REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of mitosis.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis.
First and second meiotic divisions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.

Explanations

text book
Chart- stages of second meiotic division.

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 103

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various stages of meiosis.

Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope
Chart- Binary fission in amoeba

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 105

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Spore formation.
Budding.
Budding in yeast.
Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.
To draw and label a flower.

Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.
Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.
Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope
Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114
KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.

Exposition and detailed discussion.

wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.
Fruit development.
Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Detailed discussion.
Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

text book

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123
KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c
text book

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.

To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.

Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal fertilisation.
Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.

Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.

KLB BK III. P. 105CERTIFICATE PG 148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.
Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the male reproduction system.
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.
Drawing and labeling.

text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.

KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150
KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.
Implantation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.

Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.

text book
chart

KLB BK III. PP.
112-113 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the formation of the placenta and the structure of the placenta.

Exposition and discussion.

Chart- The placenta.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 115 CERTIFICATE PG 159

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.

Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.

text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.

KLB BK III. PP.
117-119 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.
Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

Detailed discussion.
Open discussion.

Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart
text book
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.

KLB BK III. P. 121 CERTIFICATE PG 151
KLB BK III. P. 123 

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

The concepts of growth and development.
Measurement of growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish growth from development.

Q/A: Aspects that occur during growth.
Detailed discussion of growth and development.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth phases.
Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.

Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.

Shoots of known ages.
chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.

KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.
Dormancy in seeds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify structural differences between monocots and dicots.

Obtain longitudinal section of the seeds.
Identify structural differences of the specimens.
Carry out iodine tests.
Explain the observations.

Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.
video

KLB BK III. P. 136  CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Seed germination.
Epigeal germination.
Hypogeal germination.
Primary growth of a seedling.
Region of growth in a root.
Apical meristems.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.
To describe primary growth of a seedling.

Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.
Brief discussion.

Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.
Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.
Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.
Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.
Charts- Apical meristems.

KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184
KLB BK III. P 143 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Secondary growth.
Growth hormones.
Apical dominance.
Growth and development in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe secondary growth of plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book
Shoot with lateral growth.
chart

KLB BK III. PP. 145-146 CERTIFICATE PG 187

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GENETICS

Role of hormones in insect growth.
The concept of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.

Exposition and explanations.

text book
Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.

KLB BK III. PP. 148-149. CERTIFICATE PG 199

GENETICS

Discontinuous variation.
Continuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous variation.

Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.

text book
Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
P 3.

GENETICS

Causes of variation.
The chromosome.
Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.
Describe the structure of chromosomes.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.


Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.

text book
text book
Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.

KLB BK IV.
P 4
KLB BK IV. PP 4-5.

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
Genes and DNA.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.
Chart- the double helix DNA.

KLB BK IV. PP 6-7

GENETICS

DNA replication.
First law of heredity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.

Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 9-10

GENETICS

Monohybrid inheritance.
Genetic crosses using a punnet square.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.

Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 12-14

GENETICS

Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.
Incomplete dominance.
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.
Inheritance of Rhesus factor.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.

Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.

Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.

Beans of two different colours, beakers.
chart

KLB BK IV. PP 15-17
KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.

GENETICS

Determining unknown genotypes.
Sex determination in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.

Exposition;
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 22-23

GENETICS

Sex-linked genes and traits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.

Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 24-27

GENETICS

Non-disjunction.
Gene mutation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion.

text book
Models to show Chromosomal mutations.

KLB BK IV. PP 30-33

GENETICS
GENETICS
EVOLUTION

Disorders due to gene mutations.
Applications of genetics.
Meaning of evolution. Theories of origin of life.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.

Identify areas of practical application of genetics.

Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.

chart
text book,video
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 35-38
KLB BK IV. PP 39-45

EVOLUTION

Evidence for organic evolution.
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite evidence for organic evolution.

Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Exposition;
Discussion.

text book
Forelimbs of vertebrates.

KLB BK IV. PP 51-59

EVOLUTION

Comparative anatomy and homologous structures. (contd)
Convergent evolution and analogous structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.

Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.

Forelimbs of vertebrates.
Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.

KLB BK IV. PP 59-63

EVOLUTION

Convergent evolution and analogous structures.(contd)
Larmack?s theory of evolution.
Darwin?s theory of natural selection.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.

Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 63-64

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Meaning of stimulus, response and irritability. Tactic responses.
Tropism and types of tropism.
Nastic responses.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:




Define of stimulus, response and irritability.
Explain the need for sensitivity and response.
Identify types of tactics responses.

Identify types of tropism.
State differences between tropisms and taxes.

Brain storming;
Exposition;
Group experiments-chemotaxis in termites;
Discussion.

Examine previous plant set ?ups on response to light, gravity;
Probing questions and discussion.

Brad crumbs, termites, dry sand, moth balls.
Seedlings, klinostat, corked beaker.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 73-74
KLB BK IV. PP 74-78

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Role of auxins in tropisms.
Response and Co-ordination in animals. The nervous system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the role of auxins in tropisms.

Examine previous plant set ?ups on response to light, gravity; contact;
Probing questions and discussion.

text book
Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 80-83

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Types of neurons. The brain.
Reflex actions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of neurons.

Describe structure of the human brain.

Descriptive and expository approaches.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 85-88

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Transmission of a nerve impulse.
The endocrine system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the transmission of a nerve impulse.

Descriptive and expository approaches.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 90-93

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

The mammalian eye.
Accommodation of the eye.
Defects of vision and their correction.
The human ear.
Hearing.
Body balance and posture.
Defects of the ear.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major parts of the human eye.
Explain image formation and interpretation in the eye.
Identify defects of vision.
Explain correction of vision defects.

Brain storming;
Discussion with probing questions.
Detailed discussion with probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Chart- the human eye.
Chart- focusing far and near points.
Illustrative diagrams.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 93-100
KLB BK IV. PP 101-4