GENETICS

The concept of variation.
Discontinuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define Genetics.
Define variation.
Define discontinuous variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions on some variations in human beings.
Observe some variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, finger prints, students? heights, etc.
Discussion on the concept of variation.

Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.

Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.
text book

KLB BK IV.
PP 1-2.
KLB BK IV.
P 3.

GENETICS

Continuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.

Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.

Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4

GENETICS

Causes of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV.
P 4

GENETICS

Causes of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV.
P 4

GENETICS

The chromosome.
Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes.
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

text book
Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 4-5.
KLB BK IV. PP 5-6

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 6-7

GENETICS

Genes and DNA.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.

Expository approach.

Chart- the double helix DNA.

KLB BK IV. PP 7-8

GENETICS

DNA replication.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.

Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 9-10

GENETICS

First law of heredity.
Monohybrid inheritance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.

Exposition with explanations.
Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 11-12
KLB BK IV. PP 12-14

GENETICS

Genetic crosses using a punnet square.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.

Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 14-15

GENETICS

Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.

Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.

Beans of two different colours, beakers.

KLB BK IV. PP 15-17

GENETICS

Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.

Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.

Beans of two different colours, beakers.

KLB BK IV. PP 15-17

GENETICS

Incomplete dominance.
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.
Inheritance of Rhesus factor.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.

Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.
Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.
KLB BK IV. PP 20-21

GENETICS

Determining unknown genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.

Exposition;
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 22-23

GENETICS

Sex determination in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in man.

Exposition;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

KLB BK IV. PP 23-24

GENETICS

Sex-linked genes and traits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.

Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 24-27

GENETICS

Non-disjunction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 30-33

GENETICS

Gene mutation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.

Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.

Models to show Chromosomal mutations.

KLB BK IV. PP 33-35

GENETICS

Disorders due to gene mutations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.

Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 35-38

GENETICS

Disorders due to gene mutations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.

Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 35-38

GENETICS
EVOLUTION

Applications of genetics.
Meaning of evolution. Theories of origin of life.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.


Define evolution.
Explain the theories of life.

Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.



Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Q/A on creation theory;
Exposition of chemical theory.

text book,video

KLB BK IV. PP 39-45
KLB BK IV. PP 49-51

EVOLUTION

Evidence for organic evolution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite evidence for organic evolution.

Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Exposition;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 51-59

EVOLUTION

Comparative anatomy and homologous structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.

Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.

Forelimbs of vertebrates.

KLB BK IV. PP 59-63

EVOLUTION

Comparative anatomy and homologous structures. (contd)
Convergent evolution and analogous structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.

Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.

Forelimbs of vertebrates.
Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.

KLB BK IV. PP 59-63

EVOLUTION

Convergent evolution and analogous structures.(contd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.

Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.

KLB BK IV. PP 63-64

EVOLUTION

Convergent evolution and analogous structures.(contd)
Larmack?s theory of evolution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.
Explain Larmack?s theory of evolution.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.

Expositions and explanations.

Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 63-64
KLB BK IV. P 67

EVOLUTION

Darwin?s theory of natural selection.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin?s theory of natural selection.
Cite examples of natural selection in action.

Expositions and explanations;
Probing questions;
Topic review.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 67-72

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Meaning of stimulus, response and irritability. Tactic responses.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:




Define of stimulus, response and irritability.
Explain the need for sensitivity and response.
Identify types of tactics responses.

Brain storming;
Exposition;
Group experiments-chemotaxis in termites;
Discussion.

Brad crumbs, termites, dry sand, moth balls.

KLB BK IV. PP 73-74

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Tropism and types of tropism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of tropism.
State differences between tropisms and taxes.

Examine previous plant set ?ups on response to light, gravity;
Probing questions and discussion.

Seedlings, klinostat, corked beaker.

KLB BK IV. PP 74-78

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Nastic responses.
Role of auxins in tropisms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of nastic responses
Explain the role of auxins in tropisms.

Q/A and discussion.
Examine previous plant set ?ups on response to light, gravity; contact;
Probing questions and discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 78-80
KLB BK IV. PP 80-83

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Role of auxins in tropisms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the role of auxins in tropisms.

Examine previous plant set ?ups on response to light, gravity; contact;
Probing questions and discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 80-83

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Response and Co-ordination in animals. The nervous system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:




State components of the nervous system.
Describe the structure of nerve cells.

Descriptive and expository approaches.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 84-85

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Types of neurons. The brain.
Reflex actions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of neurons.

Describe structure of the human brain.

Descriptive and expository approaches.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 85-88

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Transmission of a nerve impulse.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the transmission of a nerve impulse.

Descriptive and expository approaches.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 90-93

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Transmission of a nerve impulse.
The endocrine system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the transmission of a nerve impulse.
Identify components of endocrine system.
Compare endocrine system. With nervous system.

Descriptive and expository approaches.
Discussion; tabulate the differences.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 90-93
KLB BK IV. PP 93-6

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

The mammalian eye.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major parts of the human eye.
Explain image formation and interpretation in the eye.

Brain storming;
Discussion with probing questions.

Chart- the human eye.

KLB BK IV. PP 93-100

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

The mammalian eye.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major parts of the human eye.
Explain image formation and interpretation in the eye.

Brain storming;
Discussion with probing questions.

Chart- the human eye.

KLB BK IV. PP 93-100

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Accommodation of the eye.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the role of ciliary muscles in accommodation of the eye.

Discussion with probing questions,
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Chart- focusing far and near points.

KLB BK IV. PP 100-1

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Defects of vision and their correction.
The human ear.
Hearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify defects of vision.
Explain correction of vision defects.
Explain how the ear perceives sound.

Detailed discussion with probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Descriptive and expository approaches.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 101-4
KLB BK IV. P 106

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Body balance and posture.
Defects of the ear.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how the ear maintains body balance and posture.

Descriptive and expository approaches.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 107-8

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Importance of support and movement in plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:





Explain the importance of support and movement in plants.

Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 111-2

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Arrangement of tissues in a monocotyledonous stem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw and label a transverse section of a monocotyledonous stem.

Examine transverse section of a monocotyledonous stem.

Monocotyledo-nous stem, eg. tradescantia, microscope,
Razors.

KLB BK IV. PP111-2.

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Arrangement of tissues in a dicotyledonous stem.
Stem tissues.
Wilting in plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw and label a transverse section of a dicotyledonous stem.
Draw and label a transverse section of herbaceous and woody stems.


Identify some stem tissues.
Explain the role of stem tissues.

Examine transverse section of a dicotyledonous stem, herbaceous and woody stems.

Drawing and labeling diagrams;
Discussion.

Herbaceous stem, microscope, slides,
Razors.
Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 111-5
KLB BK IV. PP 113-5

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The exoskeleton.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of the exoskeleton.

Examine movement of a live arthropod;
Observe muscles of the hind limb of a grasshopper;
Relate the observations to the function of the exoskeleton.

A live arthropod,
E.g. grasshopper, millipede.

KLB BK IV. PP 116-7

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The exoskeleton.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of the exoskeleton.

Examine movement of a live arthropod;
Observe muscles of the hind limb of a grasshopper;
Relate the observations to the function of the exoskeleton.

A live arthropod,
E.g. grasshopper, millipede.

KLB BK IV. PP 116-7

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The endoskeleton.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of the endoskeleton.

Observe skeleton of a vertebrate;
Compare it with an exoskeleton.
Discuss the contrasting features.

The human skeleton.

KLB BK IV. PP 117-8