Inorganic Chemistry

Meaning of Chemistry as a field of science
Branches of Chemistry
Role of Chemistry in day-to-day life - Community and Health
Role of Chemistry in day-to-day life - Industry and Manufacturing
Role of Chemistry in day-to-day life - Agriculture and Nuclear Industry
Career opportunities related to Chemistry
Gender stereotyping and career choices in Chemistry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define Chemistry as a field of science
- Identify the key components in the definition of Chemistry
- Relate Chemistry to everyday activities like cooking, cleaning and manufacturing
- Explain the role of Chemistry in the community
- Describe how Chemistry is applied in health sectors
- Identify household products that are made through chemical processes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of Chemistry as a field of science
- Brainstorm on activities in daily life that involve Chemistry
- Search for information using electronic and/or print media on the definition of Chemistry
- Discuss with peers the role of Chemistry in day-to-day life
- Brainstorm the importance of Chemistry in the community and health
- Identify products used at home that involve Chemistry

What is Chemistry and why does it matter in our daily activities?
How does Chemistry improve the quality of life in our communities?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 2
- Charts showing branches of Chemistry
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 3
- Samples of household products
- Digital devices
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 4
- Digital devices
- Samples of manufactured products
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 5
- Internet access
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 6
- Career flashcards
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 8
- Scenario cards

- Oral questions - Observation - Written exercises
- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Effects of drug and substance use - Meaning and types
Effects of drug and substance use - Health and social effects
Effects of drug and substance use - Sensitization project
Rights and responsibilities - Consumer protection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the terms drug, prescription, dosage and substance use
- Differentiate between medicine and drug abuse
- Recognize the importance of following drug prescriptions in daily health management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of drug, prescription, dosage and substance use
- Search for information on drug prescription and substance use
- Analyse the difference between proper medication and substance abuse

What is the difference between using medicine correctly and substance abuse?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 10
- Digital devices
- Drug information charts
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 11
- Charts on drug effects
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 12
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital devices
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 13
- Samples of packaging labels

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Rights and responsibilities - Safe learning environment
Structure of the atom - Dalton's atomic model
Structure of the atom - Rutherford's atomic model
Structure of the atom - Bohr's atomic model

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain learner's rights to a safe learning environment
- Describe responsibilities for maintaining a healthy learning environment
- Practice safety measures in the Chemistry laboratory and classroom

- Brainstorm on learner's rights and responsibilities to a safe and healthy learning environment
- Discuss safety rules in the Chemistry laboratory
- Create safety guidelines for the learning environment

What are your rights and responsibilities in maintaining a safe Chemistry laboratory?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 14
- Safety charts
- Digital devices
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 17
- Digital devices
- Charts showing atomic models
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 18
- Internet access
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 20
- Charts showing Bohr's model

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Structure of the atom - Comparing atomic models
Structure of the atom - Modelling project
Relative Atomic Mass - Atomic number and mass number
Relative Atomic Mass - Meaning of isotopes
Relative Atomic Mass - Meaning and calculation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Compare Dalton, Rutherford and Bohr atomic models
- Identify the contributions of each scientist to atomic theory
- Create timelines showing the historical development of atomic models

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the similarities and differences between atomic models
- Create a timeline highlighting contributions of scientists in atomic theory development
- Present findings to classmates

How did atomic models evolve from Dalton to Bohr?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 21
- Digital devices
- Manila papers
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 22
- Locally available materials
- Scissors, glue
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 24
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Charts showing isotopes
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 27
- Periodic table

- Group presentations - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Relative Atomic Mass - Calculations from isotopic abundances I
Relative Atomic Mass - Calculations from isotopic abundances II
Relative Atomic Mass - Determining relative abundance
Relative Atomic Mass - Practical activity with dice
Electron arrangement - Energy levels and sub-levels
Electron arrangement - Types of orbitals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply the formula for calculating R.A.M from isotopic abundances
- Calculate R.A.M for elements with two isotopes
- Solve numerical problems involving simple isotopic compositions
- Simulate isotopic abundances using dice
- Calculate R.A.M from simulated data
- Connect hands-on activities to abstract chemical concepts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study worked examples on calculating R.A.M
- Calculate the R.A.M of elements with two isotopes
- Compare calculations with classmates for peer learning
- Carry out activities using dice to simulate isotopic abundances
- Record and calculate R.A.M from simulated data
- Compare results with actual R.A.M values

How do you calculate the Relative Atomic Mass of an element from its isotopic abundances?
How can we use a simulation to understand isotopic abundances?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 27
- Scientific calculators
- Digital devices
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 28
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 29
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 30
- Coloured dice
- Flashcards
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 32
- Digital devices
- Charts showing energy levels
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 34
- Charts showing orbital shapes

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation
- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Electron arrangement - Aufbau's principle
Electron arrangement - Writing s and p notation I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State the Aufbau's principle
- Apply the order of filling electrons in orbitals
- Compare electron filling to constructing a building from the foundation upwards

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on Aufbau's principle
- Study the diagram showing order of filling electrons
- Discuss with peers how electrons fill orbitals

In what order do electrons fill the orbitals in an atom?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 36
- Digital devices
- Aufbau diagram
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 38
- Periodic table
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Electron arrangement - Writing s and p notation II
Electron arrangement - Practical activity
Historical development of the periodic table I
Historical development of the periodic table II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Write electron arrangement of elements 11-20 using s and p notation
- Complete the electron arrangement table for the first 20 elements
- Connect electron arrangements to the position of elements in the periodic table

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Copy and complete the table of electron arrangements for the first 20 elements
- Compare electron arrangements with classmates
- Identify patterns in electron arrangements

What patterns can you observe in the electron arrangements of the first 20 elements?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 39
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 40
- Plastic beakers
- Beads or pebbles
- Labels
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 45
- Digital devices
- Timeline charts
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 46
- Periodic table charts

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Groups and periods I
Groups and periods II
Position of an element and electron arrangement
Chemical families - Alkali metals and Alkaline earth metals
Chemical families - Halogens and Noble gases
Transition elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define groups and periods in the periodic table
- Identify the number of groups and periods in the modern periodic table
- Relate groups to vertical columns and periods to horizontal rows

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the modern periodic table
- Discuss with peers the meaning of groups and periods
- Identify groups and periods in the periodic table

What are groups and periods in the periodic table?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 49
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 51
- Manila paper
- Graph paper
- Scissors
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 53
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 54
- Coloured pencils

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Stability of atoms
Cations and anions
Valency and oxidation number I
Valency and oxidation number II
Radicals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the stability of noble gas atoms
- Describe how atoms gain stability through electron loss or gain
- Relate atomic stability to the octet rule and full outer shells
- Identify elements with variable oxidation numbers
- Write oxidation numbers of transition elements
- Apply Roman numerals to represent variable oxidation states

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw atomic structures of helium, neon and argon
- Discuss with peers the meaning of stability of an atom
- Identify what makes noble gases stable
- Discuss with peers elements with variable oxidation numbers
- Complete the table of oxidation numbers for transition elements
- Practise writing oxidation numbers using Roman numerals

Why are noble gases stable?
Why do some elements have more than one oxidation number?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 55
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 56
- Digital devices
- Charts showing ion formation
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 58
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 59
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 60
- Charts showing radicals

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Electron arrangement of ions using s and p notation
Deriving formulae of compounds I
Deriving formulae of compounds II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Write electron arrangement of ions using s and p notation
- Distinguish between electron arrangements of atoms and ions
- Apply electron arrangement to explain ion formation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Copy and complete the table showing electron arrangements of ions
- Compare electron arrangements of atoms and their ions
- List cations and anions from the table

How does the electron arrangement of an ion differ from that of its atom?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 62
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 63
- Valency tables
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 64

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Writing balanced chemical equations I
Writing balanced chemical equations II
Writing balanced chemical equations III

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify reactants and products in a chemical reaction
- Write word equations for chemical reactions
- Convert word equations to chemical equations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read information on parts of a chemical equation
- Identify reactants and products in given reactions
- Write word equations for simple chemical reactions

What are the parts of a chemical equation?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 64
- Digital devices
- Charts showing chemical equations
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 65
- Practice worksheets
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 66

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Role of electron arrangement in the periodic table - Project
Chemical Bonding - Role of valence electrons in bonding
Chemical Bonding - Types of chemical bonds
Chemical Bonding - The ionic chemical bond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Make a periodic table for the first 20 elements using locally available materials
- Explain the role of electron arrangement in the periodic table
- Apply creative skills to design and construct educational resources

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use locally available materials to create a periodic table
- Include element names, symbols, atomic numbers and electron arrangements
- Display the periodic table for peer assessment

How does electron arrangement determine the organization of the periodic table?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 67
- Manila paper or carton box
- Coloured pencils
- Flashcards
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 70
- Digital devices
- Modelling clay or plasticine
- Wooden splints
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 71
- Charts showing bond types
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 72
- Charts showing ionic bond formation
- Digital devices

- Project assessment - Peer evaluation - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Ionic bonding in sodium chloride and magnesium oxide
Chemical Bonding - Giant ionic structures and lattice
Chemical Bonding - Solubility of ionic compounds
Chemical Bonding - Thermal conductivity, melting and boiling points of ionic compounds
Chemical Bonding - Electrical conductivity in molten and aqueous ionic compounds
Chemical Bonding - Uses of ionic compounds
Chemical Bonding - The covalent chemical bond
Chemical Bonding - Double and triple covalent bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Illustrate ionic bonding in sodium chloride and magnesium oxide
- Draw Lewis structures for ionic compounds
- Connect ionic compounds to household items like cooking salt
- Outline uses of ionic compounds
- Relate properties of ionic compounds to their uses
- Identify ionic compounds in everyday products like fertilizers and antacids

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use dot (.) and cross (x) diagrams to show electron donation and acceptance in NaCl and MgO
- Calculate net charges on ions formed
- Watch animations on ionic bond formation using digital devices
- Search for information on uses of ionic compounds using print or digital materials
- Discuss uses of sodium chloride, calcium carbonate and potassium nitrate
- Relate uses to specific properties

What holds sodium and chloride ions together in sodium chloride?
How are the properties of ionic compounds useful in everyday life?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 73
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 76
- Modelling materials (clay, toothpicks)
- Charts of ionic lattices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 77
- Sodium chloride
- Copper (II) chloride
- Distilled water
- Ethanol
- Test tubes
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 78
- Bunsen burner
- Test tubes
- Copper (II) chloride
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 79
- Dry cells
- Bulb/ammeter
- Connecting wires
- Carbon rods
- Lead (II) bromide
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 81
- Digital devices
- Samples of ionic compounds
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 82
- Modelling clay
- Wooden splints
- Charts showing covalent bonds
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 83
- Modelling materials
- Charts of molecular structures

- Written assignments - Practical observation - Oral questions
- Written assignments - Group presentations - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Covalent bonding in ammonia and hydrogen chloride
Chemical Bonding - Dative covalent (coordinate) bonding
Chemical Bonding - Hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Illustrate covalent bonding in ammonia and hydrogen chloride molecules
- Identify lone pairs of electrons in molecules
- Connect molecular compounds to household chemicals like cleaning ammonia

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw dot (.) and cross (x) structures for ammonia and hydrogen chloride
- Identify shared pairs and lone pairs in molecules
- Discuss the shape of ammonia molecule

What is the role of lone pairs in covalent molecules?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 84
- Charts showing molecular structures
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 85
- Charts showing dative bonds
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 86
- Modelling materials

- Written exercises - Observation - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Melting, boiling points and conductivity of molecular substances
Chemical Bonding - Solubility and uses of molecular substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate melting and boiling points of molecular substances
- Explain why molecular substances have low melting points
- Relate molecular properties to everyday substances like sugar and wax

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to determine melting point of naphthalene
- Investigate thermal and electrical conductivity of molecular substances
- Compare properties with ionic compounds

Why do molecular substances have low melting and boiling points?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 89
- Naphthalene
- Thermometer
- Bunsen burner
- Melting point tube
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 92
- Sulphur powder
- Sugar crystals
- Distilled water
- Ethanol

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Giant atomic structure of diamond
Chemical Bonding - Giant atomic structure of graphite
Chemical Bonding - Uses of diamond, graphite and silicon (IV) oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the giant atomic structure of diamond
- Model the structure of diamond using locally available materials
- Connect diamond's structure to its use in cutting tools and jewelry

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the tetrahedral structure of diamond
- Model a diamond structure using modelling clay and toothpicks
- Relate structure to properties (hardness, non-conductivity)

Why is diamond the hardest natural substance?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 93
- Modelling clay
- Toothpicks
- Charts of diamond structure
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 94
- Charts of graphite structure
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 96
- Digital devices
- Charts showing applications

- Model assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Metallic bonding and delocalised electrons
Chemical Bonding - Physical properties of giant metallic structures
Chemical Bonding - Uses of metallic structures related to properties
Periodicity - Introduction to periodic properties
Periodicity - Physical appearance and density of group I elements
Periodicity - Gradation in size of atoms and ions of group I elements
Periodicity - Ionisation energy and electronegativity of group I elements
Periodicity - Melting, boiling points and electrical conductivity of group I elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the formation of metallic bonds
- Illustrate the sea of delocalised electrons model
- Relate metallic bonding to properties of metals used in wiring and construction
- Define periodicity and periodic properties
- Identify atomic size, ionisation energy, electron affinity and electronegativity
- Relate periodic trends to arrangement of elements in the periodic table

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss how metallic bonds form through electron delocalisation
- Draw diagrams showing metallic bonding in sodium, magnesium and aluminium
- Explain the concept of positive ions in a sea of electrons
- Search for information on periodic properties using print or digital materials
- Discuss the meaning of atomic radius, ionisation energy, electron affinity and electronegativity
- Study sample periodic tables to identify patterns

Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat?
What causes the repeating pattern of properties in the periodic table?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 97
- Charts showing metallic bonding
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 99
- Metal and wood pieces
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 101
- Digital devices
- Samples of metal products
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 104
- Periodic table charts
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 106
- Sodium metal
- Scalpel blade
- Petri dish
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 107
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 108
- Data tables
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 110
- Connecting wires
- Dry cells
- Bulb
- Lithium metal

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reactions of group I elements with oxygen
Periodicity - Reactions of group I elements with chlorine and cold water
Periodicity - Applications of group I elements
Periodicity - Appearance, atomic and ionic radii of group II elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate reactions of lithium and sodium with oxygen
- Write balanced equations for reactions with oxygen
- Relate metal oxide formation to rusting and corrosion processes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Burn lithium and sodium in gas jars of oxygen
- Test products with litmus paper to determine nature of oxides
- Write chemical equations for reactions
- Compare reactivity of different alkali metals

What type of oxides do alkali metals form when they burn in oxygen?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 112
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Deflagrating spoon
- Bunsen burner
- Lithium and sodium metals
- Litmus paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 114
- Chlorine gas
- Cold water
- Beakers
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 117
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 118
- Magnesium ribbon
- Calcium metal
- Sandpaper
- Periodic table

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Ionisation energy, melting and boiling points of group II elements
Periodicity - Reactions of group II elements with water, steam and oxygen
Periodicity - Reactions of group II elements with dilute acids and chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe trends in ionisation energy of group II elements
- Analyse melting and boiling point data
- Connect high melting points to use of magnesium oxide in furnace linings

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Analyse data on first and second ionisation energies of group II elements
- Plot graphs of melting and boiling points against atomic number
- Discuss factors affecting ionisation energy and melting points

Why do group II elements have two ionisation energies?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 121
- Graph paper
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 123
- Magnesium ribbon
- Calcium metal
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Bunsen burner
- Litmus paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 127
- Dilute acids
- Chlorine gas
- Test tubes

- Data analysis - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Applications of group II elements
Periodicity - Preparation of chlorine and physical properties of group VII elements
Periodicity - Melting, boiling points and gradation in size of group VII elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Outline applications of group II elements
- Relate properties to specific uses
- Identify uses in construction, medicine, alloys and agriculture

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on applications of group II elements
- Discuss uses of magnesium in alloys, calcium in cement, barium in X-rays
- Create flashcards showing applications

How is calcium used in the construction industry?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 129
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 131
- Concentrated HCl
- Potassium manganate (VII)
- Gas jars
- Delivery tubes
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 135
- Graph paper
- Data tables
- Digital devices

- Written assignments - Group presentations - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reactions of group VII elements with water and metals
Periodicity - Displacement reactions and bleaching action of chlorine
Periodicity - Applications of group VII elements
Periodicity - Physical properties and applications of noble gases
Periodicity - Atomic size, ionisation energy and electronegativity across period 3

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate reactions of halogens with water and metals
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Relate halogen reactivity to their use in antiseptics and disinfectants
- Outline applications of group VII elements
- Relate properties to specific uses
- Identify uses in water treatment, photography, medicine and refrigeration

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Bubble chlorine gas into distilled water and test with litmus paper
- Add bromine and iodine to water and observe
- Pass chlorine gas over heated iron wool
- Write chemical equations for reactions
- Search for information on applications of halogens
- Discuss uses of chlorine in water treatment, bromine in photography, iodine in medicine
- Create presentations on halogen applications

Why does chlorine turn moist blue litmus paper red and then white?
How is chlorine used to make drinking water safe?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 139
- Chlorine gas
- Bromine water
- Iodine crystals
- Iron wool
- Litmus paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 142
- Potassium bromide solution
- Potassium iodide solution
- Coloured cloth
- Flower petals
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 147
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 148
- Periodic table
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 151
- Graph paper
- Data tables

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation
- Written assignments - Group presentations - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry

Periodicity - Reactions of period 3 elements with oxygen and water
Periodicity - Reactions of period 3 elements with chlorine and dilute acids
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of acids in aqueous solutions
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of bases in aqueous solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate reactions of period 3 elements with oxygen and water
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Relate oxide formation to acidic and basic properties of substances

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Burn sodium, magnesium and sulphur in oxygen
- Test products with litmus paper to determine acidic or basic nature
- Investigate reactions of sodium and magnesium with water and steam
- Write chemical equations for all reactions

Why are metallic oxides basic while non-metallic oxides are acidic?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 155
- Sodium, magnesium, sulphur
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Bunsen burner
- Litmus paper
- Distilled water
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 158
- Chlorine gas
- Dilute acids
- Sodium, magnesium
- Test tubes
- Bunsen burner
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 164
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- pH indicator paper
- Digital resources
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 166
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Phenolphthalein indicator
- Red and blue litmus paper
- Test tubes

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Properties of acids
Acids and Bases - Properties of bases
Acids and Bases - Reaction of dilute acids with metals
Acids and Bases - Confirmatory test for hydrogen gas
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with carbonates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the physical properties of acids
- Identify acids based on their characteristics
- Relate properties of acids to food preservation using citric acid and vinegar

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the properties of acids (sour taste, effect on litmus paper, pH values)
- Classify acids as organic and mineral acids
- Identify common acids found at home and in the laboratory

What are the characteristic properties of acids?

- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 166
- Samples of acids
- pH indicator paper
- Blue litmus paper
- Digital resources
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 167
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Baking soda
- Soap solution
- Red litmus paper
- Phenolphthalein
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 169
- Zinc powder
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Test tubes
- Wooden splints
- Rubber corks
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 170
- Dilute sulphuric acid
- Magnesium ribbon
- Delivery tubes
- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 170
- Sodium carbonate
- Calcium hydroxide
- Delivery tubes
- Test tubes

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with hydrogen carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metal oxides
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metal hydroxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe reactions of acids with hydrogen carbonates
- Perform the confirmatory test for carbon (IV) oxide
- Connect the reaction to baking powder action in bread and cakes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Add dilute nitric (V) acid to sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Collect and test gas produced using limewater
- Observe white precipitate formation
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How is carbon (IV) oxide gas tested in the laboratory?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 171
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Dilute nitric (V) acid
- Calcium hydroxide
- Test tubes
- Delivery tubes
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 172
- Magnesium oxide
- pH paper
- Beakers
- Bunsen burner
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 173
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Dilute sulphuric (VI) acid
- Phenolphthalein indicator
- Measuring cylinders

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Universal indicator and pH scale
Acids and Bases - Strong and weak acids
Acids and Bases - Strong and weak bases
Acids and Bases - Electrical conductivity of acids and bases
Acids and Bases - Uses of acids in day-to-day life
Acids and Bases - Uses of bases in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the pH scale and its use
- Determine pH values using universal indicator
- Relate pH values to water quality testing and swimming pool maintenance
- Compare electrical conductivity of strong and weak acids and bases
- Set up circuits to test conductivity
- Connect conductivity to car battery technology and industrial electrochemistry

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Prepare solutions of various acids and bases
- Add universal indicator to each solution
- Compare colours with pH scale chart
- Record pH values and classify solutions
- Set up electrical circuits with bulb, dry cell and electrodes
- Test conductivity of strong and weak acids and bases
- Compare brightness of bulb in different solutions
- Record and discuss observations

What does the pH scale measure?
Why do strong acids and bases conduct electricity better than weak ones?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 175
- Universal indicator
- pH scale chart
- Various acid and base solutions
- Test tubes
- Droppers
- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 175
- 0.1 M hydrochloric acid
- 0.1 M ethanoic acid
- Test tubes
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 176
- 0.1 M sodium hydroxide
- 0.1 M ammonium hydroxide
- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 176
- Dry cells
- Bulbs with holders
- Connecting wires
- Nails/electrodes
- Various acid and base solutions
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 178
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Chart papers
- Markers
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 179
- Soil samples
- pH paper
- Litmus paper
- Vinegar
- Citrus peels
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises
- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Meaning and formation of salts
Introduction to Salts - Normal salts
Introduction to Salts - Acid salts
Introduction to Salts - Basic and double salts
Introduction to Salts - Soluble and insoluble salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the term salt
- Explain how salts are formed from neutralisation reactions
- Relate salt formation to table salt production and food seasoning

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study equations showing neutralisation reactions
- Identify reactants and products in salt formation
- Discuss how hydrogen ions in acids are replaced by metal ions
- Examine samples of different salts

What is a salt and how is it formed?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 181
- Samples of salts (sodium chloride, copper sulphate)
- Charts showing neutralisation equations
- Digital resources
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 182
- Samples of normal salts
- Litmus paper
- Test tubes
- Distilled water
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 183
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- pH paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 184
- Samples of basic and double salts
- Potassium aluminium sulphate (alum)
- pH paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 185
- Copper (II) sulphate
- Copper (II) carbonate
- Distilled water
- Beakers
- Bunsen burner

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Solubility rules
Introduction to Salts - Preparation by direct synthesis
Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and metal
Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and metal oxide
Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and alkali (titration)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State solubility rules for common salts
- Apply solubility rules to predict salt solubility
- Connect solubility rules to choosing appropriate chemicals for water softening

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the solubility table for chlorides, nitrates, sulphates and carbonates
- Discuss exceptions to solubility rules
- Practise predicting solubility of given salts
- Test predictions experimentally

What rules govern the solubility of salts?

- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 185
- Solubility table charts
- Various salt samples
- Distilled water
- Test tubes
- Digital resources
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 186
- Copper metal
- Sulphur powder
- Crucible
- Bunsen burner
- Tripod stand
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 187
- Zinc powder
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Filter funnel and paper
- Evaporating dish
- Bunsen burner
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 188
- Copper (II) oxide
- Dilute nitric (V) acid
- Beakers
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 190
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Phenolphthalein
- Burette and stand
- Conical flask

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Practical assessment

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and carbonate
Introduction to Salts - Preparation by precipitation (double decomposition)
Introduction to Salts - Hygroscopic, deliquescent and efflorescent salts
Introduction to Salts - Uses of salts and environmental impact of fertilisers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe preparation of salts using acid and carbonate
- Prepare sodium nitrate from sodium carbonate and nitric acid
- Relate effervescence to carbon dioxide fire extinguishers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Add sodium carbonate to dilute nitric (V) acid until no more gas bubbles
- Test gas with calcium hydroxide
- Filter, evaporate and crystallise
- Write balanced equation for the reaction

How can you tell when the reaction between acid and carbonate is complete?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 191
- Sodium carbonate
- Dilute nitric (V) acid
- Calcium hydroxide
- Filter funnel
- Evaporating dish
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 193
- Zinc sulphate solution
- Lead nitrate solution
- Filter funnel and paper
- Beakers
- Distilled water
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 196
- Iron (III) chloride
- Anhydrous copper (II) sulphate
- Sodium carbonate decahydrate
- Watch glasses
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 197
- Samples of inorganic fertilisers
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts on eutrophication

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments