Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Melting, boiling points and conductivity of molecular substances
Chemical Bonding - Solubility and uses of molecular substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate melting and boiling points of molecular substances
- Explain why molecular substances have low melting points
- Relate molecular properties to everyday substances like sugar and wax

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to determine melting point of naphthalene
- Investigate thermal and electrical conductivity of molecular substances
- Compare properties with ionic compounds

Why do molecular substances have low melting and boiling points?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 89
- Naphthalene
- Thermometer
- Bunsen burner
- Melting point tube
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 92
- Sulphur powder
- Sugar crystals
- Distilled water
- Ethanol

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Giant atomic structure of diamond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the giant atomic structure of diamond
- Model the structure of diamond using locally available materials
- Connect diamond's structure to its use in cutting tools and jewelry

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the tetrahedral structure of diamond
- Model a diamond structure using modelling clay and toothpicks
- Relate structure to properties (hardness, non-conductivity)

Why is diamond the hardest natural substance?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 93
- Modelling clay
- Toothpicks
- Charts of diamond structure

- Model assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Giant atomic structure of graphite
Chemical Bonding - Uses of diamond, graphite and silicon (IV) oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the layered structure of graphite
- Model the structure of graphite using locally available materials
- Relate graphite structure to its use in pencils and lubricants

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the hexagonal layered structure of graphite
- Model a graphite structure showing layers
- Explain why graphite conducts electricity while diamond does not

Why can graphite conduct electricity while diamond cannot?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 94
- Modelling clay
- Toothpicks
- Charts of graphite structure
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 96
- Digital devices
- Charts showing applications

- Model assessment - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Metallic bonding and delocalised electrons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the formation of metallic bonds
- Illustrate the sea of delocalised electrons model
- Relate metallic bonding to properties of metals used in wiring and construction

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss how metallic bonds form through electron delocalisation
- Draw diagrams showing metallic bonding in sodium, magnesium and aluminium
- Explain the concept of positive ions in a sea of electrons

Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 97
- Charts showing metallic bonding
- Digital devices

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Physical properties of giant metallic structures
Chemical Bonding - Uses of metallic structures related to properties
Periodicity - Introduction to periodic properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe physical properties of metallic structures
- Investigate thermal conductivity of metals
- Connect metallic properties to uses in cooking utensils and electrical wires

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate thermal conductivity by comparing metal and wood pieces in sunlight
- Discuss high melting and boiling points, malleability, ductility and conductivity
- Analyse data on melting points of different metals

Why are metals malleable and ductile?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 99
- Metal and wood pieces
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 101
- Digital devices
- Samples of metal products
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 104
- Periodic table charts

- Practical observation - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical appearance and density of group I elements
Periodicity - Gradation in size of atoms and ions of group I elements
Periodicity - Ionisation energy and electronegativity of group I elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the physical appearance of group I elements
- Observe and record properties of sodium metal
- Connect alkali metals to applications like sodium lamps in street lighting

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Observe the colour of sodium metal stored under paraffin
- Cut sodium metal and compare freshly cut surface to stored metal
- Watch videos on properties of group I metals
- Analyse densities of alkali metals

Why are alkali metals stored under oil or paraffin?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 106
- Sodium metal
- Scalpel blade
- Petri dish
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 107
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 108
- Data tables

- Observation - Practical report - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Melting, boiling points and electrical conductivity of group I elements
Periodicity - Reactions of group I elements with oxygen
Periodicity - Reactions of group I elements with chlorine and cold water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe trends in melting and boiling points of group I elements
- Investigate electrical conductivity of alkali metals
- Relate conductivity to use of sodium in sodium-vapour lamps

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Analyse data on melting and boiling points of group I elements
- Set up apparatus to investigate electrical conductivity of lithium and sodium
- Discuss the relationship between metallic bond strength and melting points

Why do melting points decrease down group I elements?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 110
- Connecting wires
- Dry cells
- Bulb
- Sodium metal
- Lithium metal
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 112
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Deflagrating spoon
- Bunsen burner
- Lithium and sodium metals
- Litmus paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 114
- Chlorine gas
- Cold water
- Beakers

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Applications of group I elements
Periodicity - Appearance, atomic and ionic radii of group II elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Outline applications of group I elements
- Relate properties to specific uses
- Identify uses in batteries, street lights, medicine and photography

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on applications of group I elements using print or digital materials
- Discuss uses of lithium in batteries, sodium in lamps, potassium in fertilizers
- Create presentations on applications

How are the properties of alkali metals utilised in modern technology?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 117
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 118
- Magnesium ribbon
- Calcium metal
- Sandpaper
- Periodic table

- Written assignments - Group presentations - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Ionisation energy, melting and boiling points of group II elements
Periodicity - Reactions of group II elements with water, steam and oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe trends in ionisation energy of group II elements
- Analyse melting and boiling point data
- Connect high melting points to use of magnesium oxide in furnace linings

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Analyse data on first and second ionisation energies of group II elements
- Plot graphs of melting and boiling points against atomic number
- Discuss factors affecting ionisation energy and melting points

Why do group II elements have two ionisation energies?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 121
- Graph paper
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 123
- Magnesium ribbon
- Calcium metal
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Bunsen burner
- Litmus paper

- Data analysis - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reactions of group II elements with dilute acids and chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate reactions of group II elements with dilute acids and chlorine
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Relate reactions to production of hydrogen gas for industrial uses

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate reactions of magnesium and calcium with dilute HCl, dilute H₂SO₄ and dilute HNO₃
- Test gases produced with burning splint
- Investigate reactions with chlorine gas
- Write chemical equations for all reactions

Why does the reaction of calcium with dilute sulphuric acid stop quickly?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 127
- Dilute acids
- Magnesium ribbon
- Calcium metal
- Chlorine gas
- Test tubes

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Applications of group II elements
Periodicity - Preparation of chlorine and physical properties of group VII elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Outline applications of group II elements
- Relate properties to specific uses
- Identify uses in construction, medicine, alloys and agriculture

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on applications of group II elements
- Discuss uses of magnesium in alloys, calcium in cement, barium in X-rays
- Create flashcards showing applications

How is calcium used in the construction industry?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 129
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 131
- Concentrated HCl
- Potassium manganate (VII)
- Gas jars
- Delivery tubes

- Written assignments - Group presentations - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Melting, boiling points and gradation in size of group VII elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe trends in melting and boiling points of halogens
- Describe trends in atomic and ionic radii of group VII elements
- Relate physical states to intermolecular forces and room temperature applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Analyse data on melting and boiling points of halogens
- Plot graphs of melting and boiling points against atomic number
- Analyse data on atomic and ionic radii
- Discuss Van der Waals forces in halogens

Why is iodine a solid while chlorine is a gas at room temperature?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 135
- Graph paper
- Data tables
- Digital devices

- Data analysis - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reactions of group VII elements with water and metals
Periodicity - Displacement reactions and bleaching action of chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate reactions of halogens with water and metals
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Relate halogen reactivity to their use in antiseptics and disinfectants

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Bubble chlorine gas into distilled water and test with litmus paper
- Add bromine and iodine to water and observe
- Pass chlorine gas over heated iron wool
- Write chemical equations for reactions

Why does chlorine turn moist blue litmus paper red and then white?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 139
- Chlorine gas
- Bromine water
- Iodine crystals
- Iron wool
- Litmus paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 142
- Potassium bromide solution
- Potassium iodide solution
- Coloured cloth
- Flower petals

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Applications of group VII elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Outline applications of group VII elements
- Relate properties to specific uses
- Identify uses in water treatment, photography, medicine and refrigeration

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on applications of halogens
- Discuss uses of chlorine in water treatment, bromine in photography, iodine in medicine
- Create presentations on halogen applications

How is chlorine used to make drinking water safe?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 147
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Written assignments - Group presentations - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical properties and applications of noble gases
Periodicity - Atomic size, ionisation energy and electronegativity across period 3

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe physical properties of noble gases
- Outline applications of group VIII elements
- Relate noble gas properties to uses in lighting, welding and medical imaging

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Analyse data on atomic radii, ionisation energy, melting and boiling points of noble gases
- Discuss why noble gases are unreactive
- Search for information on uses of helium, neon and argon

Why are noble gases called inert gases?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 148
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 151
- Graph paper
- Data tables

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reactions of period 3 elements with oxygen and water
Periodicity - Reactions of period 3 elements with chlorine and dilute acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate reactions of period 3 elements with oxygen and water
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Relate oxide formation to acidic and basic properties of substances

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Burn sodium, magnesium and sulphur in oxygen
- Test products with litmus paper to determine acidic or basic nature
- Investigate reactions of sodium and magnesium with water and steam
- Write chemical equations for all reactions

Why are metallic oxides basic while non-metallic oxides are acidic?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 155
- Sodium, magnesium, sulphur
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Bunsen burner
- Litmus paper
- Distilled water
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 158
- Chlorine gas
- Dilute acids
- Sodium, magnesium
- Test tubes
- Bunsen burner

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Dissociation of acids in aqueous solutions
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of bases in aqueous solutions
Acids and Bases - Properties of acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define dissociation of acids in water
- Demonstrate dissociation of acids in aqueous solutions
- Relate dissociation of acids to everyday substances like vinegar and lemon juice

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of dissociation of acids in water
- Carry out experiments to demonstrate dissociation of dilute hydrochloric acid
- Record observations on release of hydrogen ions (H⁺)

How do acids behave when dissolved in water?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 164
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Test tubes
- pH indicator paper
- Digital resources
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 166
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Phenolphthalein indicator
- Red and blue litmus paper
- Test tubes
- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 166
- Samples of acids
- Blue litmus paper

- Observation - Oral questions - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Properties of bases
Acids and Bases - Reaction of dilute acids with metals
Acids and Bases - Confirmatory test for hydrogen gas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the physical properties of bases
- Differentiate between bases and alkalis
- Connect properties of bases to cleaning agents and antacids used at home

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to investigate properties of bases
- Test bases using litmus paper and phenolphthalein indicator
- Discuss with peers the slippery feel and bitter taste of bases

What common household substances are basic in nature?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 167
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Baking soda
- Soap solution
- Red litmus paper
- Phenolphthalein
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 169
- Zinc powder
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Test tubes
- Wooden splints
- Rubber corks
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 170
- Dilute sulphuric acid
- Magnesium ribbon
- Delivery tubes

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with hydrogen carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metal oxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe reactions of acids with carbonates
- Carry out experiments on acid-carbonate reactions
- Relate the reaction to effervescence in baking and antacid tablets

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Add dilute hydrochloric acid to sodium carbonate
- Observe effervescence and collect gas produced
- Test gas using calcium hydroxide (limewater)
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

What gas is produced when acids react with carbonates?

- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 170
- Sodium carbonate
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Calcium hydroxide
- Delivery tubes
- Test tubes
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 171
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Dilute nitric (V) acid
- Test tubes
- Delivery tubes
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 172
- Magnesium oxide
- pH paper
- Beakers
- Bunsen burner

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metal hydroxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe reactions of acids with metal hydroxides
- Demonstrate neutralisation using indicators
- Connect neutralisation to antacid medication for treating stomach acidity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Add dilute sulphuric (VI) acid to sodium hydroxide with phenolphthalein
- Observe colour change from pink to colourless
- Write balanced equations for the neutralisation reaction

How do indicators show the end point of neutralisation?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 173
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Dilute sulphuric (VI) acid
- Phenolphthalein indicator
- Beakers
- Measuring cylinders

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Universal indicator and pH scale
Acids and Bases - Strong and weak acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the pH scale and its use
- Determine pH values using universal indicator
- Relate pH values to water quality testing and swimming pool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Prepare solutions of various acids and bases
- Add universal indicator to each solution
- Compare colours with pH scale chart
- Record pH values and classify solutions

What does the pH scale measure?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 175
- Universal indicator
- pH scale chart
- Various acid and base solutions
- Test tubes
- Droppers
- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 175
- 0.1 M hydrochloric acid
- 0.1 M ethanoic acid
- Test tubes

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Strong and weak bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Differentiate between strong and weak bases
- Classify bases based on their pH values
- Relate base strength to drain cleaners (strong) versus baking soda (weak)

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Test 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and 0.1 M ammonium hydroxide using universal indicator
- Compare pH values of strong and weak bases
- Discuss characteristics of strong and weak bases

How can strong and weak bases be distinguished?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 176
- 0.1 M sodium hydroxide
- 0.1 M ammonium hydroxide
- Universal indicator
- pH scale chart
- Test tubes

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Electrical conductivity of acids and bases
Acids and Bases - Uses of acids in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Compare electrical conductivity of strong and weak acids and bases
- Set up circuits to test conductivity
- Connect conductivity to car battery technology and industrial electrochemistry

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up electrical circuits with bulb, dry cell and electrodes
- Test conductivity of strong and weak acids and bases
- Compare brightness of bulb in different solutions
- Record and discuss observations

Why do strong acids and bases conduct electricity better than weak ones?

- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 176
- Dry cells
- Bulbs with holders
- Connecting wires
- Nails/electrodes
- Various acid and base solutions
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 178
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Chart papers
- Markers

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Uses of bases in day-to-day life
Introduction to Salts - Meaning and formation of salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Outline the uses of bases in various sectors
- Identify applications of bases in agriculture and construction
- Connect bases to soap making, cement production and soil treatment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss uses of bases in cleaning, food industry and construction
- Carry out soil pH testing activity
- Discuss role of calcium oxide in neutralising acidic soils
- Make natural citrus cleaner using vinegar and citrus peels

How are bases applied in agriculture and industry?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 179
- Soil samples
- pH paper
- Litmus paper
- Vinegar
- Citrus peels
- Digital resources
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 181
- Samples of salts (sodium chloride, copper sulphate)
- Charts showing neutralisation equations

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Normal salts
Introduction to Salts - Acid salts
Introduction to Salts - Basic and double salts
Introduction to Salts - Soluble and insoluble salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe normal salts and their properties
- Identify examples of normal salts
- Connect normal salts to common table salt and fertilisers like potassium nitrate

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss characteristics of normal salts (no replaceable hydrogen, pH of 7)
- Identify cations and anions in normal salts
- Write formulae of normal salts (NaCl, KNO₃, CaSO₄)
- Test solutions of normal salts with litmus paper

What are normal salts and their characteristics?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 182
- Samples of normal salts
- Litmus paper
- Test tubes
- Distilled water
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 183
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- pH paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 184
- Samples of basic and double salts
- Potassium aluminium sulphate (alum)
- pH paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 185
- Copper (II) sulphate
- Copper (II) carbonate
- Distilled water
- Beakers
- Bunsen burner

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Practical assessment

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Solubility rules
Introduction to Salts - Preparation by direct synthesis
Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and metal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State solubility rules for common salts
- Apply solubility rules to predict salt solubility
- Connect solubility rules to choosing appropriate chemicals for water softening

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the solubility table for chlorides, nitrates, sulphates and carbonates
- Discuss exceptions to solubility rules
- Practise predicting solubility of given salts
- Test predictions experimentally

What rules govern the solubility of salts?

- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 185
- Solubility table charts
- Various salt samples
- Distilled water
- Test tubes
- Digital resources
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 186
- Copper metal
- Sulphur powder
- Crucible
- Bunsen burner
- Tripod stand
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 187
- Zinc powder
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Filter funnel and paper
- Evaporating dish
- Bunsen burner

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Practical assessment

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and metal oxide
Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and alkali (titration)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe preparation of salts using acid and metal oxide
- Prepare copper (II) nitrate from copper oxide and nitric acid
- Relate this neutralisation method to pharmaceutical salt production

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Warm dilute nitric (V) acid and add copper (II) oxide in excess
- Filter to remove unreacted oxide
- Evaporate filtrate to saturation
- Allow to cool and crystallise

What is the role of warming the acid in salt preparation?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 188
- Copper (II) oxide
- Dilute nitric (V) acid
- Filter funnel and paper
- Evaporating dish
- Beakers
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 190
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Phenolphthalein
- Burette and stand
- Conical flask

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and carbonate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe preparation of salts using acid and carbonate
- Prepare sodium nitrate from sodium carbonate and nitric acid
- Relate effervescence to carbon dioxide fire extinguishers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Add sodium carbonate to dilute nitric (V) acid until no more gas bubbles
- Test gas with calcium hydroxide
- Filter, evaporate and crystallise
- Write balanced equation for the reaction

How can you tell when the reaction between acid and carbonate is complete?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 191
- Sodium carbonate
- Dilute nitric (V) acid
- Calcium hydroxide
- Filter funnel
- Evaporating dish

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Preparation by precipitation (double decomposition)
Introduction to Salts - Hygroscopic, deliquescent and efflorescent salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe preparation of insoluble salts by precipitation
- Prepare lead (II) sulphate by double decomposition
- Connect precipitation to water treatment and removal of heavy metals

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Mix zinc sulphate solution with lead nitrate solution
- Observe precipitate formation
- Filter, wash and dry the precipitate
- Write ionic equations for precipitation reactions

What is double decomposition and how is it used to prepare insoluble salts?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 193
- Zinc sulphate solution
- Lead nitrate solution
- Filter funnel and paper
- Beakers
- Distilled water
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 196
- Iron (III) chloride
- Anhydrous copper (II) sulphate
- Sodium carbonate decahydrate
- Watch glasses

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Uses of salts and environmental impact of fertilisers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Outline applications of salts in various sectors
- Discuss effects of inorganic fertilisers on the environment
- Relate salts to food preservation, agriculture and water pollution from fertiliser runoff

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for uses of salts in agriculture, medicine, food and glass industries
- Discuss positive and negative effects of inorganic fertilisers
- Discuss eutrophication and mitigation measures
- Present findings on sustainable use of fertilisers

How do salts contribute to agriculture and what are the environmental concerns?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 197
- Samples of inorganic fertilisers
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts on eutrophication

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Project assessment