SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Soil Erosion - Introduction and Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil erosion and its types. Outline factors influencing soil erosion. Explain the difference between geological and accelerated erosion. State the role of human activities in soil erosion.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of soil erosion concepts. Discussion on erosion factors. Brain storming on human activities causing erosion. Question and answer on erosion types.

Charts showing soil erosion factors. Pictures of eroded areas. Erosion type illustrations. Factor identification guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 158-167

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Types of Soil Erosion by Water - Splash and Sheet
Types of Soil Erosion by Water - Rill and Gully

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe raindrop/splash erosion process. Explain sheet erosion characteristics. Identify factors affecting splash erosion. State conditions favoring sheet erosion.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on raindrop impact effects. Exposition of splash erosion process. Brief discussion on sheet erosion. Demonstration using charts and diagrams.

Raindrop impact diagrams. Sheet erosion illustrations. Splash pattern charts. Erosion process demonstrations.
Rill erosion pictures. Gully formation diagrams. U and V-shaped gully illustrations. Channel erosion process charts.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Wind Erosion and Human Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe soil erosion by wind. Explain factors affecting wind erosion. State effects of human activities on soil erosion. Identify areas prone to wind erosion.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on wind erosion process. Exposition of wind erosion factors. Brief discussion on human impact. Question and answer on susceptible areas.

Wind erosion pictures. Dust storm illustrations. Human activity impact charts. Erosion-prone area maps.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Effects of Soil Erosion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight effects of soil erosion on agriculture. State effects on water bodies and infrastructure. Explain loss of soil micro-organisms. Discuss economic impacts of erosion.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on erosion effects. Discussion on agricultural impacts. Exposition of infrastructure damage. Brief discussion on economic losses.

Erosion effect illustrations. Agricultural impact charts. Infrastructure damage pictures. Economic loss examples.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Riverbank Erosion and Solifluction
Landslides and Mass Wasting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe riverbank erosion causes and effects. Explain solifluction erosion process. State control measures for riverbank erosion. Identify factors influencing mass wasting.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on riverbank erosion. Exposition of solifluction process. Brief discussion on control measures. Question and answer on mass wasting factors.

Riverbank erosion pictures. Solifluction diagrams. Control measure illustrations. Mass wasting factor charts.
Landslide type illustrations. Mass wasting effect pictures. Cause identification charts. Prevention measure guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 168-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Methods of Soil and Water Conservation - Biological Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline methods of soil and water conservation. Describe grass strips and filter strips. Explain contour farming benefits. State advantages of mulching in conservation.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on conservation methods. Exposition of biological control measures. Brief discussion on contour farming. Question and answer on mulching benefits.

Conservation method charts. Grass strip illustrations. Contour farming pictures. Mulching demonstration materials.

KLB BK III Pgs 178-183

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Biological Control - Cropping Systems and Afforestation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain cropping systems for conservation. Describe strip cropping methods. State roles of trees in soil conservation. Outline afforestation and reafforestation benefits.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on cropping systems. Discussion on strip cropping. Exposition of tree roles in conservation. Brief discussion on afforestation benefits.

Cropping system diagrams. Strip cropping illustrations. Tree conservation role charts. Afforestation benefit guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Physical/Structural Control Measures - Trash Lines and Bunds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe trash lines and stone lines. Explain bund construction and uses. State advantages of structural measures. Identify suitable areas for physical control.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on trash line construction. Exposition of bund building. Brief discussion on structural advantages. Question and answer on suitable areas.

Trash line construction pictures. Bund construction diagrams. Structural measure illustrations. Area suitability guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
CROP PESTS AND DISEASES
CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Physical Control - Cut-off Drains and Terraces
Definition and classification of crop pests
Field insect pests - biting and chewing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe cut-off drains construction. Identify types of terraces (broad-based, narrow-based, bench, fanya juu). Explain terrace construction procedures. State advantages of different terrace types.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on drainage systems. Discussion on terrace types. Exposition of construction procedures. Brief discussion on terrace advantages.

Cut-off drain diagrams. Terrace type illustrations. Construction procedure charts. Advantage comparison tables.
Pictures of various crop pests, charts showing pest classification and damage
Pictures of locusts, army worms, cutworms, bollworms, diagrams of insect mouth parts

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Field insect pests - piercing and sucking
Other field pests
Storage pests

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify insects with piercing and sucking mouth parts. Give examples of piercing and sucking pests. Describe damage caused by sucking insects. Explain viral disease transmission by sucking insects.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Examining pictures of sucking insects. Discussion on viral disease transmission mechanisms. Chart demonstration of stylet structure and function.

Pictures of aphids, scales, thrips, mealy bugs, charts showing disease transmission table
Pictures of mite damage, nematode galls, rodents, bird pests, large animals affecting crops
Storage pest specimens, damaged grain samples, pictures of various storage pests

KLB BK III Pg 180-182

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Legislative and physical pest control methods
Cultural pest control methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define legislative pest control methods and explain quarantine importance. Describe physical pest control methods including heat treatment, flooding, and suffocation. Explain use of electromagnetic radiation and physical barriers. State advantages of physical control methods.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of legislative control importance. Discussion and demonstration of physical control principles. Brain storming on physical control applications.

Government quarantine documents, thermometers, charts showing physical control methods
Charts showing crop rotation cycles, pictures of trap crops, resistant variety samples, clean seeds

KLB BK III Pg 187-189

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Chemical pest control
Biological pest control and crop disease introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify pesticides according to formulation, target pests, and mode of action. Explain factors affecting pesticide efficiency including concentration and timing. State advantages and disadvantages of chemical control. Define integrated pest management.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of pesticide classification. Discussion on application factors. Brain storming on pesticide advantages and disadvantages.

Sample pesticide containers, charts showing pesticide classification, application equipment
Pictures of beneficial insects, predator-prey relationship charts, diseased plant samples

KLB BK III Pg 192-195

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Fungal diseases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe characteristics of fungi as disease-causing agents. Classify parasitic fungi into main groups. Explain late blight disease of potatoes and tomatoes. Describe rust and smut diseases of cereals.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of fungal characteristics and classification. Discussion on major fungal diseases. Examination of infected plant specimens.

Pictures of fungal structures, infected potato leaves, rusted plants, smut-infected crops

KLB BK III Pg 197-201

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Coffee berry disease and other fungal diseases
Viral diseases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain coffee berry disease symptoms, conditions favoring infection, and control methods. Identify other common fungal diseases including powdery mildew and fusarium wilt. Compare different fungal disease symptoms and control strategies.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Case study of coffee berry disease. Discussion on disease conditions and control. Examination of infected coffee berries and other specimens.

Pictures of infected coffee berries, charts showing disease cycle, fungal disease specimens
Pictures of mosaic-infected plants, charts showing viral transmission, infected cassava and tobacco samples

KLB BK III Pg 201-203

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Bacterial diseases and nutritional disorders

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe characteristics of bacteria as facultative parasites. Explain bacterial blight of coffee symptoms and control. Identify symptoms of nutritional disorders in crops. Distinguish between biotic and abiotic disease causes.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on bacterial disease characteristics. Case study of bacterial blight. Brain storming on nutrient deficiency symptoms and other abiotic causes.

Pictures of bacterial-infected plants, nutrient-deficient plants, charts showing various disease symptoms

KLB BK III Pg 204-206

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Cultural control of crop diseases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify cultural methods of disease control including field hygiene and clean planting materials. Explain proper spacing, heat treatment, and crop rotation for disease control. Describe use of disease-resistant varieties. State advantages of cultural disease control.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on cultural disease control methods. Discussion on hygiene importance and resistant varieties. Demonstration of proper spacing principles.

Charts showing cultural control methods, disease-resistant variety samples, clean farming tools

KLB BK III Pg 206-207

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES
CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)
CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Chemical and legislative control of diseases
Maize - ecological requirements and varieties
Maize - land preparation and planting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain chemical control methods including seed dressing, soil fumigation, and spraying. Describe legislative control methods for disease prevention. Discuss integrated disease management approaches. Evaluate effectiveness of different disease control methods.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on chemical control applications. Exposition of legislative disease control measures. Brain storming on integrated disease management strategies.

Fungicide samples, spraying equipment, government regulation documents, integrated management charts
Charts showing ecological zones, maize variety samples, maps of Kenya showing maize growing areas
Farm tools, certified maize seeds, measuring equipment, charts showing planting procedures

KLB BK III Pg 207-208

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Maize - field operations
Maize - pest and disease control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fertilizer application methods and timing in maize. Describe weed control methods in maize production. Outline the importance of proper field management. State recommended fertilizer rates for maize.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of fertilizer application. Discussion on weed control methods. Demonstration of fertilizer calculation.

Fertilizer samples, calculators, charts showing application methods, herbicide containers
Pictures of maize pests, damaged maize plants, pest control chemicals

KLB BK III Pg 201-202

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Finger millet production
Finger millet - field management and pest control
Bulrush millet and sorghum production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline ecological requirements for finger millet. Identify finger millet varieties grown in Kenya. Describe land preparation and planting methods. Explain advantages of finger millet as a food security crop.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of finger millet characteristics. Discussion on growing conditions. Examination of finger millet specimens.

Finger millet samples, charts showing ecological requirements, pictures of finger millet fields
Fertilizer samples, finger millet storage containers, pictures of head blast disease
Bulrush millet and sorghum samples, charts comparing crop characteristics

KLB BK III Pg 204-206

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Sorghum - pest and disease control
Beans production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major pests of sorghum including birds and stem borers. Describe control methods for sorghum pests. Explain diseases affecting sorghum. Outline harvesting and marketing of sorghum.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on bird pest problems. Examination of pest-damaged sorghum. Brain storming on control strategies.

Pictures of quelea birds, damaged sorghum plants, sorghum harvesting tools
Different bean variety samples, charts showing ecological requirements

KLB BK III Pg 210-211

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Beans - field operations and pest control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe field operations in beans including weeding and irrigation. Identify pests and diseases affecting beans. Explain control methods for bean diseases including halo blight and anthracnose. Outline harvesting methods for dry and green beans.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on field management. Case study of bean diseases. Brain storming on disease control.

Pictures of bean diseases, diseased bean specimens, irrigation equipment

KLB BK III Pg 212-214

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Rice production
Harvesting of industrial crops - cotton and pyrethrum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline ecological requirements for rice production. Describe rice irrigation schemes in Kenya. Explain land preparation and water control in rice. State fertilizer application methods in rice production.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of rice growing conditions. Discussion on irrigation importance. Case study of Mwea rice scheme.

Maps showing rice schemes, pictures of rice fields, water control equipment
Cotton samples showing different grades, pyrethrum flowers, harvesting baskets

KLB BK III Pg 214-215

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Harvesting of industrial crops - sugarcane and coffee

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe harvesting methods for sugarcane including maturation indicators. Explain procedures for coffee cherry harvesting. State quality factors in coffee harvesting. Outline precautions during harvesting of tree crops.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on crop maturation signs. Examination of coffee cherries at different stages. Brain storming on quality maintenance.

Sugarcane samples, coffee cherries at different ripeness stages, harvesting tools

KLB BK III Pg 217-218

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Harvesting of industrial crops - tea

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe tea harvesting methods and procedures. Explain factors affecting tea quality during harvesting. State the importance of proper plucking in tea. Outline precautions during tea harvesting and transportation.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Demonstration of proper tea plucking. Discussion on quality factors. Brain storming on harvesting intervals.

Tea plucking stick, tea baskets, fresh tea specimens showing different plucking standards

KLB BK III Pg 218-219