Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Dissociation of acids in water
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of bases in water
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metals
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metals (continued)
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with hydrogen carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metal hydroxides
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metal oxides
Acids and Bases - Amphoteric oxides and hydroxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of an indicator
- Demonstrate dissociation of acids in water
- Connect the sour taste of lemon juice and vinegar to the presence of hydrogen ions in acidic solutions
- Compare the reactivity of different metals with acids
- Explain why some metals do not react with dilute acids
- Relate the choice of materials for acid storage containers to metal-acid reactivity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of indicators and their role in identifying acids and bases
- Carry out experiments to demonstrate dissociation of acids in water using litmus papers
- Record observations on colour changes of litmus papers in acidic solutions
- Compare reactions of different metals with dilute acids
- Discuss why copper does not react with dilute acids
- Record observations in a table format

How do acids behave when dissolved in water?
Why are some metals used to store acids while others are not?

- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 143
- Distilled water
- Hydrochloric acid
- Blue and red litmus papers
- Beakers
- Stirring rod
- Sodium hydroxide
- Measuring cylinder
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 144
- Zinc granules
- Magnesium ribbon
- Iron filings
- Dilute HCl and H₂SO₄
- Test tubes
- Wooden splints
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 146
- Aluminium foil
- Copper turnings
- Dilute HCl
- Dilute H₂SO₄
- Test tubes
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 147
- Sodium carbonate
- Calcium carbonate
- Lime water
- Delivery tubes
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Test tubes
- Delivery tubes
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 148
- Sodium hydroxide
- Phenolphthalein indicator
- Droppers
- Beakers
- Stirring rod
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 150
- Zinc oxide
- Copper (II) oxide
- Universal indicator
- Filter funnel and paper
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 151
- Spatula

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Written tests - Group presentations

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Universal indicator and pH scale
Acids and Bases - Strong and weak acids
Acids and Bases - Strong and weak bases
Acids and Bases - Electrical conductivity of acids and bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the pH scale and its range
- Determine the pH of solutions using universal indicator
- Relate the pH of common household substances to their acidic or basic nature

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to determine pH of various solutions using universal indicator
- Compare colours with pH chart
- Record observations in a table

How does the pH scale help us classify substances?

- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 152
- Universal indicator
- pH chart
- Sulphuric (VI) acid
- Ethanoic acid
- Sodium hydroxide
- Test tubes
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 153
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 154
- Ammonia solution
- Electrodes
- Ammeter
- Beakers
- Dilute HCl
- NaOH solution
- Ammonia solution

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Applications of acids and bases
Introduction to Salts - Definition and formation of salts
Introduction to Salts - Normal salts
Introduction to Salts - Acid salts
Introduction to Salts - Basic salts
Introduction to Salts - Double salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Outline applications of acids and bases in various industries
- Search for information on uses of acids and bases
- Identify the role of acids and bases in household cleaning, food preservation, and agriculture

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information using digital or print media on applications of acids and bases
- Discuss uses in agriculture, food industry, medicine, and manufacturing
- Test pH of common household substances

How are acids and bases used in our daily lives?

- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 157
- Lemon juice
- Baking soda
- Soap solution
- Vinegar
- Universal indicator
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 160
- Dilute HCl
- Magnesium ribbon
- Universal indicator paper
- pH chart
- Test tubes
- Burning splint
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 162
- Sodium chloride
- Calcium nitrate
- Sodium sulphate
- Distilled water
- Red and blue litmus papers
- Boiling tubes
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 164
- Sodium hydrogen sulphate
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 165
- Basic magnesium chloride
- Basic copper carbonate
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 166
- Potassium aluminium sulphate
- Ammonium iron (II) sulphate

- Group presentations - Written assignments - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Solubility rules for salts
Introduction to Salts - Preparation of soluble salts by action of acid on metal
Introduction to Salts - Preparation of soluble salts by action of acid on insoluble base
Introduction to Salts - Preparation of soluble salts by neutralisation (acid and alkali)
Introduction to Salts - Preparation of soluble salts by reaction of acid with carbonates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate the solubility of different salts in water
- Classify salts as soluble, insoluble, or slightly soluble
- Apply solubility rules to predict which salts dissolve in water for water treatment processes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to determine solubility of various salts
- Record observations in a solubility table
- Discuss general solubility rules

How can we predict whether a salt will dissolve in water?

- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 167
- Lead chloride
- Ammonium nitrate
- Sodium sulphate
- Zinc carbonate
- Distilled water
- Test tubes
- Heat source
- Zinc powder
- Dilute HCl
- Beakers
- Filter funnel and paper
- Evaporating dish
- Water bath
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 169
- Copper (II) oxide
- Dilute nitric (V) acid
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 171
- Sodium hydroxide
- Phenolphthalein indicator
- Burette
- Conical flask
- Evaporating dish
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 173
- Dilute sulphuric (VI) acid
- Lime water

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Preparation of insoluble salts by precipitation
Introduction to Salts - Preparation of salts by direct combination
Introduction to Salts - Deliquescence, hygroscopy, and efflorescence
Introduction to Salts - Applications of deliquescent and hygroscopic salts
Introduction to Salts - Uses of salts in agriculture and food industry
Introduction to Salts - Environmental effects and mitigation measures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare insoluble salts by precipitation
- Write balanced chemical and ionic equations for precipitation reactions
- Connect the formation of limescale in kettles to the precipitation of insoluble calcium compounds

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to prepare lead (II) sulphate by precipitation
- Filter and wash the precipitate
- Write ionic equations for the reaction

How are insoluble salts prepared in the laboratory?

- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 174
- Lead (II) nitrate solution
- Sodium sulphate solution
- Beakers
- Filter funnel and paper
- Distilled water
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 176
- Iron filings
- Sulphur powder
- Crucible
- Heat source
- Tongs
- Spatula
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 177
- Sodium chloride
- Calcium chloride
- Sodium carbonate
- Watch glasses
- Labels
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 178
- Anhydrous calcium chloride
- Anhydrous copper (II) sulphate
- Cobalt (II) chloride paper
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 179
- Samples of fertilisers
- Table salt
- Baking soda
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 181
- Reference books
- Charts showing eutrophication

- Practical assessment - Written equations - Observation