Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define wave properties including rectilinear propagation, reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference
- Identify examples of wave properties in everyday life
- Relate wave properties to real-life applications such as mirrors, lenses and sound systems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on what was learnt in Grade 9 about waves
- Use digital devices or reference books to search for the meaning of wave properties
- Copy and complete a table showing wave properties and their applications
- Present findings on properties of waves in a class discussion

How do wave properties affect our daily experiences with light and sound?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the parts of a ripple tank and state their functions
- Set up a ripple tank for wave demonstration
- Connect wave patterns observed in a ripple tank to natural phenomena like water waves at the beach

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Observe a ripple tank and its components
- Label key parts of the ripple tank
- Copy and complete a table showing parts and functions of a ripple tank
- Fill the tank with water and test wave generation

What role does each part of a ripple tank play in demonstrating wave behaviour?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State the law of reflection
- Demonstrate reflection of waves using different shaped barriers
- Relate wave reflection to everyday applications like mirrors, periscopes and acoustic design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Generate plane waves and observe reflection off straight barriers
- Measure and compare angles of incidence and reflection
- Observe reflection patterns using concave and convex barriers
- Sketch wave patterns before and after reflection

How does the shape of a barrier affect the reflection pattern of waves?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Interference of waves
Properties of Waves - Formation and properties of stationary waves
Properties of Waves - Applications of stationary waves in vibrating strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define diffraction as bending of waves around obstacles or through gaps
- Demonstrate diffraction using a ripple tank
- Relate diffraction to hearing sound around corners and Wi-Fi signal distribution
- Derive expressions for fundamental frequency and overtones in vibrating strings
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in vibrating strings
- Connect vibrating strings to stringed musical instruments like guitars and pianos

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Position metal barriers with gaps in the ripple tank
- Observe wave spreading after passing through gaps of different sizes
- Observe diffraction around obstacles and at edges
- Sketch diffraction patterns and discuss applications
- Set up a string attached to a fixed support and pulley with masses
- Pluck the string and observe stationary wave patterns
- Measure distance between nodes and antinodes
- Calculate fundamental frequency and overtones

How does the size of an opening affect the amount of wave diffraction?
How does changing string tension affect the pitch of sound produced?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers with gaps
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Two spherical dippers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 155
- Rubber bands
- Slinky spring
- Fixed block
- Smooth surface
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 159
- String (1-2 metres)
- Fixed support
- Pulley and masses
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Written assignments - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Vibrating air columns in closed and open pipes
Properties of Waves - Resonance and frequency modulated waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Derive expressions for frequencies in closed and open pipes
- Differentiate between harmonics produced in closed and open pipes
- Connect vibrating air columns to wind instruments like flutes and clarinets

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Blow air across closed and open pipes and listen to sounds produced
- Compare pitch differences between closed and open pipes
- Discuss why closed pipes produce only odd harmonics
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in pipes

Why do closed pipes produce only odd harmonics while open pipes produce all harmonics?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 161
- Closed pipe (boiling tube)
- Open pipe
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 164
- Glass tube
- Tuning fork
- Container with water
- FM radio receiver

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Doppler effect and applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the Doppler effect and its causes
- Describe how frequency changes when source approaches or recedes
- Connect Doppler effect to ambulance sirens, radar speed detection and medical ultrasound

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch videos demonstrating Doppler effect with sound waves
- Observe how sound changes as source moves toward or away
- Discuss real-life applications of Doppler effect
- Record observations on frequency and pitch changes

Why does an ambulance siren sound different as it approaches compared to when it moves away?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 166
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Writing materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define terms used in radioactivity including atom, nuclide, half-life and radioisotope
- Explain factors that determine nuclear stability
- Connect radioactivity concepts to medical imaging and carbon dating

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices or reference books to find meanings of radioactivity terms
- Discuss atomic number, mass number and isotopes
- Explain nuclear stability and background radiation
- Share findings on terminology in class discussion

What makes some atomic nuclei stable while others are unstable?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe how alpha, beta and gamma radiations behave in electric and magnetic fields
- Draw diagrams showing deflection of radiations in fields
- Connect radiation deflection to particle accelerators and mass spectrometers
- List effects of radiation exposure on human health
- Describe safety precautions when handling radioactive materials
- Connect radiation safety to protection measures in hospitals and nuclear facilities

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw bar charts comparing penetrating power and ionising effects
- Draw diagrams showing deflection in electric and magnetic fields
- Discuss why gamma rays are not deflected
- Present charts to class for peer learning
- Research safety precautions for handling radioactive substances
- Discuss personal protective equipment needed
- Discuss proper methods for storing and disposing radioactive waste
- Create safety poster for class presentation

Why are alpha and beta particles deflected in opposite directions in electric and magnetic fields?
What safety measures must be followed to minimise radiation exposure?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation
- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the working principle of a Geiger-Muller counter
- Explain how cloud chambers make radiation tracks visible
- Connect radiation detectors to nuclear safety monitoring and scientific research

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research how Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber work
- Identify characteristics of tracks from alpha, beta and gamma radiations
- Discuss advantages and limitations of each detection method
- Present findings on detection methods

How does a Geiger-Muller counter convert radiation into measurable signals?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity
Electrostatics - Origin of charges in a material

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 194
- Balloons
- Woollen cloth
- Small pieces of paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Electric field patterns around charges
Electrostatics - Law of electrostatics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define an electric field and describe its properties
- Draw electric field patterns for isolated and interacting charges
- Connect electric fields to how lightning rods protect buildings

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the meaning of electric field and its properties
- Draw field patterns for isolated positive and negative charges
- Draw field patterns between like and unlike charges
- Draw field patterns between charged plates

Why do electric field lines never cross each other?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 196
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 199
- Plastic rulers
- Glass rod
- Silk cloth
- Woollen cloth

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charging by friction and contact methods
Electrostatics - Charging by induction and separation methods
Electrostatics - Charge distribution on conductors of various shapes
Electrostatics - Functions of various parts of an electroscope
Electrostatics - Charging an electroscope by contact and induction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain charging by friction and contact methods
- Demonstrate charging of objects using friction and contact
- Connect charging by friction to static shocks from car doors and door handles
- Explain how charges distribute on conductors of different shapes
- Draw charge distribution on spherical, wedge-shaped and pear-shaped conductors
- Connect charge concentration at points to lightning conductors and Van de Graaff generators

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Rub plastic pen with dry cloth and bring near paper pieces
- Sketch distribution of charges on rubbed materials
- Touch charged glass rod to polystyrene ball and observe charge transfer
- Discuss electron transfer in charging by contact
- Research charge distribution on different shaped conductors
- Draw diagrams showing charge distribution on spherical, wedge-shaped, pear-shaped and sharp conductors
- Discuss why charges concentrate at pointed ends
- Present findings on charge distribution to class

How does rubbing two materials together cause them to become charged?
Why do charges concentrate at the pointed ends of conductors?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 200
- Plastic pen
- Dry woollen cloth
- Polystyrene ball
- Glass rod
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 203
- Polythene rod
- Metal balls on insulated stands
- Connecting wire
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 205
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 207
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Paper clips
- Aluminium foil
- Plastic container
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 208
- Polythene rod
- Glass rod
- Silk and woollen cloth

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation
- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Uses of a leaf electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe uses of an electroscope in testing for charges
- Use an electroscope to test presence, type and quantity of charge
- Connect electroscope uses to quality control testing in manufacturing industries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use electroscope to test for presence of charge on objects
- Determine type of charge by observing leaf behaviour with known charges
- Compare quantity of charge by degree of leaf divergence
- Test conductivity of different materials using electroscope

How can an electroscope be used to determine both the presence and type of charge?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 210
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Various charged objects
- Different materials for testing

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Applications of electrostatics in day-to-day life
Current Electricity - Terminologies used in current electricity
Current Electricity - Relationship between potential difference and current through a conductor

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe applications of electrostatics in various fields
- Explain safety measures against electrostatic hazards
- Connect electrostatics to spray painting, photocopiers, air purifiers and lightning protection

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research applications of electrostatics using digital devices
- Discuss spray guns, photocopiers, fingerprinting and electrostatic precipitators
- Discuss lightning formation and safety measures during thunderstorms
- Present findings on applications and safety to class

How do electrostatic precipitators help reduce air pollution from factory emissions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 212
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 213
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 214
- Nichrome wire
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Variable resistor
- Dry cells

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Ohm's Law and electrical resistance
Current Electricity - Ohmic and non-ohmic resistors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State Ohm's Law and apply V=IR to solve problems
- Calculate resistance, current or voltage using Ohm's Law
- Connect Ohm's Law to selecting appropriate fuses for electrical appliances

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Derive mathematical relationship V=IR from experimental data
- Define the ohm as unit of resistance
- Solve numerical problems using Ohm's Law
- Discuss practical applications of Ohm's Law

Why is it important to know the resistance of a component when designing electrical circuits?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 216
- Graph paper
- Calculators
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 217
- Carbon resistor
- Filament bulb
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Dry cells

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Effect of length on resistance of conductors
Current Electricity - Effect of cross-sectional area on resistance
Current Electricity - Effect of material type and temperature on resistance
Current Electricity - Relationship between e.m.f., voltage, current, resistance and internal resistance
Current Electricity - Types of resistors and resistor networks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate how length affects resistance of a conductor
- Establish that resistance is directly proportional to length
- Connect length-resistance relationship to why extension cords have higher resistance
- Investigate how material type and temperature affect resistance
- Define and use resistivity in calculations
- Connect material properties to why copper is preferred for electrical wiring over nichrome

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up circuit with nichrome wire mounted on scale
- Measure resistance for different lengths of wire
- Plot resistance against length graph
- Discuss the direct proportionality between length and resistance
- Compare resistance of nichrome and copper wires of same dimensions
- Heat nichrome wire and measure resistance change
- Discuss resistivity values of different materials
- Calculate resistance using R = ρl/A

Why do longer wires have higher resistance than shorter wires of the same material?
Why does the resistance of metals increase when they are heated?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 219
- Nichrome wire (100 cm)
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 221
- Nichrome wires of different diameters
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 222
- Nichrome and copper wires
- Hot water
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 225
- Dry cell
- Voltmeter
- Variable resistor
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 227
- Various resistors
- Circuit symbol charts
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation
- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using resistor colour codes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Read resistance values from colour coded resistors
- Calculate resistance and tolerance from colour bands
- Connect colour coding to identifying resistor values when repairing electronic devices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study resistor colour code chart
- Observe colour bands on fixed carbon resistors
- Calculate resistance values using colour codes
- Verify calculated values using digital multimeter

How do the colour bands on a resistor indicate its resistance value and tolerance?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 228
- Fixed carbon resistors
- Colour code chart
- Digital multimeter

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using ammeter-voltmeter and Wheatstone bridge

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Measure resistance using ammeter-voltmeter method
- Explain the working principle of Wheatstone bridge
- Connect Wheatstone bridge to precision measurements in laboratory instruments

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up circuit to measure resistance using ammeter-voltmeter method
- Calculate resistance using R = V/I
- Set up Wheatstone bridge and balance it for zero deflection
- Calculate unknown resistance using bridge formula

Why is the Wheatstone bridge more accurate than the ammeter-voltmeter method?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 231
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Wheatstone bridge
- Galvanometer

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using metre bridge

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the metre bridge as a practical form of Wheatstone bridge
- Use metre bridge to determine unknown resistance
- Connect metre bridge principle to strain gauges used in weighing scales

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up metre bridge circuit with known and unknown resistors
- Slide jockey along wire until galvanometer shows zero deflection
- Record balance lengths and calculate unknown resistance
- Compare calculated values with standard values

How does the metre bridge use the principle of balanced ratios to measure resistance?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 233
- Metre bridge
- Known resistor
- Unknown resistor
- Galvanometer

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Effective resistance of resistors in series
Current Electricity - Effective resistance of resistors in parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Derive formula for effective resistance of resistors in series
- Calculate total resistance and voltage drops in series circuits
- Connect series circuits to Christmas lights where one faulty bulb affects all others
- Derive formula for effective resistance of resistors in parallel
- Calculate total resistance and branch currents in parallel circuits
- Connect parallel circuits to house wiring where each appliance operates independently

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Connect resistors in series with ammeter and voltmeters
- Measure total voltage and individual voltage drops
- Verify that R_total = R₁ + R₂ + R₃
- Solve numerical problems on series resistor networks
- Connect resistors in parallel with ammeter and voltmeters
- Measure total current and individual branch currents
- Verify that 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃
- Solve numerical problems on parallel resistor networks

Why does adding more resistors in series increase the total resistance of a circuit?
Why is the total resistance of parallel resistors always less than the smallest individual resistor?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 234
- Resistors
- Ammeter
- Voltmeters
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 237
- Resistors
- Ammeter
- Voltmeters
- Dry cells

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Relationship between voltage, current and power in heating effect
Current Electricity - Applications of the heating effect of electric current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Derive and apply P = VI, P = I²R and H = I²Rt
- Calculate electrical power and energy consumed
- Connect heating effect to electric kettles, heaters and toasters in homes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up circuit with resistor, ammeter and voltmeter
- Record voltage and current at different settings
- Calculate power using P = VI
- Derive Joule's law of electrical heating H = I²Rt

How does the resistance of a heating element affect the amount of heat produced?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 241
- Resistor
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Rheostat
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 245
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Various electrical appliances

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Meaning of insulators, conductors, semiconductors and superconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Distinguishing materials using energy band theory

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define conductors, insulators, semiconductors and superconductors
- Classify materials based on their electrical conductivity
- Connect material classification to selection of wires and insulation in electrical installations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up simple circuit to test conductivity of different materials
- Classify materials as conductors, insulators or semiconductors
- Research meaning of superconductors
- Discuss examples and applications of each material type

What determines whether a material is a good conductor or insulator of electricity?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 248
- Simple circuit
- Various materials (copper, iron, wood, plastic, silicon)
- Bulb
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 250
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Markers

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of conductors with varying temperatures
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of insulators with varying temperatures
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of semiconductors with varying temperatures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate how temperature affects resistance of conductors
- Explain why conductor resistance increases with temperature
- Connect temperature effect to why power lines sag more on hot days

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up circuit with copper wire, ammeter and voltmeter
- Measure resistance at room temperature
- Heat copper wire and measure new resistance
- Cool wire with ice and compare resistance values

Why does the resistance of copper wire increase when it is heated?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 253
- Copper wire
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Hot water
- Ice cubes
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 254
- Glass rod
- Light bulb
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 255
- Thermistor

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Intrinsic semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Extrinsic semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Formation of n-type semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Formation of p-type semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Applications of conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define intrinsic semiconductors and give examples
- Explain conduction in pure silicon and germanium
- Connect intrinsic semiconductors to the base material used in manufacturing computer chips
- Explain formation of n-type semiconductors through doping
- Draw diagrams showing electron distribution in n-type materials
- Connect n-type semiconductors to one half of diodes and transistors used in phones

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read presentation on intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
- Discuss meaning of intrinsic semiconductors
- Explain equal numbers of electrons and holes in pure semiconductors
- Discuss limited conductivity at room temperature
- Research formation of n-type semiconductors
- Discuss addition of group V elements (phosphorus, arsenic)
- Draw silicon lattice doped with phosphorus showing free electron
- Identify electrons as majority charge carriers

Why do intrinsic semiconductors have low conductivity at room temperature?
Why are group V elements used to create n-type semiconductors?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 257
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 258
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 259
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 260
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 261
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation
- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation