Themes in African History and Citizenship

Wanga Kingdom - Origin and formation
Wanga Kingdom - Political, social and economic developments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Examine the factors for growth and development of the Wanga Kingdom
- Describe the origin and formation of the Wanga Kingdom
- Relate the centralised governance system of the Wanga Kingdom to modern county administration structures

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on the development of the Wanga Kingdom
- Use digital/print resources to research on the origin and formation of the kingdom
- Make presentations on the political developments

How did the Wanga Kingdom emerge as a powerful pre-colonial state in Kenya?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 80
- Maps showing location of Wanga Kingdom
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 81
- Charts
- Resource persons
- Historical documents

- Oral questions - Group discussions - Written assignments

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Aksum Empire - Origin and rise to power
Aksum Empire - Political, economic and cultural achievements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Examine the factors for growth and development of the Aksum Empire
- Describe the origin and rise of the Aksum Empire
- Link the strategic location of Aksum along trade routes to the importance of modern ports like Mombasa in regional trade

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research using digital/print materials on the origin of the Aksum Empire
- Discuss the factors that contributed to its rise
- Present findings using PowerPoint or charts

How did the Aksum Empire become one of the most powerful civilisations in ancient Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 82
- Maps of ancient Ethiopia and Eritrea
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 83
- Documentaries
- Pictures of Aksumite monuments
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral questions - Portfolio assessment

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Kingdom of Rwanda - Formation and expansion
Significance and contributions of African civilisations to modern society
Application of best practices from early civilisations in modern society

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Examine the factors for growth and development of the Kingdom of Rwanda
- Describe the formation and expansion of the Kingdom of Rwanda under various leaders
- Compare the unification efforts of Rwandan kings to modern efforts of national integration in African countries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read excerpts on the development of the Kingdom of Rwanda
- Discuss the role of King Gihanga and Ruganzu I Bwimba in expansion
- Write essays on the political developments

How did the Kingdom of Rwanda evolve from small chiefdoms to a centralised state?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 84
- Historical excerpts
- Maps of pre-colonial Rwanda
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 85
- Case studies
- Charts/posters
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 86
- Pictures
- Charts/posters

- Essay writing - Oral questions - Peer assessment

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Contributions of early civilisations - Governance, trade and cultural heritage
Berlin Conference - Significance in the scramble for Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Document the contributions of early civilisations to governance, trade and cultural heritage
- Explain how traditional governance systems influenced modern political structures
- Value the preservation of indigenous knowledge by visiting or learning about local cultural sites

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Participate in class activities showing contributions of early civilisations
- Write journals documenting contributions
- Share findings with family members

Why is it important to preserve and learn from the achievements of early African civilisations?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 87
- Journals
- Reference materials
- Cultural artefacts
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 89
- Maps showing partition of Africa
- Digital devices
- Historical documents

- Journal assessment - Reflective writing - Oral questions

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Colonisation of Africa - Economic, political and strategic reasons
Key players who determined the colonisation of Africa
African leaders and their responses to colonisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Discern the extent to which different reasons influenced colonisation of Africa
- Classify reasons as economic, political, socio-cultural or strategic
- Connect the historical extraction of African resources to ongoing debates about fair trade and economic partnerships

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print and non-print materials to find information on reasons for colonisation
- Group the factors into political, socio-economic and strategic categories
- Display findings in class using charts

What were the main motivations behind European colonisation of Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 92
- Charts
- Reference books
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 93
- Pictures of key figures
- Resource persons
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 94
- Historical accounts
- Pictures of African leaders
- Reference books

- Classification exercises - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Why the end of colonisation was necessary
End of colonisation - Promoting national pride and self-determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Justify why the end of colonisation in Africa was necessary
- Explain the negative impacts of colonial rule on African societies
- Connect the struggles for independence to ongoing efforts to achieve economic self-determination in African countries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read articles on the negative impacts of colonisation
- Discuss factors that contributed to decolonisation
- Debate on whether colonialism needed to end for Africa to prosper

Why was the end of colonial rule necessary for African development?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 95
- Newspaper articles
- Historical documents
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 96
- Creative writing materials
- Song/poem collections
- Reference materials

- Debate performance - Written essays - Oral questions

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Modern nationalism - Factors that have influenced nationalism in Africa
Key nationalist leaders - Lessons from Thomas Sankara

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explore factors that have influenced modern nationalism in Africa
- Explain how colonial oppression, western education and economic exploitation contributed to nationalism
- Relate historical nationalist sentiments to current "Buy Kenya, Build Kenya" campaigns and local manufacturing initiatives

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital/printed media to establish factors that contributed to modern nationalism
- Discuss the relationship between past and modern nationalism factors
- Present findings in class

What factors have driven the rise of modern nationalism in Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 98
- Digital devices
- Newspapers
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 100
- Newsletters
- Pictures of Thomas Sankara
- Reference materials

- Research assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Key nationalist leaders - Lessons from Desmond Tutu
Key nationalist leaders - Lessons from Julius Nyerere
Key nationalist leaders - Lessons from Anwar Sadat

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Draw lessons from Desmond Tutu's contributions to nationalism and human rights
- Explain how peaceful protest and moral leadership contributed to ending apartheid
- Apply Tutu's reconciliation principles to resolve conflicts within the school or community setting

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research on Desmond Tutu's contributions to nationalism
- Discuss his role in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
- Prepare reports on lessons learnt

How did Desmond Tutu's leadership contribute to peace and nationalism in South Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 101
- Digital devices
- Pictures of Desmond Tutu
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 102
- Speech excerpts
- Pictures of Julius Nyerere
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 103
- Pictures of Anwar Sadat

- Report writing - Oral presentations - Written tests

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Best practices adopted by African nations to strengthen nationalism
Modern nationalism - Practical application and demonstration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Exemplify best practices adopted by African nations to strengthen modern nationalism
- Explain how language promotion, inclusive governance and cultural preservation foster unity
- Participate actively in national celebrations like Jamhuri Day with awareness of their role in building national unity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case studies on best practices in strengthening nationalism
- Engage resource persons to discuss practices
- Develop charts/posters showing best practices
- Document practices within school environment

Which practices have African nations adopted to promote national unity and pride?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 104
- Case studies
- Charts/posters
- Resource persons
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 105
- Video recording devices
- AU anthem lyrics
- Reference materials

- Case study analysis - Project assessment - Oral presentations

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Global wars - Overview of World War I and World War II
World Wars - Social, economic and political impact on Africa
Cold War - Causes, characteristics and impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explore how World War I and World War II affected Africa
- Explain the causes, alliances and outcomes of both world wars
- Recognise the contributions of African soldiers by visiting war memorials or researching local veterans' histories

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research using digital devices on World War I and II
- Discuss the main causes, participants and alliances
- Prepare summaries of both wars using word clues

What were the main causes and characteristics of World War I and II?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 107
- Digital devices
- Maps showing war zones
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 108
- Historical accounts
- Pictures of African soldiers
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 109
- Research forms

- Written summaries - Oral questions - Group discussions

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Gulf War - Impact on Africa
Russia-Ukraine War - Current impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Examine how the Gulf War affected African economies and politics
- Explain the causes, participants and outcomes of the Gulf War
- Relate the economic disruptions caused by the Gulf War to current fuel price fluctuations and their impact on daily life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read newspaper headlines about the Gulf War
- Discuss economic and political impacts on Africa
- Present findings in class

How did the Gulf War affect African nations economically and politically?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 110
- Newspaper excerpts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 112
- Newspaper articles
- Social media content
- Digital devices

- Comprehension assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Application of lessons learnt from global wars to build a better society
Strategies to safeguard African states from negative impacts of global wars
Advocating for a world free of war

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply lessons learnt from global wars to build a better society
- Explain the importance of peaceful conflict resolution and international cooperation
- Apply conflict resolution skills learnt from global war lessons to peacefully resolve disputes in school or at home

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss lessons learnt from global wars
- Identify common disputes in school and suggest resolutions
- Design school peace charters

What lessons from global wars can help us build a more peaceful society?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 114
- Charts for peace charters
- Reference materials
- Creative writing materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 116
- UN and AU documents
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 119
- Poster-making materials

- Peace charter assessment - Group discussions - Oral questions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

Modern slavery and servitude - Understanding slavery and servitude
Modern slavery and servitude - Forms of modern slavery

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define slavery and servitude
- Differentiate between slavery and servitude
- Identify signs of modern slavery in news reports and local contexts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on the difference between slavery and servitude in the modern world
- Discuss the characteristics of slavery and servitude
- Use the library to research on various forms of slavery and servitude

What is the difference between slavery and servitude?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 136
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 137
- Library resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

Modern slavery and servitude - Factors causing slavery and servitude
Modern slavery and servitude - Government and civil society collaboration
Modern slavery and servitude - Roles of abolitionists

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify factors that lead to slavery and servitude in the modern world
- Analyse how poverty, conflict, corruption and lack of awareness contribute to exploitation
- Discuss how addressing poverty in communities can prevent exploitation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices to search or watch on factors that lead to slavery and servitude
- Discuss in groups factors such as poverty, economic inequality, displacement, conflicts and lack of awareness
- Present findings in class

What factors lead to slavery and servitude in the modern world?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 138
- Digital resources
- Documentaries
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 139
- Resource persons
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 141
- Charts and posters

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

Modern slavery and servitude - Abolitionist movements
Global governance - Meaning and guiding principles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the roles of abolitionist movements in the modern society
- Identify contributions of philanthropists, Christian missionaries, traders and civil rights movements
- Participate in debates on strategies to address modern slavery

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the roles of abolitionist movements including philanthropists, Christian missionaries, traders and civil rights movements
- Debate on prioritizing economic justice to address root causes of modern slavery
- Compose a song/poem on the need to free the world from slavery and servitude

What roles do abolitionist movements play in modern society?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 142
- Debate materials
- Creative writing materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 145
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Debates - Creative performances - Peer assessment

Themes in World History and Citizenship

Global governance - Addressing transnational challenges
Global governance - Solutions to transnational challenges
Global governance - Key areas for global stability

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the need for global governance in addressing transnational challenges
- Identify transnational challenges such as climate change, terrorism and health crises
- Discuss how local actions contribute to addressing global challenges like environmental protection

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use charts to present information on the need for global governance to address transnational challenges
- Discuss social, economic, political, industrial, environmental and technological challenges
- Analyse case studies of global cooperation

Why is global governance needed to address transnational challenges?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 148
- Charts and posters
- Case studies
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 150
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 151
- Digital resources
- Slogan materials

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

Global governance - Role of the United Nations
Global governance - Role of the African Union

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the structure of the United Nations
- Explain the roles of UN organs (General Assembly, Security Council, ECOSOC, ICJ, Secretariat)
- Identify UN agencies working in Kenya and their impact on local communities

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch documentaries on key organizations that play a role in global governance
- Discuss the formation, structure and roles of the United Nations
- Summarise the roles of UN organs and agencies

What is the role of the United Nations in global governance?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 153
- Documentaries
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 154
- Digital resources
- Charts

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

Global governance - Emerging issues and opportunities
First Generation Industrial Revolution - Characteristics and factors in Britain
First Generation Industrial Revolution - Comparison of factors in Britain and USA

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify emerging issues in global governance
- Explain opportunities arising from these issues
- Compose poems or messages promoting good global governance for school events

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Engage with a resource person to find out emerging issues and opportunities in global governance
- Discuss environmental, technological, political, economic and social issues
- Present findings in class
- Compose a poem on the importance of good global governance

What are the emerging issues and opportunities in global governance?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 156
- Resource persons
- Creative writing materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 160
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 161
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Written assignments - Creative performances - Peer assessment

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Early inventions and machines
First Generation Industrial Revolution - Economic impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify early inventions and machines of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution
- Explain contributions of spinning jenny, flying shuttle, power loom, cotton gin and steam engine
- Trace how early inventions evolved into machines used in modern industries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research on contributions of early inventions and machines
- Discuss spinning jenny, flying shuttle, power loom, cotton gin, steam engine and water frame
- Complete charts showing inventions, inventors and their contributions

What were the contributions of early inventions and machines during the Industrial Revolution?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 163
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 166
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Chart completion

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Social and political impact on Africa
First Generation Industrial Revolution - Measures to address impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain social and political impacts of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Analyse effects such as forced labour, displacement and arbitrary borders
- Discuss how colonial borders continue to affect African nations today

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch a video clip or documentary on impacts of the 1st Generation of Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Discuss social impacts such as forced labour and slavery
- Analyse political impacts including colonization and arbitrary drawing of borders

What were the social and political impacts of the Industrial Revolution on Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 166
- Documentaries
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 168
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship
Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship
Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship
Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship
Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Recognizing African responses and resilience
National activities that promote peace in Kenya
Ways in which the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 prevents conflicts between National and County Governments
Ways in which the Constitution prevents conflicts between organs of government and citizens
Incidences where the Constitution has been applied to foster peace and curb conflicts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how Africans responded to the impact of the Industrial Revolution
- Identify ongoing efforts towards sustainable development
- Compose songs or poems celebrating African resilience for school events

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Compose songs/poems/messages to elaborate on measures taken to address the impact of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Discuss African resilience and adaptability
- Recite poems during school events

How did Africans respond to the impact of the Industrial Revolution?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 169
- Creative writing materials
- Performance space
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 171
- Pictures of peace activities
- Digital devices
- Charts/posters
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 173
- Constitution of Kenya, 2010
- Documentaries
- Resource persons
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 175
- Pictures
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 177
- Case studies
- Charts/posters
- Digital resources

- Creative performances - Peer assessment - Observation

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms in peace-building
Role playing situations showing how to uphold peace and curb conflicts
Major historical milestones in the history of communication and technology
Factors that led to evolution of communication and technology up to 20th century
Impact of evolution of communication and technology in developed nations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the role of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms in fostering peace
- Describe mediation, arbitration and community dialogues as conflict resolution tools
- Apply ADR techniques like mediation to resolve disagreements among classmates or family members

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss ADR mechanisms such as mediation, arbitration and community dialogues
- Engage resource persons to explain ADR practices
- Research on how elders resolve disputes in communities

How can Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms help prevent conflicts from escalating?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 178
- Resource persons
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 179
- Role play materials
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 180
- Pictures of communication tools
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 183
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 184
- Case studies
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Impact of evolution of communication and technology in developing nations
Challenges that faced the evolution of communication and technology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Evaluate the impact of evolution of communication and technology in developing nations up to 20th century
- Analyse how mobile phones and M-Pesa transformed Kenya's economy and society
- Use mobile money services like M-Pesa with awareness of how this innovation has transformed financial access in Kenya

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case studies on mobile phones and change in Kenya
- Compare communication technology impacts between developed and developing nations
- Discuss unique impacts on developing countries

How has communication technology uniquely impacted developing nations like Kenya?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 185
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 187
- Charts
- Reference books

- Comparative analysis - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Solutions to challenges facing evolution of communication and technology
Promoting responsible digital citizenship
Factors that promote equity and non-discrimination in society

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Propose solutions to challenges that faced the evolution of communication and technology
- Explain how continuous innovation, policy development and expanded access addressed challenges
- Practice responsible digital citizenship by verifying information before sharing on social media

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Propose solutions for each challenge identified
- Use charts/posters to present solutions
- Design key messages on responsible use of communication technology

How can we address challenges facing communication technology development?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 188
- Charts/posters
- Creative materials
- Digital devices
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 189
- Poster-making materials
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 190
- Posters
- Pictures

- Solution proposals - Poster assessment - Peer review

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Historical injustices that promote inequality and discrimination
Measures that promote equity and non-discrimination in society
Government and institutional measures for equity and non-discrimination
Participating in activities that curb inequality and discrimination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify historical injustices in society that promote inequality and discrimination
- Explain how land dispossession, ethnic discrimination and colonial policies created lasting inequalities
- Understand the experiences of historically marginalized communities in Kenya through documentaries or guest speakers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read blog posts/articles on historical injustices
- Use print or digital resources to research on historical injustices
- Prepare reports on findings and share in class

How have historical injustices contributed to current inequalities in society?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 192
- Blog posts/articles
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 194
- Speech excerpts
- Flashcards/charts
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 195
- Government reports
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 196
- Journals
- Activity planning materials

- Report writing - Oral presentations - Written tests