INDUSTRY

Jua Kali Industries and Significance of Industrialisation
Significance of Industrialisation (continued) and Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Jua Kali industries and their characteristics. Describe government support for informal sector. Outline the significance of industrialisation to Kenya. Explain employment creation and income generation.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on Jua Kali industries and government support. Analysis of industrialisation significance including employment and income generation. Study of infrastructure development and foreign exchange benefits. Examination of balance of trade improvements.

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KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 128-133

INDUSTRY

Problems of Industrialisation and Solutions
Cottage Industry in India

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain neglect of agriculture and unemployment issues. Describe displacement of people and rural-urban migration. Account for competition from imports and capital inadequacy. Suggest practical solutions to industrialisation problems.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Analysis of major industrialisation problems including agriculture neglect and unemployment. Discussion on people displacement and rural-urban migration. Examination of import competition and capital shortage. Students suggest practical solutions to identified problems.

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Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 135-142

INDUSTRY

Cottage Industry in India (continued) and Problems
Iron and Steel Industry in Ruhr Region of Germany

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain advantages and significance of cottage industry in India. Identify problems facing cottage industries. Suggest solutions to the problems. Compare with cottage industries in Kenya.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on advantages and economic significance of cottage industries. Analysis of problems including inadequate funds and competition. Examination of solutions through co-operatives and policies. Comparison with Kenyan cottage industries.

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Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 144-146

INDUSTRY

Iron and Steel Industry in Ruhr Region and Car Manufacturing in Japan
Car Manufacturing and Electronics Industry in Japan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of iron and steel industry in Ruhr Region. Identify problems facing the region. Describe Japan's physical features and their influence on industrialisation. Explain historical factors in Japanese industrial development.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Analysis of Ruhr industry significance and problems. Map work on Japan's physical features. Discussion on mountainous terrain limiting agriculture. Study of Meiji Era influence on industrial development and post-war focus on manufacturing.

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KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 148-153

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Definition of Transport and Communication
Road Transport

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define transport and communication. Give examples of transport modes for people and commodities. Explain different communication methods. Distinguish between traditional and modern communication.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Q/A on local movement of people and goods. Teacher explains transport and communication definitions. Discussion on traditional versus modern communication methods. Students identify local examples.

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Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 136

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Railway Transport
Water Transport

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the development of railway transport in Africa. Describe railway construction in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. State advantages and disadvantages of railway transport. Account for problems facing railway development.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on railway development in Africa since 19th century. Analysis of Kenya-Uganda Railway and TAZARA construction. Study of railway advantages and disadvantages. Examination of problems including gauge differences.

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KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 138-140

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Water Transport (continued) and Air Transport
Pipelines, Lifts and Types of Communication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages and disadvantages of water transport. Explain the development of air transport in Africa. Identify major airports and airlines. Describe advantages and disadvantages of air transport.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Analysis of water transport advantages and disadvantages. Discussion on African air transport development. Study of major airports and national airlines. Examination of air transport advantages and disadvantages.

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Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 142-144

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Types of Communication (continued)
Distribution of Major Transport Lines in Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe telephone services and their development. Explain postal and courier services. Define facsimile and internet communication. Account for communication development in Africa.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Analysis of telephone development and mobile technology. Discussion on postal services and African Postal Union. Study of facsimile and internet technology. Examination of communication challenges in Africa.

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Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 146-148

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Role of Transport and Communication in Economic Development
Role of Transport and Communication (continued)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain acceleration of movement of goods and people. Describe creation of employment opportunities. Account for promotion of tourism. Explain expansion of trade areas and information dissemination.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on transport facilitating trade and business. Analysis of employment creation in transport sectors. Study of tourism promotion and trade expansion. Examination of information dissemination and globalisation.

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Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 151-153

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Problems Facing Transport and Communication in Africa
Problems Facing Transport and Communication (continued)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain difficult terrain as a barrier to transport development. Describe harsh environmental conditions. Account for non-navigable rivers. Identify inadequate communication facilities.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Analysis of terrain barriers including Great Rift Valley and escarpments. Discussion on harsh environments: deserts and forests. Study of river navigation problems. Examination of inadequate communication facilities.

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Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 155-157

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway - Introduction
Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway - Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Locate the Great Lakes of North America. Explain problems that existed before seaway construction. Describe the St. Lawrence Seaway project. Account for the project's multipurpose nature.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Map work locating Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. Discussion on navigation problems before seaway construction. Analysis of seaway project development and timeline. Study of multipurpose objectives and international cooperation.

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KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 159-161

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
TRADE

Role of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway
Introduction and Types of Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the role in boosting trade between USA and Canada. Describe hydro-electric power generation. Account for employment creation and tourism promotion. Analyze development of towns, agriculture and industries.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Analysis of trade benefits between USA and Canada. Study of hydro-electric power generation and supply. Discussion on employment creation and tourism development. Examination of urban, agricultural and industrial development.

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Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 163-165

TRADE

Types of Trade (continued) and Factors Influencing Trade
Major Exports and Imports of Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe departmental stores, supermarkets and open-air markets. Explain bilateral and multilateral trade. Identify factors that influence trade. Account for the importance of capital, goods availability, and security in trade.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on modern retail systems and supermarket operations. Teacher explains external trade types and import/export concepts. Analysis of factors influencing trade including capital, security, and demand. Study of transport availability and market accessibility. Examination of how these factors affect local and international trade.

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Chalkboard, textbook, map of world, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 160-162

TRADE

Significance of Trade to Kenya
Problems Facing Trade in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain economic growth through trade. Describe industrial growth and employment creation. Account for foreign exchange earnings and infrastructure development. Explain revenue generation through sales tax and customs duty.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on trade's role in economic and industrial development. Analysis of employment opportunities in trade sectors. Study of foreign exchange importance for development. Examination of government revenue through VAT and customs duties. Discussion on settlement development and regional cooperation through trade.

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KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 165-168

TRADE

Future of International Trade and Regional Trading Blocs Introduction
COMESA, SADC and ECOWAS

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Kenya's future trade prospects through regional membership. Describe external investments and infrastructure improvements. Introduce regional trading blocs concept. Explain COMESA formation, membership and objectives.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on Kenya's trade future through regional blocs and bilateral agreements. Analysis of Kenyan investments in neighboring countries. Study of infrastructure improvement effects on trade. Teacher explains regional trading blocs importance. Introduction to COMESA history, membership changes, and main objectives.

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KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 171-174

TRADE
POPULATION

European Union and Benefits/Problems of Regional Trading Blocs
Introduction and Population Distribution in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain European Union formation and membership. Describe EU's role in European economy. Account for general benefits of regional trading blocs. Identify problems facing regional trading blocs.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study of EU development from EEC to current 25-member status. Analysis of EU's common market, Euro currency and economic integration. Discussion on general benefits of trading blocs: market expansion, cooperation, development. Examination of problems including political differences, unequal industrialization, and poor infrastructure. Assessment of trading blocs' future prospects.

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Chalkboard, textbook, map of East Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 178-182

POPULATION

Factors Influencing Population Distribution in East Africa
Factors Influencing Population Distribution (continued)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the influence of rainfall and soil fertility on population distribution. Describe the effect of pests and diseases on settlement patterns. Account for the impact of game parks and forests on population distribution.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on rainfall patterns and their effect on population density. Analysis of highland fertility attracting dense settlement. Study of tsetse fly and mosquito-infested areas affecting population. Examination of game parks and forest reserves as sparsely populated areas.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of East Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 178-180

POPULATION

Factors Influencing Population Growth
Migration and Population Growth Calculation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define population growth and its measurement. Explain fertility, fecundity and infertility concepts. Describe factors affecting fertility rates. Account for mortality and its impact on population growth.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Teacher explains population growth concepts and calculation methods. Discussion on fertility definitions and measurement. Analysis of factors affecting fertility including education and urbanisation. Study of mortality trends and their impact on population growth.

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Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, calculator

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 182-184

POPULATION

Demographic Trends and Transition Theory
Population Structure and Age-Sex Pyramids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain demographic transition theory and its four stages. Describe characteristics of each demographic stage. Account for Kenya's position in demographic transition. Identify factors leading to slow population growth.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Teacher explains demographic transition theory using diagrams. Discussion on each stage characteristics and examples. Analysis of Kenya's current demographic stage with supporting evidence. Study of factors causing slow population growth including warfare and epidemics.

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Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, calculator

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 186-189

POPULATION

Consequences of Population Growth and Structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of rapid population growth on GDP. Describe impact on land, forest and water resources. Account for effects on social facilities provision. Analyze impact on food production and employment.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on population growth effects on economic development. Analysis of land fragmentation and resource pressure. Study of social facilities strain including education and health. Examination of unemployment and dependency ratio impacts.

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KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 192-195

POPULATION

Problems of Slow Population Growth
Population Growth in Kenya - Historical Trends

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify problems associated with slow population growth. Explain effects on labour force and market size. Describe challenges in resource supply and revenue collection. Account for investment and security implications.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on small population challenges including underutilisation of facilities. Analysis of labour shortage and reduced market problems. Study of expensive resource supply to scattered populations. Examination of limited investment and defence challenges.

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KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 195-196

POPULATION

Factors Influencing Kenya's Population Growth
Population Growth in Sweden

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain cultural beliefs affecting population growth. Describe the impact of polygamy and naming traditions. Account for health services and food production effects. Analyze the role of modernisation and religion.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on sex preference and need for more children. Analysis of polygamy and traditional naming practices. Study of improved health care and food production impacts. Examination of modernisation effects and religious influences on birth control.

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Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 198-200

POPULATION

Factors Influencing Population Distribution in Sweden
Comparison Between Kenya and Sweden Population Trends

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the influence of mountains and climate on Swedish population distribution. Describe the effects of forests and drainage patterns. Account for mining centres and urbanisation impacts. Compare with Kenyan population distribution factors.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Analysis of mountainous terrain and cold climate effects on settlement. Discussion on extensive forests and numerous lakes affecting distribution. Study of mining centres creating population islands. Comparison of Swedish and Kenyan distribution factors and patterns.

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Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 201-203

SETTLEMENT

Definition of Settlement and Types
Factors Influencing Location and Patterns of Settlement - Geographical Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define human settlement and distinguish between rural and urban settlements. Explain characteristics of rural settlements. Describe functions of urban settlements. Account for urbanisation concept and its origins.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Q/A on local settlement types and characteristics. Teacher explains settlement definitions and types. Discussion on rural settlements and primary activities. Analysis of urban settlements and secondary/tertiary functions. Study of urbanisation concept from Greek origins.

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Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 198-200

SETTLEMENT

Factors Influencing Location and Patterns of Settlement - Economic and Other Factors
Settlement Patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain economic factors influencing settlement patterns. Describe the role of defence and security in settlement location. Account for government planning effects on settlement. Analyze cultural practices and historical factors.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Analysis of economic activities affecting settlement including nomadic pastoralism and arable farming. Discussion on defence considerations and historical hill settlements. Study of government settlement schemes and planning policies. Examination of cultural practices and tribal sentiments affecting distribution.

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KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 202-204

SETTLEMENT

Distribution of Major Urban Centres in East Africa
Factors Influencing Growth of Major Urban Centres in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify categories of urban centres in East Africa. Locate capital cities, sea ports and lake ports. Describe mining towns, industrial towns and collecting towns. Account for gap towns and administrative towns.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Map work identifying major urban centres across East Africa. Discussion on capital cities: Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam, Kampala. Study of sea ports and lake ports with their functions. Analysis of different town categories with specific examples.

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Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 206-208

SETTLEMENT

Case Studies - Thika as Industrial Centre and Kisumu as Lake Port
Case Study - Eldoret as Agricultural Collecting Centre

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Thika's location and industrial development. Explain factors favouring Thika's growth as industrial centre. Account for Kisumu's development as major lake port. Analyze factors contributing to Kisumu's growth and importance.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study of Thika's strategic location and major industries. Analysis of factors including road network, proximity to Nairobi, and water supply. Discussion on Kisumu's history from Port Florence to major lake port. Examination of Kisumu's advantages including strategic location and population density.

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KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 210-213

SETTLEMENT

Nairobi City Development
Problems Facing Nairobi and New York City Comparison

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Trace Nairobi's growth from railway camp to major city. Explain factors influencing Nairobi's development. Describe Nairobi's current status and international importance. Account for various functions performed by Nairobi.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study of Nairobi's origins during railway construction and strategic advantages. Analysis of factors including climate, water supply and central location. Discussion on Nairobi's elevation to city status and international organizations. Examination of industrial, administrative, educational and commercial functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 215-217

SETTLEMENT

Mombasa Port Development and Functions
Rotterdam Port and Comparison with Mombasa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mombasa's location and physical setting. Explain factors contributing to Mombasa's growth as major port. Account for modern developments at Kilindini Harbour. Analyze Mombasa's role as tourist and cultural centre.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study of Mombasa's strategic coastal location and island setting. Analysis of railway connection and modern harbour facilities. Discussion on containerisation and Ro-Ro methods. Examination of oil refinery establishment and large hinterland.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 221-224

SETTLEMENT
MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Effects of Urbanisation - Social and Economic Problems
Effects of Urbanisation and Solutions
Introduction to Environment, Management and Conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain congestion problems in urban areas. Describe unemployment and pressure on social amenities. Account for environmental degradation in cities. Analyze increased crime and family breakdown issues.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on urban congestion during rush hours and events. Analysis of unemployment problems and job market limitations. Study of pressure on educational, health and infrastructure facilities. Examination of pollution, noise and garbage management problems.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil
Charts showing ecosystem components, Pictures of local environment, Newspaper cuttings on environmental issues

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 227-230

MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

The Need for Environmental Management and Conservation
Environmental Hazards: Natural Disasters
Environmental Hazards: Drought, Fires and Other Hazards
Floods: Causes, Effects and Control Measures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain reasons why environmental management and conservation is necessary. Analyze the relationship between human activities and environmental degradation. Evaluate the concept of sustainable development.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Review previous lesson through Q/A. Detailed discussion on seven key reasons for conservation: future generations, benefit of all, sustenance of human life, economic value, aesthetic value, protection of endangered species, environmental protection. Case study analysis of Kenya's conservation efforts. Assignment on local conservation examples.

Maps showing conservation areas in Kenya, Photos of endangered species, Economic data charts
World maps showing disaster-prone areas, Photos/videos of natural disasters, Richter Scale charts, News reports on recent disasters
Maps of drought-prone areas in Africa, Photos of desertification, Newspaper reports on industrial accidents, Charts showing oil spill effects
Maps of flood-prone areas in Kenya, Photos of flood damage, Diagrams of flood control structures, Case study materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 229-231

MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Lightning, Windstorms, Pests and Diseases
Pollution: Types, Causes and Control Measures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the formation and effects of lightning and windstorms. Identify major pests and diseases affecting humans, crops and animals in Kenya. Explain control measures for lightning, windstorms, pests and diseases.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Review previous lesson through oral questions. Teacher exposition on lightning formation and occurrence patterns around Lake Victoria region. Discussion on windstorms in arid areas and their effects. Comprehensive study of pest control: crop pests (locusts, army worms, weevils), animal pests (ticks, tsetse flies), human diseases (malaria, HIV/AIDS). Demonstration of lightning arrester installation. Group work on disease prevention strategies.

Diagrams of lightning formation, Photos of lightning arresters, Maps showing tsetse fly distribution, Health campaign materials, Charts on pest control methods
Photos of polluted environments, Charts showing pollution sources, Water quality test kits, Sound level meters (if available), Government policy documents

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 239-245