EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Introduction- Definition and importance of homeostasis and excretion.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To define homeostasis and excretion.
To explain necessity of excretion in plants and animals.

Q/A: Definitions of digestion, ingestion and egestion, secretion and excretion.

Discuss importance of excretion in plants and animals.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 83-84

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Excretion in plants.
Excretion and homeostasis in unicellular organisms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To name plants excretory products.
To state uses of excretory products of plants.
Describe excretion and homeostasis in an amoeba and a paramecium.

Probing questions.
Exposition of new terms.
Discuss uses and abuses of plant excretory products.
Q/A: Review diffusion, structure of an amoeba.
Discuss excretion and homeostasis in an amoeba and a paramecium.

Some plants excretory products.
text book

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 83-84

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Excretion and homeostasis in animals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify excretory organs in various animals.

Exposition and discussion.
Observe drawings of various animals showing excretory organs.

Specimens of platyhelmin-thes, annelida, insects.

K.L.B. BK 2
P. 85

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The mammalian skin.
The lungs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw and label the structure of the mammalian skin.
To describe functions of parts of the mammalian skin.
To explain the role of lungs as excretory organs.

Exposition and discussion.

Permanent slides of mammalian skin.
Chart/ model- Mammalian lungs.

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 86-87

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The kidneys structure.
The nephron.
Urine formation.
The loop of Henle.
Kidney diseases and disorders.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the external structure of kidney.
To describe the internal structure of the kidney.
Describe features of the nephron.
To explain formation of urine.
To explain the function of the loop of Henle; and how it?s adapted to its function.
To discuss the role of ADH in determination of concentration of urine.
To name kidney diseases and disorders and state methods of prevention and / treatment.

Observe external features of a kidney.
Observe internal drawing and labeling of the kidney.
Discuss features of the nephron.
Draw structure of the nephron.
Label the diagram.
Detailed discussion.
Discussion and explanations.
Probing questions.

Wall-Charts?internal organs of a kidney.
Chart?Kidney nephron.
chart
Chart-
The nephron.
text book

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 89-90
K.L.B. BK 2 PP 90

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The Liver.
Deamination.
Other functions of the liver.
Liver disorders.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a diagram of the liver.
To explain the function of the liver in deamination.
To state and explain other functions of the liver.
To name and discuss kidney disorders.
To identify methods of preventing and treating these disorders.

Drawing and labeling diagram of the liver.
Probing questions.
Discussion
Exposition and discussion.

Chart-Structure of the liver
text book

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 93-94

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Homeostasis.
The feedback mechanism.
The hypothalamus.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define the concepts of internal environment and homeostasis.
To differentiate between positive and negative feedback and state their roles in maintaining the desirable point.
To explain the role of hypothalamus in thermoregulation.

Exposition and discussion.
Schematic representation of feedbacks.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

text book
Chart-
Schematic diagram of feedback mechanism

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 97-98

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The skin and thermoregulation.
Blood vessels and their functions in thermo-regulation.
Homeostatic behavioral activities.
Osmoregulation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the function of the skin in thermoregulation.
To explain the adaptation of blood vessels and their function in thermo-regulation.
To state and explain various homeostatic behavioral activities.
To describe water and salts balance in the body.

Exposition and discussion.
Drawing schematic diagrams.
Discussion on control of body temperature.
Probing questions.
Detailed discussion.

text book
text book,video

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 98

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Blood sugar.
Diabetes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss effects of insufficient/ excess sugar in the blood.
To explain regulation of blood sugar.
To distinguish diabetes mellitus from diabetes inspidus.
To identify simple symptoms of diabetes mellitus and diabetes inspidus.

Detailed discussion.
Detailed discussion.
Probing questions.
Topic review.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 101-102

CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms...
Binomial Nomenclature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.

Q/A: To review Classification I.
Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.
Q/A: Major taxonomic units.
Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.

Chart- Taxonomic units.
Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 

CLASSIFICATION II

Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.
Kingdom Protoctista.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the five animal kingdoms.

State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

To give examples of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To state general characteristics of members of kingdom Protoctista.

Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.

Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Teacher leads in a discussion.

Chart- Types of bacteria

KLB BK III.P 3. CERTIFICATE PG 4
KLB BK III.
PP 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 8

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms with varied forms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label an amoeba, paramecium, spirogyra, e.t.c.

Drawing and labelling organisms with varied forms.

Wall charts.

KLB BK III. P 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 9

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms in pond water.
Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify organisms in pond water.
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.
Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.

Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.
Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.

KLB BK III. P. 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 10

CLASSIFICATION II

Diagrams of Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label various fungi.

Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.

Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Yeast,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 12

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.
Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.
Division Pteridophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of plants.
State general characteristics of Bryophyta.
To draw and label external features of an identified Bryophyta.
To identify features of Bryophyta.
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.

Q/A: Compare plants with the aforementioned kingdoms, and then list down characteristics of plants.

Teacher leads in a discussion. Students examine moss plant under a hand lens, then
Draw and label the moss plant.
Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.

Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.
A live or preserved fern.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 13
KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 14

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Spermatophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of spermatophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on spermatophytes.

text book

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG 16

CLASSIFICATION II

Features of Spermatophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify features of spermatophytes.

Class experiments: To examine a complete specimen of a bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of gymnospermatophyta.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.
Class Monocotyledonae.
Class Dicotyledonae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of angiospermaphyta.
To list down characteristics of Monocotyledonae.
To list down characteristics of Dicotyledonae.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Comparing gymnospermatophyta and angiospermaphyta.
Class experiments: Examine maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Discuss external features of the plants.
Class experiments: Examine external features of bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Discuss their external features.

text book
Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.

KLB BK III. P 10. CERTIFICATE PG 16
KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Animalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.

Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.

text book

KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 18

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Arthropoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Arthropoda.

Q/A: General characteristics of Arthropoda.

KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 19

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.
To describe external features of a centipede.

Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.
Examine a centipede.
Draw and label a centipede.
Discuss general characteristics of Chilopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.

Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.

KLB BK III. P 13. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Diplopoda.
Class Arachnida.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of a milipede.
To describe external features of mites, spiders, scorpions, ticks.

Examine a milipede.
Draw and label a milipede.
Discuss general characteristics of diplopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.

Examine specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Q/A: Differences between arachnids and members of other classes.
Discuss general characteristics of Arachnida.

A milipede.
Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Insecta.
Phyllum Chordata.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of common insects.
To identify general characteristics of chordates.

Examine live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honeybee, termite, e.t.c.
List down general characteristics of insecta.
Discuss economic importance of insects.
Q/A: Identify classes of phylum chordata.
Discussion: characteristics of chordates.

Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Pisces.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label external features of a (tilapia) fish.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts pertaining to characteristics of fish.

Chart tilapia fish.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Amphibia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.

Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.

Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 23

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.
Class Mammalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of reptilia.
To state general characteristics of aves.
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.

Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.
Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.
Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.

Chart- Diagrams of birds.
Diagrams of various mammals.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 24
KLB BK III. P 19. CERTIFICATE PG 24

CLASSIFICATION II

Dichotomous key.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.

Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.

KLB BK III. P 23. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Features for identifying animals / plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list identification features for animals/ plants.

Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.

KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Examples of dichotomous keys.
Construction of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct dichotomous keys using leaves, stems, e.t.c.
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.

Teacher leads through constructed dichotomous keys.
Supervised exercise.
Written exercise.
Exercise review.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.
Plants from different families.
Different plant species.

KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG28

ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.
Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36
KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.
- Predation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.

Teacher exposes new concepts.
Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.
Q/A: Deductions from graphs.
Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c

Chart , graphs.
text book

KLB BK III. P 35. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

- Parasitism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.

Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.

Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 53

ECOLOGY

- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.



Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.

Detailed discussion.

Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.
Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.
Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.

text book
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.

KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57
KLB BK III. PP 40-41. CERTIFICATE PG58

ECOLOGY

Food chains.
Food webs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.
To interpret food webs.

Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.
Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

chart
charts

KLB BK III. P 42. CERTIFICATE PG46