CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms...
Binomial Nomenclature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.

Q/A: To review Classification I.
Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.
Q/A: Major taxonomic units.
Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.

Chart- Taxonomic units.
Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 

CLASSIFICATION II

Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the five animal kingdoms.

State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.

Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Chart- Types of bacteria

KLB BK III.P 3. CERTIFICATE PG 4

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Protoctista.
Organisms with varied forms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To state general characteristics of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To draw and label an amoeba, paramecium, spirogyra, e.t.c.

Teacher leads in a discussion.
Drawing and labelling organisms with varied forms.

chart
Wall charts.

KLB BK III.
PP 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 8

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms in pond water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify organisms in pond water.

Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.

Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.

KLB BK III. P. 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 10

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.

Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.
Diagrams of Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

To draw and label various fungi.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.
Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.

Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.
Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Yeast,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11
KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 12

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of plants.

Q/A: Compare plants with the aforementioned kingdoms, and then list down characteristics of plants.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 13

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of Bryophyta.
To draw and label external features of an identified Bryophyta.
To identify features of Bryophyta.

Teacher leads in a discussion. Students examine moss plant under a hand lens, then
Draw and label the moss plant.

Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 14

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Pteridophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.

A live or preserved fern.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 15

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Spermatophyta.
Features of Spermatophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of spermatophytes.


To identify features of spermatophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on spermatophytes.
Class experiments: To examine a complete specimen of a bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

text book
Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG 16
KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.
Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of gymnospermatophyta.
To state general characteristics of angiospermaphyta.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Comparing gymnospermatophyta and angiospermaphyta.

text book

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Monocotyledonae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Monocotyledonae.

Class experiments: Examine maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Discuss external features of the plants.

Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Dicotyledonae.
Kingdom Animalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Dicotyledonae.
To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.

Class experiments: Examine external features of bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Discuss their external features.
Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.

Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
text book

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Arthropoda.
Class Crustacea.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Arthropoda.
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.

Q/A: General characteristics of Arthropoda.
Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.

Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.

KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 19
KLB BK III. P 13. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Chilopoda.
Class Diplopoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of a centipede.
To describe external features of a milipede.

Examine a centipede.
Draw and label a centipede.
Discuss general characteristics of Chilopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.
Examine a milipede.
Draw and label a milipede.
Discuss general characteristics of diplopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.

A centipede.
A milipede.

KLB BK III. P 14. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Arachnida.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of mites, spiders, scorpions, ticks.

Examine specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Q/A: Differences between arachnids and members of other classes.
Discuss general characteristics of Arachnida.

Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Insecta.
Phyllum Chordata.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of common insects.
To identify general characteristics of chordates.

Examine live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honeybee, termite, e.t.c.
List down general characteristics of insecta.
Discuss economic importance of insects.
Q/A: Identify classes of phylum chordata.
Discussion: characteristics of chordates.

Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Pisces.
Class Amphibia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label external features of a (tilapia) fish.
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts pertaining to characteristics of fish.
Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.

Chart tilapia fish.
Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 22
KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 23

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Reptilia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of reptilia.

Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 24

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Aves.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of aves.

Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.

Chart- Diagrams of birds.

KLB BK III. P 19. CERTIFICATE PG 24

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Mammalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.

Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.

Diagrams of various mammals.

KLB BK III. P 20. CERTIFICATE PG  25

CLASSIFICATION II

Dichotomous key.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.

Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.

KLB BK III. P 23. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Features for identifying animals / plants.
Examples of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list identification features for animals/ plants.
To construct dichotomous keys using leaves, stems, e.t.c.

Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.
Teacher leads through constructed dichotomous keys.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Construction of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.

Supervised exercise.

Written exercise.

Exercise review.

Plants from different families.

Different plant species.

KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30

ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.

text book

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36

ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.
- Predation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.

Teacher exposes new concepts.


Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.

Q/A: Deductions from graphs.
Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c

Chart , graphs.
text book

KLB BK III. P 35. CERTIFICATE PG 50
KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51

ECOLOGY

- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.

Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.
Detailed discussion.
Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.

Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
text book

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 53

ECOLOGY

The Nitrogen cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.

Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.

Chart-Nitrogen cycle.

KLB BK III. PP 40-41. CERTIFICATE PG58

ECOLOGY

Trophic levels.
Food chains.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.

Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.

Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart

KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43

ECOLOGY

Food webs.
Ecological pyramids of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To interpret food webs.
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.

Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.

charts

KLB BK III. P 43. CERTIFICATE PG47
KLB BK III. PP 41-42. CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.
Inverted pyramid of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct pyramid of numbers from given data.
To interpret constructed pyramid of numbers from given data.
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.

Q/A: Identifying trophic levels of organisms.
Use given date to construct pyramid of numbers.
Supervised Exercise.
Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.

text book
Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.

KLB BK III. PP 42-43 CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Pyramid of Biomass.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.

Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.

Students construct biomass from given data.

chart

KLB BK III. PP 44-45. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.
To describe the quadrat method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.

Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.
Teacher explains use of quadrat method of estimating population.
Q/A: limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
Project- students to make quadrats.

text book

KLB BK III. P 46.  CERTIFICATE PG 60

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using quadrat method.
To describe the line transect method of population.
To suggest limitations of line transect method of population.

Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.
Teacher explains procedure of line transect method of population.
Q/A: Students suggest limitations of line transect method of population.

Standard quadrats.
text book

KLB BK III. PP
46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62
KLB BK III.
PP 47-48. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Belt transect method of estimating population.
Capture-recapture method.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.

Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.
Detailed discussion and explanations.
Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.
Worked examples.

Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c
specimen

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Xerophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of dry habitats.
To identify adaptations of xerophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of xerophytes to dry habitats.

Specimens of xerophytes.

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 64