REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction
Cell division.
Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.



To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.
To describe the process of mitosis.
To describe an experiment to show mitosis in a young root tip.

Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.
Detailed discussion.
Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.
Group experiments: Observing different stages of mitosis. Drawing cells showing stages of mitosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

text book
chart
charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.

KLB BK III. P 78. CERTIFICATE PG 99
KLB BK III.
P 79. CERTIFICATE PG100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of mitosis.
Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of mitosis.
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.

Detailed discussion.
Explanations

text book

KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.
To identify various stages of meiosis.
To explain significance of meiosis.
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.
Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.
Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Exposition and discussion.
Drawing diagrams/ discussion.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope
Chart- Binary fission in amoeba

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Spore formation.
Budding.
Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.
Exposition and discussion.
Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.

Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.
Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.
Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.
To explain terms related to flowers.
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.
Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.
Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.
Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117
KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.
To define fertilisation.
To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.
Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Exposition and detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.

Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.
Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Detailed discussion.
Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

text book
A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.
To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.
To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.
Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.
Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.
Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.
Detailed discussion.
Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c
text book
charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130
KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.
To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.
To explain the male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.
Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male reproduction system of a male animal.
Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.

To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.
Drawing and labeling.
Detailed discussion.

Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 108 CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.
To explain the fertilisation process.

Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.
Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.
Discussion
Drawing diagrams.

Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book
chart

KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Implantation.
The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.
Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.
To describe the formation of the placenta and the structure of the placenta.
To state and explain the role of the placenta.
To identify substances allowed / not allowed to pass through the placenta
To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.
To explain the role of oxytocin in milk let down.
To draw and label mammary glands.
To state secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.

Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.
Exposition and discussion.
Exposition and discussion. Drawing diagrams showing placental exchanges.
Detailed discussion.
Tabulate functional differences.
Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.
Discussion
Drawing and labelling mammary glands.
Detailed discussion.

text book
Chart- The placenta.
text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.

KLB BK III. P. 114 CERTIFICATE PG 153
KLB BK III. PP.
117-119 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.
To represent hormonal levels on a 28-day chart.

Detailed discussion.
Open discussion.
Interpreting illustrative charts.

Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 121 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.
The concepts of growth and development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.
To identify the symptoms of STIs.
To explain the mode of transmission of STIs / AIDS and discuss methods of control.
To differentiate between HIV and AIDS.
To distinguish growth from development.

Open discussion.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Distinction and relationship between HIV and AIDS.
Q/A: Aspects that occur during growth.
Detailed discussion of growth and development.

text book
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.

KLB BK III. P. 123 

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Measurement of growth.
Growth phases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify aspects that indicate growth of an organism.
Sketch a growth curve.
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.

Discuss growth aspects-height, weight and volume.
Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.

text book
Shoots of known ages.

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.
Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.
Dormancy in seeds.
Seed germination.
Epigeal germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain growth curve showing intermittent growth.
To draw and label a typical seed.
To state the functions of the parts of a seed.
To identify structural differences between monocots and dicots.
To define seed dormancy.
To explain factors that cause dormancy and ways of breaking dormancy.
To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.
To differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
To describe epigeal germination.

Q/A: life cycles of insects.
Exposition and detailed discussion.
Students examine external structure of bean seeds and maize seeds.
Teacher assists them to identify the parts of the seeds.
Drawing and labeling the seeds.
Obtain longitudinal section of the seeds.
Identify structural differences of the specimens.
Carry out iodine tests.
Explain the observations.
Detailed discussion.
Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.
Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing comparative diagrams.

chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.
Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.
video
Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.
Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179
KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Hypogeal germination.
Primary growth of a seedling.
Region of growth in a root.
Apical meristems.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hypogeal germination.
To describe primary growth of a seedling.
To determine the region of growth in a root.
To draw and label longitudinal and transverse sections of apical meristems.

Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing diagrams.
Brief discussion.
Group experiments- Observe previously prepared specimens to determine regions of growth.
Discuss observations made.
Draw relevant diagrams.
Drawing and labelling transverse sections of apical meristems.

Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.
Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.
Charts- Apical meristems.

KLB BK III. P. 141 CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Secondary growth.
Growth hormones.
Apical dominance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe secondary growth of plants.
To explain role of hormones in growth of plants.
To explain the role of auxins in apical dominance.

Detailed discussion.
Discuss the role of IAA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid e.t.c, in plant growth.
Probing questions leading to definition and explanation of apical dominance.

text book
Shoot with lateral growth.

KLB BK III. PP. 145-146 CERTIFICATE PG 187

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GENETICS

Growth and development in insects.
Role of hormones in insect growth.
The concept of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.
Define Genetics.
Define variation.

Q/A: Features of complete and incomplete metamorphosis of insects.
Exposition and explanations.
Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions on some variations in human beings.
Observe some variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, finger prints, students? heights, etc.
Discussion on the concept of variation.

chart
text book
Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.

KLB BK III. PP.148-14.9 CERTIFICATE PG 194

GENETICS

Discontinuous variation.
Continuous variation.
Causes of variation.
The chromosome.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous variation.
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.
Discuss causes of variation.
Describe the structure of chromosomes.

Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.
Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.
Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.
Probing questions.
Discussion.

text book
Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
P 3.
KLB BK IV.
P 4

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.
Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 5-6

GENETICS

Genes and DNA.
DNA replication.
First law of heredity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.

Expository approach.
Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.
Exposition with explanations.

Chart- the double helix DNA.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 7-8

GENETICS

Monohybrid inheritance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.

Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 12-14

GENETICS

Genetic crosses using a punnet square.
Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.
Incomplete dominance.
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.
Inheritance of Rhesus factor.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.
Describe inheritance of Rhesus factor.

Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.
Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.
Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.
Discussion.

text book
Beans of two different colours, beakers.
chart

KLB BK IV. PP 14-15
KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.

GENETICS

Determining unknown genotypes.
Sex determination in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.
Describe sex determination in man.

Exposition;
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 22-23

GENETICS

Sex-linked genes and traits.
Non-disjunction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.

Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.
Exposition of new concepts;

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 24-27

GENETICS

Gene mutation.
Disorders due to gene mutations.
Applications of genetics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.

Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.
Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.

Models to show Chromosomal mutations.
chart
text book,video

KLB BK IV. PP 33-35