EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Introduction- Definition and importance of homeostasis and excretion.
Excretion in plants.
Excretion and homeostasis in unicellular organisms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To define homeostasis and excretion.
To explain necessity of excretion in plants and animals.
To name plants excretory products.
To state uses of excretory products of plants.
Describe excretion and homeostasis in an amoeba and a paramecium.

Q/A: Definitions of digestion, ingestion and egestion, secretion and excretion.

Discuss importance of excretion in plants and animals.

Probing questions.
Exposition of new terms.
Discuss uses and abuses of plant excretory products.
Q/A: Review diffusion, structure of an amoeba.
Discuss excretion and homeostasis in an amoeba and a paramecium.

text book
Some plants excretory products.
text book

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 83-84

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Excretion and homeostasis in animals.
The mammalian skin.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify excretory organs in various animals.
Draw and label the structure of the mammalian skin.
To describe functions of parts of the mammalian skin.

Exposition and discussion.
Observe drawings of various animals showing excretory organs.

Specimens of platyhelmin-thes, annelida, insects.
Permanent slides of mammalian skin.

K.L.B. BK 2
P. 85

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The lungs.
The kidneys structure.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of lungs as excretory organs.
To describe the external structure of kidney.
To describe the internal structure of the kidney.

Exposition and discussion.
Observe external features of a kidney.
Observe internal drawing and labeling of the kidney.

Chart/ model- Mammalian lungs.
Wall-Charts?internal organs of a kidney.

K.L.B. BK 2
P. 87

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The nephron.
Urine formation.
The loop of Henle.
Kidney diseases and disorders.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the nephron.
To explain formation of urine.
To explain the function of the loop of Henle; and how it?s adapted to its function.
To discuss the role of ADH in determination of concentration of urine.
To name kidney diseases and disorders and state methods of prevention and / treatment.

Discuss features of the nephron.
Draw structure of the nephron.
Label the diagram.
Detailed discussion.
Discussion and explanations.
Probing questions.

Chart?Kidney nephron.
chart
Chart-
The nephron.
text book

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The Liver.
Deamination.
Other functions of the liver.
Liver disorders.
Homeostasis.
The feedback mechanism.
The hypothalamus.
The skin and thermoregulation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a diagram of the liver.
To explain the function of the liver in deamination.
To state and explain other functions of the liver.
To name and discuss kidney disorders.
To identify methods of preventing and treating these disorders.
To define the concepts of internal environment and homeostasis.
To differentiate between positive and negative feedback and state their roles in maintaining the desirable point.
To explain the role of hypothalamus in thermoregulation.
To explain the function of the skin in thermoregulation.

Drawing and labeling diagram of the liver.
Probing questions.
Discussion
Exposition and discussion.
Schematic representation of feedbacks.
Exposition and discussion.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

Chart-Structure of the liver
text book
Chart-
Schematic diagram of feedback mechanism
text book

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 93-94
K.L.B. BK 2 PP 97-98

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Blood vessels and their functions in thermo-regulation.
Homeostatic behavioral activities.
Osmoregulation.
Blood sugar.
Diabetes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the adaptation of blood vessels and their function in thermo-regulation.
To state and explain various homeostatic behavioral activities.
To describe water and salts balance in the body.
To discuss effects of insufficient/ excess sugar in the blood.
To explain regulation of blood sugar.
To distinguish diabetes mellitus from diabetes inspidus.
To identify simple symptoms of diabetes mellitus and diabetes inspidus.

Exposition and discussion.
Drawing schematic diagrams.
Discussion on control of body temperature.
Probing questions.
Detailed discussion.
Topic review.

text book
text book,video

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 98-99

CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms...

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.

Q/A: To review Classification I.

Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.

Q/A: Major taxonomic units.

Chart- Taxonomic units.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 

CLASSIFICATION II

Binomial Nomenclature.
Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.
Identify the five animal kingdoms.
State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.
Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.
Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.
Chart- Types of bacteria

KLB BK III.P 2. CERTIFICATE PG 3

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Protoctista.
Organisms with varied forms.
Organisms in pond water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To state general characteristics of members of kingdom Protoctista.

To draw and label an amoeba, paramecium, spirogyra, e.t.c.
To identify organisms in pond water.

Teacher leads in a discussion.
Drawing and labelling organisms with varied forms.
Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.

chart
Wall charts.
Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.

KLB BK III.
PP 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 8
KLB BK III. P 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 9

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.

Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11

CLASSIFICATION II

Diagrams of Fungi.
Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label various fungi.
State general characteristics of plants.

Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.
Q/A: Compare plants with the aforementioned kingdoms, and then list down characteristics of plants.

Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Yeast,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 12

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of Bryophyta.
To draw and label external features of an identified Bryophyta.
To identify features of Bryophyta.

Teacher leads in a discussion. Students examine moss plant under a hand lens, then
Draw and label the moss plant.

Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 14

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Pteridophyta.
Division Spermatophyta.
Features of Spermatophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.
To state general characteristics of spermatophytes.
To identify features of spermatophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.
Teacher leads in a discussion on spermatophytes.
Class experiments: To examine a complete specimen of a bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

A live or preserved fern.
text book
Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 15
KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.
Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of gymnospermatophyta.
To state general characteristics of angiospermaphyta.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Comparing gymnospermatophyta and angiospermaphyta.

text book

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Monocotyledonae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Monocotyledonae.

Class experiments: Examine maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Discuss external features of the plants.

Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Dicotyledonae.
Kingdom Animalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Dicotyledonae.
To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.

Class experiments: Examine external features of bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Discuss their external features.
Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.

Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
text book

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Arthropoda.
Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Arthropoda.
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.
To describe external features of a centipede.

Q/A: General characteristics of Arthropoda.
Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.
Examine a centipede.
Draw and label a centipede.
Discuss general characteristics of Chilopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.

Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.

KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 19
KLB BK III. P 14. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Diplopoda.
Class Arachnida.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of a milipede.
To describe external features of mites, spiders, scorpions, ticks.

Examine a milipede.
Draw and label a milipede.
Discuss general characteristics of diplopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.
Examine specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Q/A: Differences between arachnids and members of other classes.
Discuss general characteristics of Arachnida.

A milipede.
Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Insecta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of common insects.

Examine live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honeybee, termite, e.t.c.
List down general characteristics of insecta.
Discuss economic importance of insects.

Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Chordata.
Class Pisces.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify general characteristics of chordates.
To draw and label external features of a (tilapia) fish.

Q/A: Identify classes of phylum chordata.
Discussion: characteristics of chordates.
Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts pertaining to characteristics of fish.

Chart tilapia fish.

KLB BK III. PP 16-18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Amphibia.
Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.
To state general characteristics of reptilia.
To state general characteristics of aves.

Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.
Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.

Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.
Chart- Diagrams of birds.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 23
KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 24

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Mammalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.

Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.

Diagrams of various mammals.

KLB BK III. P 20. CERTIFICATE PG  25

CLASSIFICATION II

Dichotomous key.
Features for identifying animals / plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.
To list identification features for animals/ plants.

Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.
Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.

KLB BK III. P 23. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Examples of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct dichotomous keys using leaves, stems, e.t.c.

Teacher leads through constructed dichotomous keys.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG28

CLASSIFICATION II
ECOLOGY

Construction of dichotomous keys.
Concepts of ecology.
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.
To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Supervised exercise.
Written exercise.
Exercise review.
Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.
Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

Plants from different families.
Different plant species.
text book

KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30
KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.
Teacher exposes new concepts.
Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.
Q/A: Deductions from graphs.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

- Predation.
- Parasitism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.

Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c
Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.

text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51

ECOLOGY

- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.

Detailed discussion.

Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57

ECOLOGY

The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.
Food chains.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.

Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.
Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.

Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.

KLB BK III. PP 40-41. CERTIFICATE PG58
KLB BK III. P 42. CERTIFICATE PG46

ECOLOGY

Food webs.
Ecological pyramids of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To interpret food webs.
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.

Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.
Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.

charts
chart

KLB BK III. P 43. CERTIFICATE PG47

ECOLOGY

Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct pyramid of numbers from given data.

To interpret constructed pyramid of numbers from given data.

Q/A: Identifying trophic levels of organisms.

Use given date to construct pyramid of numbers.

Supervised Exercise.

text book

KLB BK III. PP 42-43 CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Inverted pyramid of numbers.
Pyramid of Biomass.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.

Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.
Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.
Students construct biomass from given data.

Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.
chart

KLB BK III. PP 43-44 CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.
To describe the quadrat method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
To estimate population using quadrat method.

Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.



Teacher explains use of quadrat method of estimating population.
Q/A: limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
Project- students to make quadrats.
Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.

text book
text book
Standard quadrats.

KLB BK III. P 46.  CERTIFICATE PG 60
KLB BK III. PP 46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Line - transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the line transect method of population.
To suggest limitations of line transect method of population.

Teacher explains procedure of line transect method of population.
Q/A: Students suggest limitations of line transect method of population.

text book

KLB BK III.
PP 47-48. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Belt transect method of estimating population.
Capture-recapture method.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.

Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.
Detailed discussion and explanations.
Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.
Worked examples.

Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c
specimen

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Xerophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of dry habitats.
To identify adaptations of xerophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of xerophytes to dry habitats.

Specimens of xerophytes.

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 64

ECOLOGY

Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.
Halophytes.
Adaptive features of plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.
To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.
To state characteristics of habitats of hydrophytes.
To explain adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.
Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.
Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where hydrophytes.
thrive.
Discussion: Adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.
Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.
Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.

Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.
Specimens of halophytes.
Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69
KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Pollution and its effects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollution, pollutants.
To explain effects of pollution on human beings and other organisms.

Discussion punctuated with Q/A.

text book

KLB BK III. P 55. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Air pollution.
Water pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Detailed discussion & probing questions.
Detailed discussion & Q/A.

topic related video
video of water pollution

KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Soil pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of soil pollution.
To suggest control measures of soil pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

text book

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 80

ECOLOGY

Radioactive emissions.
Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.
Protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify effects of radioactive emissions.
To state uses of nuclear energy.
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.
To identify causal agents, symptoms, prevention and treatment of amoebic dysentery and malaria.

Brief discussion on radioactive emissions and nuclear energy
Detailed discussion with probing questions.
Detailed discussion, Q/A.

text book
magazine

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 72
KLB BK III. PP 66. CERTIFICATE PG 83

ECOLOGY

Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.
Ascaris lumbricoides.
Bilharzia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.
To identify causal and transmission agents of bilharzia.
To describe effects of the parasite on its host.
To identify adaptive features of schistosoma.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.
Detailed discussion.
Brief discussion
Q/A: Effects on host and control measures.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.
chart

CERTIFICATE PG  83