METALS

Chief Ores of Metals and General Extraction Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name chief ores of common metals
- State formulas of metal ores
- Explain general methods of ore concentration
- Describe factors affecting extraction methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
Q/A: Review metallic bonding and reactivity
- Study Table 5.1 - metal ores and formulas
- Discussion on ore concentration methods
- Froth flotation demonstration

Chart of metal ores, ore samples if available, Table 5.1, flotation apparatus demonstration

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 139-140

METALS

Chief Ores of Metals and General Extraction Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name chief ores of common metals
- State formulas of metal ores
- Explain general methods of ore concentration
- Describe factors affecting extraction methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
Q/A: Review metallic bonding and reactivity
- Study Table 5.1 - metal ores and formulas
- Discussion on ore concentration methods
- Froth flotation demonstration

Chart of metal ores, ore samples if available, Table 5.1, flotation apparatus demonstration

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 139-140

METALS

Occurrence and Extraction of Sodium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe occurrence of sodium compounds
- Explain Down's process for sodium extraction
- Draw labeled diagram of Down's cell
- Write electrode equations for sodium extraction

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study sodium occurrence in nature
- Teacher demonstration: Down's cell diagram and operation
- Discussion on calcium chloride addition
- Write electrode reactions and overall equation

Down's cell diagram, charts showing sodium occurrence, electrode reaction equations

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 140-142

METALS

Occurrence and Extraction of Aluminium I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe occurrence and ores of aluminium
- Explain ore concentration process
- Write equations for bauxite purification
- Describe amphoteric nature of aluminium oxide

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study aluminium occurrence and bauxite composition
- Demonstration of amphoteric properties
- Equations for bauxite dissolution in NaOH
- Discussion on impurity removal

Bauxite samples, NaOH solution, charts showing aluminium extraction steps, chemical equations

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 142-143

METALS

Extraction of Aluminium II - Electrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain role of cryolite in aluminium extraction
- Describe electrolytic extraction process
- Write electrode equations
- Explain why anodes need replacement

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study Hall-Heroult process setup
- Analysis of electrolytic cell diagram
- Write electrode reactions
- Discussion on energy requirements and anode corrosion

Electrolytic cell diagram, cryolite samples, graphite electrodes, energy consumption data

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 142-143

METALS

Extraction of Aluminium II - Electrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain role of cryolite in aluminium extraction
- Describe electrolytic extraction process
- Write electrode equations
- Explain why anodes need replacement

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study Hall-Heroult process setup
- Analysis of electrolytic cell diagram
- Write electrode reactions
- Discussion on energy requirements and anode corrosion

Electrolytic cell diagram, cryolite samples, graphite electrodes, energy consumption data

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 142-143

METALS

Extraction of Aluminium II - Electrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain role of cryolite in aluminium extraction
- Describe electrolytic extraction process
- Write electrode equations
- Explain why anodes need replacement

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study Hall-Heroult process setup
- Analysis of electrolytic cell diagram
- Write electrode reactions
- Discussion on energy requirements and anode corrosion

Electrolytic cell diagram, cryolite samples, graphite electrodes, energy consumption data

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 142-143

METALS

Occurrence and Extraction of Iron

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe iron ores and occurrence
- Explain blast furnace operation
- Write equations for iron extraction reactions
- Describe slag formation process

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study iron ores and blast furnace structure
- Analysis of temperature zones in furnace
- Write reduction equations
- Discussion on limestone role and slag formation

Blast furnace diagram, iron ore samples, coke, limestone, temperature zone charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 143-145

METALS

Extraction of Zinc

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe zinc ores and occurrence
- Compare reduction and electrolytic methods
- Write equations for zinc extraction
- Explain lead removal process

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study zinc blende and calamine
- Compare two extraction methods
- Roasting equations and reduction process
- Discussion on electrolytic method advantages

Zinc ore samples, flow charts showing both methods, electrolytic cell diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 145-148

METALS

Extraction of Lead and Copper

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain extraction of lead from galena
- Describe copper extraction from copper pyrites
- Write relevant chemical equations
- Compare purification methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study galena roasting and reduction
- Copper pyrites multi-step extraction
- Electrolytic purification processes
- Discussion on blister copper formation

Lead and copper ore samples, extraction flow charts, electrolytic purification diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 148-151

METALS

Extraction of Lead and Copper

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain extraction of lead from galena
- Describe copper extraction from copper pyrites
- Write relevant chemical equations
- Compare purification methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study galena roasting and reduction
- Copper pyrites multi-step extraction
- Electrolytic purification processes
- Discussion on blister copper formation

Lead and copper ore samples, extraction flow charts, electrolytic purification diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 148-151

METALS

Extraction of Lead and Copper

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain extraction of lead from galena
- Describe copper extraction from copper pyrites
- Write relevant chemical equations
- Compare purification methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study galena roasting and reduction
- Copper pyrites multi-step extraction
- Electrolytic purification processes
- Discussion on blister copper formation

Lead and copper ore samples, extraction flow charts, electrolytic purification diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 148-151

METALS

Physical Properties of Metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare physical properties of sodium, aluminium, zinc, iron and copper
- Explain metallic bonding effects
- Relate structure to properties
- Analyze property data

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study Table 5.2 - physical properties comparison
- Discussion on metallic bonding and electron sea model
- Analysis of melting points, conductivity, and density trends

Table 5.2, metal samples, conductivity apparatus, density measurement equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 151-152

METALS

Chemical Properties I - Reaction with Air

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate metal reactions with air and oxygen
- Write balanced equations for metal oxidation
- Compare reactivity patterns
- Explain tarnishing and oxide formation

In groups, learners are guided to:
Experiment 5.1: Heat metals in air - sodium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper
- Observe color changes and products
- Record observations in Table 5.3
- Write oxidation equations

Deflagrating spoons, metal samples (Na, Al, Zn, Fe, Cu), Bunsen burners, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 152-154

METALS

Chemical Properties II - Reaction with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test metal reactions with cold water and steam
- Arrange metals by reactivity
- Explain aluminium's apparent unreactivity
- Write chemical equations for reactions

In groups, learners are guided to:
Experiment 5.2: Test metals with cold water and steam
- Use Table 5.4 for observations
- Test solutions with indicators
- Arrange metals in reactivity order

Metal samples, cold water, steam generator, test tubes, universal indicator, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 154-156

METALS

Chemical Properties II - Reaction with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test metal reactions with cold water and steam
- Arrange metals by reactivity
- Explain aluminium's apparent unreactivity
- Write chemical equations for reactions

In groups, learners are guided to:
Experiment 5.2: Test metals with cold water and steam
- Use Table 5.4 for observations
- Test solutions with indicators
- Arrange metals in reactivity order

Metal samples, cold water, steam generator, test tubes, universal indicator, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 154-156

METALS

Chemical Properties II - Reaction with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test metal reactions with cold water and steam
- Arrange metals by reactivity
- Explain aluminium's apparent unreactivity
- Write chemical equations for reactions

In groups, learners are guided to:
Experiment 5.2: Test metals with cold water and steam
- Use Table 5.4 for observations
- Test solutions with indicators
- Arrange metals in reactivity order

Metal samples, cold water, steam generator, test tubes, universal indicator, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 154-156

METALS

Chemical Properties II - Reaction with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test metal reactions with cold water and steam
- Arrange metals by reactivity
- Explain aluminium's apparent unreactivity
- Write chemical equations for reactions

In groups, learners are guided to:
Experiment 5.2: Test metals with cold water and steam
- Use Table 5.4 for observations
- Test solutions with indicators
- Arrange metals in reactivity order

Metal samples, cold water, steam generator, test tubes, universal indicator, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 154-156

METALS

Chemical Properties III - Reaction with Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate metal reactions with chlorine gas
- Write equations for chloride formation
- Compare reaction vigor
- Observe product characteristics

In groups, learners are guided to:
Experiment 5.3: React hot metals with chlorine gas (FUME CUPBOARD)
- Observe color changes and fume formation
- Record all observations
- Write balanced equations

Chlorine gas, gas jars, metal samples, tongs, deflagrating spoons, fume cupboard, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 156-157

METALS

Chemical Properties IV - Reaction with Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test metal reactions with dilute and concentrated acids
- Compare reaction patterns
- Write chemical equations
- Explain passivation effects

In groups, learners are guided to:
Experiment 5.4: Test metals with various acids - HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄
- Use Table 5.5 for systematic recording
- Observe gas evolution
- Discuss passivation

Various acids (dilute and concentrated), metal strips, test tubes, gas collection apparatus, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 157-158

METALS

Uses of Metals I - Sodium and Aluminium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of sodium and its compounds
- Explain aluminium applications
- Relate properties to uses
- Describe alloy formation and uses

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on sodium uses in industry
- Aluminium applications in transport and construction
- Study duralumin and other alloys
- Property-use relationships

Charts showing metal applications, alloy samples, aircraft parts, cooking vessels

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 158-159

METALS

Uses of Metals I - Sodium and Aluminium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of sodium and its compounds
- Explain aluminium applications
- Relate properties to uses
- Describe alloy formation and uses

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on sodium uses in industry
- Aluminium applications in transport and construction
- Study duralumin and other alloys
- Property-use relationships

Charts showing metal applications, alloy samples, aircraft parts, cooking vessels

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 158-159

METALS

Uses of Metals I - Sodium and Aluminium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of sodium and its compounds
- Explain aluminium applications
- Relate properties to uses
- Describe alloy formation and uses

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on sodium uses in industry
- Aluminium applications in transport and construction
- Study duralumin and other alloys
- Property-use relationships

Charts showing metal applications, alloy samples, aircraft parts, cooking vessels

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 158-159

METALS

Uses of Metals II - Zinc, Copper and Iron

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain galvanization process
- Describe copper electrical applications
- Compare iron, steel, and cast iron uses
- Analyze alloy compositions and properties

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study galvanization and rust prevention
- Copper in electrical applications
- Different types of steel and their compositions
- Alloy property comparisons

Galvanized sheets, copper wires, steel samples, alloy composition charts, brass and bronze samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 159-161

METALS

Steel Types and Alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare cast iron, wrought iron, and steel
- Analyze different steel compositions
- Explain alloy property enhancement
- Describe specialized steel applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
Study cast iron, wrought iron, mild steel, and stainless steel
- Analyze carbon content effects
- Specialized steels for tools and instruments
- Discussion on alloy design

Steel samples with different compositions, carbon content charts, specialized tools, stainless steel items

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 159-161

METALS

Environmental Effects of Metal Extraction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify environmental impacts of mining
- Explain pollution from metal extraction
- Describe waste management strategies
- Discuss NEMA regulations in Kenya

In groups, learners are guided to:
Analysis of mining environmental impact
- Air, water, and land pollution from extraction
- Waste management and slag utilization
- NEMA role and regulations

Environmental impact case studies, pollution images, NEMA regulation documents, waste management examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-162

METALS

Environmental Effects of Metal Extraction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify environmental impacts of mining
- Explain pollution from metal extraction
- Describe waste management strategies
- Discuss NEMA regulations in Kenya

In groups, learners are guided to:
Analysis of mining environmental impact
- Air, water, and land pollution from extraction
- Waste management and slag utilization
- NEMA role and regulations

Environmental impact case studies, pollution images, NEMA regulation documents, waste management examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-162

METALS

Environmental Effects of Metal Extraction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify environmental impacts of mining
- Explain pollution from metal extraction
- Describe waste management strategies
- Discuss NEMA regulations in Kenya

In groups, learners are guided to:
Analysis of mining environmental impact
- Air, water, and land pollution from extraction
- Waste management and slag utilization
- NEMA role and regulations

Environmental impact case studies, pollution images, NEMA regulation documents, waste management examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-162