EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Introduction- Definition and importance of homeostasis and excretion.
Excretion in plants.
Excretion and homeostasis in unicellular organisms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To define homeostasis and excretion.
To explain necessity of excretion in plants and animals.
To name plants excretory products.
To state uses of excretory products of plants.
Describe excretion and homeostasis in an amoeba and a paramecium.

Q/A: Definitions of digestion, ingestion and egestion, secretion and excretion.

Discuss importance of excretion in plants and animals.

Probing questions.
Exposition of new terms.
Discuss uses and abuses of plant excretory products.
Q/A: Review diffusion, structure of an amoeba.
Discuss excretion and homeostasis in an amoeba and a paramecium.

text book
Some plants excretory products.
text book

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 83-84

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Excretion and homeostasis in animals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify excretory organs in various animals.

Exposition and discussion.
Observe drawings of various animals showing excretory organs.

Specimens of platyhelmin-thes, annelida, insects.

K.L.B. BK 2
P. 85

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The mammalian skin.
The lungs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw and label the structure of the mammalian skin.
To describe functions of parts of the mammalian skin.
To explain the role of lungs as excretory organs.

Exposition and discussion.

Permanent slides of mammalian skin.
Chart/ model- Mammalian lungs.

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 86-87

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The kidneys structure.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the external structure of kidney.
To describe the internal structure of the kidney.

Observe external features of a kidney.
Observe internal drawing and labeling of the kidney.

Wall-Charts?internal organs of a kidney.

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 89-90

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The nephron.
Urine formation.
The loop of Henle.
Kidney diseases and disorders.
The Liver.
Deamination.
Other functions of the liver.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the nephron.
To explain formation of urine.
To explain the function of the loop of Henle; and how it?s adapted to its function.
To discuss the role of ADH in determination of concentration of urine.
To name kidney diseases and disorders and state methods of prevention and / treatment.
To draw and label a diagram of the liver.
To explain the function of the liver in deamination.
To state and explain other functions of the liver.

Discuss features of the nephron.
Draw structure of the nephron.
Label the diagram.
Detailed discussion.
Discussion and explanations.
Probing questions.
Discussion and Explanations.
Drawing and labeling diagram of the liver.
Probing questions.
Discussion

Chart?Kidney nephron.
chart
Chart-
The nephron.
text book
Chart-Structure of the liver

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 92

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Liver disorders.
Homeostasis.
The feedback mechanism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To name and discuss kidney disorders.
To identify methods of preventing and treating these disorders.
To define the concepts of internal environment and homeostasis.
To differentiate between positive and negative feedback and state their roles in maintaining the desirable point.

Exposition and discussion.
Schematic representation of feedbacks.

text book
Chart-
Schematic diagram of feedback mechanism

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 96-97

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The hypothalamus.
The skin and thermoregulation.
Blood vessels and their functions in thermo-regulation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of hypothalamus in thermoregulation.
To explain the function of the skin in thermoregulation.
To explain the adaptation of blood vessels and their function in thermo-regulation.

Exposition and detailed discussion.
Exposition and discussion.
Drawing schematic diagrams.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 98

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Homeostatic behavioral activities.
Osmoregulation.
Blood sugar.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain various homeostatic behavioral activities.
To describe water and salts balance in the body.
To discuss effects of insufficient/ excess sugar in the blood.
To explain regulation of blood sugar.

Discussion on control of body temperature.
Probing questions.
Detailed discussion.

text book,video
text book

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 99

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS
CLASSIFICATION II

Diabetes.
Principles of classification of living organisms...
Binomial Nomenclature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish diabetes mellitus from diabetes inspidus.
To identify simple symptoms of diabetes mellitus and diabetes inspidus.

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.

Detailed discussion.
Probing questions.
Topic review.
Q/A: To review Classification I.
Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.
Q/A: Major taxonomic units.
Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.

text book
Chart- Taxonomic units.
Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.

K.L.B. BK 2 PP  103
KLB BK III.P 2. CERTIFICATE PG 3

CLASSIFICATION II

Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the five animal kingdoms.

State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.

Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Chart- Types of bacteria

KLB BK III.P 3. CERTIFICATE PG 4

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Protoctista.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To state general characteristics of members of kingdom Protoctista.

Teacher leads in a discussion.

chart

KLB BK III.
PP 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 8

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms with varied forms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label an amoeba, paramecium, spirogyra, e.t.c.

Drawing and labelling organisms with varied forms.

Wall charts.

KLB BK III. P 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 9

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms in pond water.
Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.
Diagrams of Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify organisms in pond water.
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.
To draw and label various fungi.

Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.
Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.
Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.

Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.
Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.
Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Yeast,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III. P. 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 10
KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 12

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of plants.

Q/A: Compare plants with the aforementioned kingdoms, and then list down characteristics of plants.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 13

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of Bryophyta.
To draw and label external features of an identified Bryophyta.
To identify features of Bryophyta.

Teacher leads in a discussion. Students examine moss plant under a hand lens, then
Draw and label the moss plant.

Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 14

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Pteridophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.

A live or preserved fern.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 15

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Spermatophyta.
Features of Spermatophytes.
Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of spermatophytes.
To identify features of spermatophytes.
To state general characteristics of gymnospermatophyta.

Teacher leads in a discussion on spermatophytes.
Class experiments: To examine a complete specimen of a bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.
Detailed discussion.

text book
Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG 16
KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of angiospermaphyta.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Comparing gymnospermatophyta and angiospermaphyta.

text book

KLB BK III. P 10. CERTIFICATE PG 16

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Monocotyledonae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Monocotyledonae.

Class experiments: Examine maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Discuss external features of the plants.

Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Dicotyledonae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Dicotyledonae.

Class experiments: Examine external features of bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Discuss their external features.

Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Animalia.
Phyllum Arthropoda.
Class Crustacea.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.
To state general characteristics of Arthropoda.
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.

Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.
Q/A: General characteristics of Arthropoda.
Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.

text book
Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.

KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 18
KLB BK III. P 13. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Chilopoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of a centipede.

Examine a centipede.
Draw and label a centipede.
Discuss general characteristics of Chilopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.

A centipede.

KLB BK III. P 14. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Diplopoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of a milipede.

Examine a milipede.
Draw and label a milipede.
Discuss general characteristics of diplopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.

A milipede.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Arachnida.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of mites, spiders, scorpions, ticks.

Examine specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Q/A: Differences between arachnids and members of other classes.
Discuss general characteristics of Arachnida.

Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Insecta.
Phyllum Chordata.
Class Pisces.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of common insects.
To identify general characteristics of chordates.
To draw and label external features of a (tilapia) fish.

Examine live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honeybee, termite, e.t.c.
List down general characteristics of insecta.
Discuss economic importance of insects.
Q/A: Identify classes of phylum chordata.
Discussion: characteristics of chordates.
Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts pertaining to characteristics of fish.

Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.
Chart tilapia fish.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 21
KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Amphibia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.

Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.

Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 23

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Reptilia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of reptilia.

Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 24

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Aves.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of aves.

Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.

Chart- Diagrams of birds.

KLB BK III. P 19. CERTIFICATE PG 24

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Mammalia.
Dichotomous key.
Features for identifying animals / plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.
To list identification features for animals/ plants.

Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.
Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.
Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.

Diagrams of various mammals.

KLB BK III. P 20. CERTIFICATE PG  25
KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Examples of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct dichotomous keys using leaves, stems, e.t.c.

Teacher leads through constructed dichotomous keys.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG28

CLASSIFICATION II

Construction of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.

Supervised exercise.

Written exercise.

Exercise review.

Plants from different families.

Different plant species.

KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30

ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.

text book

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36

ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.
Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.
Teacher exposes new concepts.


Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.

Q/A: Deductions from graphs.

text book
Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38
KLB BK III. P 35. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

- Predation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.

Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c

text book

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51

ECOLOGY

- Parasitism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.

Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.

Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 53

ECOLOGY

- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.

Detailed discussion.

Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57

ECOLOGY

The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.
Food chains.
Food webs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.
To interpret food webs.

Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.
Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.
Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart
charts

KLB BK III. PP 40-41. CERTIFICATE PG58
KLB BK III. P 42. CERTIFICATE PG46