CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms...
Binomial Nomenclature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.

Q/A: To review Classification I.
Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.
Q/A: Major taxonomic units.
Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.

Chart- Taxonomic units.
Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 

CLASSIFICATION II

Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the five animal kingdoms.

State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.

Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Chart- Types of bacteria

KLB BK III.P 3. CERTIFICATE PG 4

CLASSIFICATION II

Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.
Kingdom Protoctista.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the five animal kingdoms.

State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

To give examples of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To state general characteristics of members of kingdom Protoctista.

Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.

Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Teacher leads in a discussion.

Chart- Types of bacteria

KLB BK III.P 3. CERTIFICATE PG 4
KLB BK III.
PP 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 8

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms with varied forms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label an amoeba, paramecium, spirogyra, e.t.c.

Drawing and labelling organisms with varied forms.

Wall charts.

KLB BK III. P 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 9

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms in pond water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify organisms in pond water.

Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.

Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.

KLB BK III. P. 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 10

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.

Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.
Diagrams of Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

To draw and label various fungi.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.
Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.

Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.
Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Yeast,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11
KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 12

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.
Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of plants.
State general characteristics of Bryophyta.
To draw and label external features of an identified Bryophyta.
To identify features of Bryophyta.

Q/A: Compare plants with the aforementioned kingdoms, and then list down characteristics of plants.
Teacher leads in a discussion. Students examine moss plant under a hand lens, then
Draw and label the moss plant.

Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 13

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Pteridophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.

A live or preserved fern.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 15

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Spermatophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of spermatophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on spermatophytes.

text book

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG 16

CLASSIFICATION II

Features of Spermatophytes.
Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.
Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify features of spermatophytes.
To state general characteristics of gymnospermatophyta.
To state general characteristics of angiospermaphyta.

Class experiments: To examine a complete specimen of a bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Comparing gymnospermatophyta and angiospermaphyta.

Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.


text book

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Monocotyledonae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Monocotyledonae.

Class experiments: Examine maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Discuss external features of the plants.

Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Dicotyledonae.
Kingdom Animalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Dicotyledonae.
To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.

Class experiments: Examine external features of bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Discuss their external features.
Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.

Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
text book

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Arthropoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Arthropoda.

Q/A: General characteristics of Arthropoda.

KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 19

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.
Class Diplopoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.
To describe external features of a centipede.
To describe external features of a milipede.

Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.
Examine a centipede.
Draw and label a centipede.
Discuss general characteristics of Chilopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.
Examine a milipede.
Draw and label a milipede.
Discuss general characteristics of diplopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.

Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.
A milipede.

KLB BK III. P 13. CERTIFICATE PG 21
KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Arachnida.
Class Insecta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of mites, spiders, scorpions, ticks.
To describe external features of common insects.

Examine specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Q/A: Differences between arachnids and members of other classes.
Discuss general characteristics of Arachnida.
Examine live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honeybee, termite, e.t.c.
List down general characteristics of insecta.
Discuss economic importance of insects.

Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Chordata.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify general characteristics of chordates.

Q/A: Identify classes of phylum chordata.
Discussion: characteristics of chordates.

KLB BK III. PP 16-18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Pisces.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label external features of a (tilapia) fish.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts pertaining to characteristics of fish.

Chart tilapia fish.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Amphibia.
Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.
To state general characteristics of reptilia.
To state general characteristics of aves.

Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.
Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.

Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.
Chart- Diagrams of birds.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 23
KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 24

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Mammalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.

Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.

Diagrams of various mammals.

KLB BK III. P 20. CERTIFICATE PG  25

CLASSIFICATION II

Dichotomous key.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.

Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.

KLB BK III. P 23. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Features for identifying animals / plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list identification features for animals/ plants.

Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.

KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Examples of dichotomous keys.
Construction of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct dichotomous keys using leaves, stems, e.t.c.
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.

Teacher leads through constructed dichotomous keys.

Supervised exercise.

Written exercise.

Exercise review.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

Plants from different families.

Different plant species.

KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG28
KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30

ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.

text book

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36

ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.
- Predation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.

Teacher exposes new concepts.


Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.

Q/A: Deductions from graphs.
Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c

Chart , graphs.
text book

KLB BK III. P 35. CERTIFICATE PG 50
KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51

ECOLOGY

- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.

Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.
Detailed discussion.
Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.

Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
text book

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 53

ECOLOGY

The Nitrogen cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.

Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.

Chart-Nitrogen cycle.

KLB BK III. PP 40-41. CERTIFICATE PG58

ECOLOGY

Trophic levels.
Food chains.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.

Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.

Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart

KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43

ECOLOGY

Food webs.
Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To interpret food webs.
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.
To construct pyramid of numbers from given data.
To interpret constructed pyramid of numbers from given data.

Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.
Q/A: Identifying trophic levels of organisms.
Use given date to construct pyramid of numbers.
Supervised Exercise.

charts
chart
text book

KLB BK III. P 43. CERTIFICATE PG47
KLB BK III. PP 41-42. CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Inverted pyramid of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.

Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.

Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.

KLB BK III. PP 43-44 CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Pyramid of Biomass.
Population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.

Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.
Students construct biomass from given data.
Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 44-45. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the quadrat method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.

Teacher explains use of quadrat method of estimating population.
Q/A: limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
Project- students to make quadrats.

text book

KLB BK III. PP 46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.
Belt transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using quadrat method.
To describe the line transect method of population.
To suggest limitations of line transect method of population.
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.
Teacher explains procedure of line transect method of population.
Q/A: Students suggest limitations of line transect method of population.
Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

Standard quadrats.
text book
Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c

KLB BK III. PP
46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62
KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.
To state characteristics of dry habitats.
To identify adaptations of xerophytes to their habitats.

Detailed discussion and explanations.
Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.
Worked examples.
Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of xerophytes to dry habitats.

specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 61

ECOLOGY

Mesophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.

To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of mesophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of hydrophytes.
To explain adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where hydrophytes.
thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 66

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.
Adaptive features of plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.
Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.

Specimens of halophytes.
Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68
KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Pollution and its effects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollution, pollutants.
To explain effects of pollution on human beings and other organisms.

Discussion punctuated with Q/A.

text book

KLB BK III. P 55. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Detailed discussion & probing questions.

topic related video

KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Water pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

video of water pollution

KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of soil pollution.
To suggest control measures of soil pollution.

To identify effects of radioactive emissions.
To state uses of nuclear energy.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.
Brief discussion on radioactive emissions and nuclear energy

text book

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 80
KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 72