Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Drinking straw and syringe applications
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Temperature conversion
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Liquid-in-glass thermometers
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Clinical thermometer

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how drinking straw works using atmospheric pressure
- Describe the working principle of a syringe
- Apply knowledge to medical applications and everyday drinking

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Suck water through straw and observe what happens
- Make hole in straw and repeat experiment
- Demonstrate syringe operation by drawing and expelling water
- Discuss pressure differences that enable these devices to work

Why can't you drink through a straw with a hole in it?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 24
- Straws, syringes
- Glass, water, optical pin
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 56
- Scientific calculators
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 57
- Alcohol-in-glass thermometer
- Beakers with water
- Heat source
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 59
- Clinical thermometer
- Antiseptic
- Cotton wool

- Practical demonstrations - Oral questions - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Thermocouple thermometer
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - RTDs and thermistors
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Infrared and bimetallic thermometers
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the working principle of thermocouple thermometers
- Describe the Seebeck effect
- Relate thermocouple thermometers to industrial temperature measurement in furnaces and engines

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up a thermocouple thermometer with hot and cold junctions
- Measure temperature using thermocouple
- Discuss industrial applications of thermocouples

How does temperature difference between two junctions produce voltage?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 60
- Thermocouple with voltmeter
- Heat source
- Melting ice
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 61
- Digital thermometer
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Infrared thermometer
- Bimetallic thermometer
- Various surfaces
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 64
- Ball and ring apparatus
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define linear expansivity
- Calculate change in length using the linear expansion formula
- Relate linear expansivity to expansion gaps in railway tracks and bridges

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Measure initial and final lengths of heated metal rods
- Calculate linear expansivity from experimental data
- Apply the formula ΔL = αL₀Δθ to solve problems

How does the type of material affect its expansion?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 65
- Metal rods (iron, copper, aluminium)
- Heat source
- Ruler/measuring tape
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 67
- Round-bottomed flask
- Narrow tube with cork
- Coloured water
- Heat source

- Written tests - Practical assessment - Problem-solving exercises

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Anomalous expansion of water
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the anomalous expansion of water between 0°C and 4°C
- Describe why ice floats on water
- Connect anomalous expansion to survival of aquatic life in frozen lakes during winter

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital resources to research anomalous expansion of water
- Discuss the density-temperature graph of water
- Explain formation of ice on water surfaces

Why does ice float on water?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 68
- Digital resources
- Charts showing density vs temperature
- Reference books
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 71
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Bimetallic strip
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of triangles
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Stable equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define centre of gravity
- Determine the C.O.G of regular shaped objects (square, rectangle, circle)
- Relate centre of gravity to balancing objects on fingertips

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use balancing method to find C.O.G of regular cut-outs
- Use geometrical construction (diagonals) to locate C.O.G
- Compare results from both methods

Where is the centre of gravity of a square located?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 78
- Cut-out shapes (square, rectangle, circle)
- Pencil for balancing
- Ruler
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 80
- Triangular cut-outs
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Marker
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 81
- Irregular cardboard shapes
- String and small weight (plumb line)
- Stand and clamp
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 83
- Cone-shaped objects
- Flat surface

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Unstable and neutral equilibrium
Moments and Equilibrium - Factors affecting stability
Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of a force
Moments and Equilibrium - Calculating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate unstable equilibrium using cone on its tip
- Demonstrate neutral equilibrium using cone on its side
- Connect equilibrium states to why loaded trucks are more stable than empty ones

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Balance cone on tip and observe behavior when pushed
- Place cone on its side and push slightly
- Compare all three states of equilibrium

Why does a cone on its tip topple when slightly pushed?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 84
- Cone-shaped objects
- Spherical ball
- Flat surface
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 85
- Plastic bottles
- Sand
- Similar books
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 89
- Door
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 90
- Ruler on pivot
- Known weights
- Metre rule

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Verifying principle of moments
Moments and Equilibrium - Applications of principle of moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State the principle of moments
- Verify principle of moments experimentally
- Connect principle of moments to balancing on see-saws

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up metre rule on pivot with weights on both sides
- Adjust positions until balanced
- Calculate and compare clockwise and anticlockwise moments

When is a body in rotational equilibrium?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 91
- Metre rule
- Knife edge pivot
- Known masses
- String
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 92
- Scientific calculators
- Problem sheets
- Beam balance

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Determining mass using moments
Moments and Equilibrium - Parallel forces and two supports

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine mass of a metre rule using principle of moments
- Locate C.O.G of a metre rule experimentally
- Apply the method to weighing objects using simple beam balances

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Suspend metre rule and find balance point
- Use known mass to determine mass of rule
- Apply principle of moments in calculations

How can we determine the mass of a ruler using moments?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 93
- Metre rule
- Stand and thread
- Known masses (50g, 100g)
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 94
- Two spring balances
- Known weights
- Stand

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Couple and torque
Moments and Equilibrium - Applications and resolution of forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define a couple as two equal and opposite parallel forces
- Calculate torque as Force × perpendicular distance between forces
- Connect couples to turning steering wheels and opening bottle caps

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Demonstrate couple using a plank fixed at centre
- Apply equal forces in opposite directions
- Calculate torque from experimental data

Why do we need two hands to turn a steering wheel smoothly?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 97
- Uniform plank with central pivot
- Spring balances
- Steering wheel model
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 100
- Pictures of applications
- Digital resources
- Problem sheets

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition of work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Calculating work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy and its forms
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition and calculation of power

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define work as product of force and displacement
- State the SI unit of work as joule
- Differentiate between work done and no work done like pushing a wall versus pushing a wheelbarrow

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss scenarios where work is done and not done
- Calculate work done in lifting and pushing objects
- Relate work to force and displacement

When do we say work is done in Physics?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 105
- Spring balance
- Metre rule
- Various objects
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 107
- Known masses
- Stopwatch
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 108
- Various objects
- Pictures of energy sources
- Digital resources
- Stopwatch
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Kinetic energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gravitational potential energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Elastic potential energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define kinetic energy as energy due to motion
- Calculate kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Connect kinetic energy to moving vehicles, athletes and flowing water

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Roll toy car down ramp and calculate its kinetic energy
- Investigate how mass and velocity affect K.E
- Solve problems on kinetic energy

How does speed affect the kinetic energy of a moving object?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 112
- Toy car
- Ramp
- Stopwatch
- Measuring tape
- Beam balance
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 114
- Small weights
- Metre rule
- Beam balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 116
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Small objects
- Paper balls

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Conservation of mechanical energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of simple machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy transformation using a pendulum
- Connect energy conservation to swings in playgrounds and roller coasters

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up simple pendulum and observe energy changes
- Identify P.E and K.E at different positions
- Verify total mechanical energy is constant

What happens to energy as a pendulum swings?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 118
- Pendulum bob
- String
- Stand
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 121
- Digital resources
- Pictures of machines
- Reference books
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 124
- Pictures of simple machines
- Examples of levers
- Inclined plane model

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency of machines
- Explain why efficiency is always less than 100% due to friction in real machines

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss meaning of MA, VR and efficiency
- Calculate MA and VR from experimental data
- Relate efficiency to energy losses

Why is the efficiency of machines always less than 100%?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 129
- Simple machines
- Spring balance
- Known masses
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Lever apparatus

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Practical assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Pulleys
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane and screw

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Calculate VR of pulley systems
- Investigate efficiency of pulley systems
- Connect pulley systems to cranes, flagpoles and construction hoists

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up single fixed and movable pulleys
- Set up block and tackle system
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency experimentally

How does the number of pulleys affect the velocity ratio?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Pulleys
- String
- Known masses
- Spring balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 134
- Inclined plane
- Screw jack
- Metre rule

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle, gears

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Calculate VR of wheel and axle
- Calculate VR of gear systems
- Connect wheel and axle to steering wheels and door knobs, and gears to bicycles and car gearboxes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Demonstrate wheel and axle operation
- Calculate VR of gear systems with different teeth
- Solve problems on wheel and axle and gears

How do gears change speed and force?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 137
- Wheel and axle model
- Gear wheels
- Bicycle

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic machines and applications
Origin of charges in a material
The law of electrostatics
Methods of charging conductors - Induction and Contact

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain working principle of hydraulic machines
- Calculate force multiplication in hydraulic systems
- Connect hydraulic machines to car brakes, car jacks and construction equipment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Construct simple hydraulic system using syringes
- Calculate force and VR of hydraulic press
- Discuss applications in vehicles and construction
- Identify simple machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators

How do hydraulic machines multiply force?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 139
- Syringes of different sizes
- Tubing
- Water
- Pictures of hydraulic machines
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 205
- Plastic pen, woolen cloth
- Small pieces of paper
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 207
- Balloons, woolen cloth
- Thread, retort stands
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 208
- Metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged polythene and glass rods
- Connecting wire for earthing

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Project presentations

Electricity and Magnetism

Methods of charging conductors - Separation and charge distribution
Electric field patterns
The electroscope - Structure, charging and discharging
Uses of electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe charging by separation method
- Illustrate charge distribution on conductors of various shapes
- Connect charge concentration at sharp points to lightning rod design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to charge two spheres by separation method
- Discuss how charge distributes on spherical, pear-shaped and irregular conductors
- Draw diagrams showing charge distribution on different shaped conductors

Why does charge concentrate at pointed ends of conductors?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 211
- Two metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged rods
- Charts showing charge distribution
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 214
- Charts showing electric field patterns
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 216
- Gold-leaf electroscope
- Charged polythene and glass rods
- Conical flask, aluminium foil, metal spoon
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 219
- Various charged materials
- Conductors and insulators for testing

- Observation - Written assignments - Diagram assessment

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications - Spray painting, precipitators and photocopiers
Applications - Lightning arrestors and safety measures
Applications - Touch screens, fingerprinting and capacitors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain electrostatic applications in spray painting, precipitators and photocopiers
- Describe how electrostatic precipitators reduce pollution
- Relate electrostatic spray painting to even coating on car bodies

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or non-print media to research applications of electrostatics
- Discuss how electrostatic spray painting ensures even paint distribution
- Explain the working of electrostatic precipitators in factories
- Describe how photocopiers use electrostatics

How does electrostatic spray painting ensure even coating?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 221
- Charts and diagrams
- Digital resources
- Videos on spray painting
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 223
- Pictures of lightning arrestors
- Charts on safety measures
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 225
- Smartphones and tablets
- Charts on touch screen technology

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Research reports

Electricity and Magnetism

Current and potential difference
Electromotive force and internal resistance
Ohm's law - Verification and calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define electric current and potential difference with their SI units
- Measure current using ammeter and potential difference using voltmeter
- Relate current flow to water flow in pipes for practical understanding

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up simple circuits with cells, bulb, ammeter and voltmeter
- Discuss current as rate of flow of charge (I = Q/t)
- Discuss potential difference as work done per unit charge (V = W/Q)
- Measure and record current and voltage in circuits

What is the relationship between charge, current and potential difference?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 228
- Dry cells, cell holders
- Ammeter, voltmeter, bulb
- Connecting wires, switch
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 231
- Dry cells, two voltmeters
- Known resistors, switch
- Connecting wires
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 232
- Nichrome wire, ammeter
- Voltmeter, rheostat
- Dry cells, graph paper

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written calculations

Electricity and Magnetism

EMF equation and internal resistance determination
Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
Factors affecting resistance - Length and cross-sectional area
Factors affecting resistance - Temperature and resistivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Derive and apply the relationship E = I(R+r)
- Determine internal resistance graphically using V-I graph
- Apply EMF calculations to assess battery quality and performance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Derive E = IR + Ir mathematically
- Vary current in a circuit and record terminal voltages
- Plot graph of V against I to determine r from gradient and E from y-intercept
- Solve problems involving EMF and internal resistance

How can we determine internal resistance of a cell graphically?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 236
- Dry cells, ammeter
- Voltmeter, rheostat
- Graph paper
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 242
- Torch bulb, thermistor
- Semiconductor diode
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 245
- Nichrome wire, metre rule
- Wires of different thickness
- Micrometer screw gauge, ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 248
- Tungsten coil, beaker
- Thermometer, heat source
- Ammeter, voltmeter

- Graph plotting - Written calculations - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Methods of determining resistance
Types of resistors and current-voltage laws
Effective resistance in series and parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine resistance using voltmeter-ammeter, metre bridge and Wheatstone bridge methods
- Read resistance values using colour codes
- Apply different methods to verify resistor values in electronic repair

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Determine resistance using V-A method and calculate from R = V/I
- Set up metre bridge to find unknown resistance using K/Y = P/Q
- Connect Wheatstone bridge and calculate using K/P = L/Q
- Read resistance from colour bands on resistors

Which method is most accurate for measuring resistance?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 251
- Metre bridge, Wheatstone bridge components
- Galvanometer, jockey
- Resistors with colour codes
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 255
- Various types of resistors
- Identical bulbs, ammeters
- Voltmeters, dry cells
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 263
- Resistors of known values
- Scientific calculators
- Circuit diagrams, worksheets

- Practical assessment - Written calculations - Identification exercises

Electricity and Magnetism

Solving complex resistor network problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Analyse circuits with multiple series-parallel combinations
- Calculate current through and voltage across each resistor
- Apply circuit analysis to troubleshoot electrical faults in appliances

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify series and parallel sections in complex circuits
- Calculate effective resistance step by step
- Determine current distribution in branches
- Calculate potential difference across each component

How do we analyse circuits with both series and parallel resistors?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 267
- Complex circuit diagrams
- Scientific calculators
- Worksheets with problems

- Written calculations - Circuit analysis - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Relationship of V, I and P - Power equations
Factors affecting heating effect of electric current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Derive and apply power equations P = VI, P = I²R and P = V²/R
- Calculate power consumption of electrical devices
- Relate power ratings to energy efficiency of household appliances

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss electrical power as rate of energy conversion
- Derive power equations from P = W/t and Ohm's law
- Calculate power in circuits using different formulas
- Compare power ratings of various appliances

What is the relationship between voltage, current and power?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 270
- Scientific calculators
- Power rating labels from appliances
- Worksheets
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 273
- Heating coils, beaker
- Thermometer, stopwatch
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat

- Written calculations - Oral questions - Problem-solving tests

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications of heating effect of electric current
Power rating and electrical energy calculations
Conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe applications of heating effect in electrical appliances
- Explain the working of electric heaters, kettles, iron boxes and fuses
- Relate heating applications to safe and efficient use of electrical devices at home

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research on electrical appliances that use heating effect
- Classify appliances as heating devices, kitchenware or lighting devices
- Discuss the working of electric iron, kettle, heater and filament lamp
- Explain the function and selection of appropriate fuses

How is the heating effect of electric current applied in household appliances?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 277
- Pictures of electrical appliances
- Fuses of different ratings
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 278
- Power rating labels
- Scientific calculators
- Electricity tariff information
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 282
- Models of atomic structures
- Charts showing material classification

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Research presentations

Electricity and Magnetism

Distinguishing materials using energy band theory
Effect of temperature on conductors and semiconductors
Intrinsic semiconductors and doping
N-type and p-type semiconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain energy band theory (valence band, conduction band, forbidden gap)
- Distinguish between conductors, semiconductors and insulators using band diagrams
- Connect energy bands to how LEDs produce light of specific colours

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the concept of valence band, conduction band and forbidden energy gap
- Draw energy band diagrams for conductors, semiconductors and insulators
- Compare the size of energy gaps in different materials
- Explain electron movement in terms of energy bands

How does energy band theory explain electrical conductivity?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 284
- Charts showing energy bands
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 286
- Tungsten coil, thermistor
- Beaker, thermometer
- Heat source, ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 288
- Charts showing doping process
- Models of crystal structures
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 289
- Diagrams of crystal lattice
- Charts showing n-type and p-type formation
- Digital resources

- Diagram drawing - Oral questions - Written explanations

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications of conductors and insulators
Applications of semiconductors and superconductors
Application of conductors and insulators in car wiring system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe applications of conductors in electrical wiring, lightning protection and electronics
- Describe applications of insulators in electrical safety and thermal protection
- Relate conductor and insulator applications to safe electrical installations in homes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research on applications of conductors (copper wiring, lightning arrestors, electronic circuits)
- Discuss applications of insulators (wire coating, socket casings, thermal insulation)
- Explain why electrical cables have copper core with plastic/rubber coating
- Identify conductors and insulators in household items

Why are both conductors and insulators essential in electrical systems?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 292
- Samples of electrical cables
- Pictures of electrical installations
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 293
- Electronic components
- Pictures of semiconductor devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 294
- Car wiring diagrams
- Samples of automotive cables
- Digital resources
- Resource persons (mechanics)

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Greenhouse effect and climate change in the environment
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Physical drivers of climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Factors leading to greenhouse effect
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Agricultural and livestock contributions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, global warming and climate change
- Demonstrate the greenhouse effect using simple apparatus
- Connect the greenhouse effect to everyday observations like hot car interiors on sunny days

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, global warming and climate change
- Carry out activities using plastic bottles/jars and thermometers to demonstrate greenhouse effect
- Use digital resources to search for information on greenhouse effect and climate change

How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth's temperature?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 297
- Clear plastic bottles/jars
- Thermometers
- Plastic wrap
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 298
- Charts showing greenhouse effect
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 299
- Pictures of industrial activities
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 300
- Charts showing greenhouse gas sources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Role of ozone layer
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Ozone depletion and climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Strategies for mitigating climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Effects of climate change on environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the structure and location of the ozone layer
- Describe the role of ozone layer in protecting Earth from UV radiation
- Connect ozone layer protection to reduced cases of sunburns and skin conditions

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital resources to search for information on ozone layer
- Study diagrams showing the ozone layer and its role
- Discuss the importance of ozone layer in protecting life on Earth

What would happen to life on Earth without the ozone layer?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 301
- Diagrams of ozone layer
- Digital resources
- Charts on ozone depletion
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 302
- Pictures of renewable energy sources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 305
- Pictures showing climate change effects

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Big Bang Theory
Introduction to Space Physics - Stars, planets and satellites
Introduction to Space Physics - Asteroids, comets, meteors and galaxies
Introduction to Space Physics - Space exploration methods and telescopy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the Big Bang Theory on the origin of the universe
- Describe the evidence supporting the Big Bang Theory
- Connect the expanding universe concept to observable phenomena like distant galaxies moving away

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices or reference materials to search for information on Big Bang Theory
- Discuss the origin of universe according to Big Bang Theory
- Share findings with classmates for peer review

How did the universe begin according to the Big Bang Theory?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 308
- Charts on Big Bang Theory
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 309
- Photos of celestial bodies
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 311
- Pictures of comets and galaxies
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 312
- Lenses, manila paper, glue
- Pictures of telescopes

- Oral questions - Group presentations - Written assignments

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Motion of planets around the sun
Introduction to Space Physics - Careers in space exploration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain Kepler's laws of planetary motion
- Describe how planets orbit the sun in elliptical paths
- Connect seasonal changes on Earth to its orbital motion around the sun

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study models of planetary motion with respect to the sun
- Discuss how planets move around their orbits
- Use digital resources to search for information on Kepler's laws

Why do planets follow elliptical orbits around the sun?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 316
- Models of solar system
- Charts on Kepler's laws
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 318
- Career charts
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Group presentations - Written tests