ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:






To differentiate between endothermic & exothermic reactions.

Investigate temperature changes in solution formation.

Obtain changes in temperature when ammonium nitrate and sodium hydroxide are dissolved in water, one at a time.

Ammonium nitrate,
Sodium hydroxide, thermometers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 32-33

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Energy level diagrams.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Represent endothermic reactions with exothermic reactions with energy level diagrams.

Probing questions on relative energies of reactants and products in endothermic and exothermic and endothermic reactions.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 33-35

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Enthalpy Notation. Change of state.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term enthalpy.
Distinguish positive enthalpy change from negative enthalpy change.

Determine the M.P/ B.P of a pure substance.

Q/A and brief discussion.
Class experiments: determine B.P of pure water/ M.P of naphthalene / ice.
Use experimental results to plot temperature-time graphs.
Explain the shape of the graphs.
Q/A: review kinetic theory of matter.
Apply the theory to explain the shape of the graph, and nature of bonding in substances.

Ice, naphthalene, thermometers, graph papers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 35-39

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Enthalpy Notation. Change of state.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term enthalpy.
Distinguish positive enthalpy change from negative enthalpy change.

Determine the M.P/ B.P of a pure substance.

Q/A and brief discussion.
Class experiments: determine B.P of pure water/ M.P of naphthalene / ice.
Use experimental results to plot temperature-time graphs.
Explain the shape of the graphs.
Q/A: review kinetic theory of matter.
Apply the theory to explain the shape of the graph, and nature of bonding in substances.

Ice, naphthalene, thermometers, graph papers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 35-39

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

CAT

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Molar heat of solution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine molar heat of solution of given substances.

Dissolve known masses of ammonia nitrate / sodium hydroxide in known volumes of water.
Determine temperature changes.
Calculate molar heat of solution. Supervised practice.

Ammonia nitrate / sodium hydroxide, thermometers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 40-41

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Molar heat of solution.
Molar heat of solution of H2SO4.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine molar heat of solution of given substances.
Determine molar heat of solution of H2SO4.

Dissolve known masses of ammonia nitrate / sodium hydroxide in known volumes of water.
Determine temperature changes.
Calculate molar heat of solution. Supervised practice.


Dissolve some known volume of conc. H2SO4 in a given volume of water.
Note the change in temperature.
Work out the molar heat of solution of H2SO4.

Ammonia nitrate / sodium hydroxide, thermometers.
Conc. H2SO4, thermometers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 40-41
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 42-45

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Molar heat of solution of H2SO4.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine molar heat of solution of H2SO4.

Dissolve some known volume of conc. H2SO4 in a given volume of water.
Note the change in temperature.
Work out the molar heat of solution of H2SO4.

Conc. H2SO4, thermometers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 42-45

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Enthalpy of combustion. Enthalpy of combustion.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term enthalpy of combustion.
Determine the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol.
Explain why actual heats of combustion are usually lower than the theoretical values.

Group experiments / teacher demonstration.

Obtain and record results.


Work out calculations.

Ethanol, distilled water, thermometer, clear wick, tripod stand and wire gauze.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 45-48

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Enthalpy of combustion. Enthalpy of combustion.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term enthalpy of combustion.
Determine the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol.
Explain why actual heats of combustion are usually lower than the theoretical values.

Group experiments / teacher demonstration.

Obtain and record results.


Work out calculations.

Ethanol, distilled water, thermometer, clear wick, tripod stand and wire gauze.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 45-48

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Molar heat of displacement of ions.
Molar heat of solution of neutralization.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term molar heat of solution of displacement of ions.
Determine the molar heat of solution of displacement of ions.
Define the term neutralization.
Determine the molar heat of neutralization of HCl with NaOH.

Group experiments/ teacher demonstration.
Note steady temperature of solutions formed when zinc/ iron / magnesium reacts with copper sulphate solution.
Work out the molar heat of displacement of a substance from a solution of its ions.

Class experiments:
Neutralize 2M HCl of known volume with a determined volume of 1M / 2M sodium hydroxide.
Note highest temperature of the solution.
Work out the molar heat of neutralization.
Solve other related problems.
Assignment.

Zinc, iron, magnesium, copper sulphate solution.

2M HCl of known volume, 1M / 2M sodium hydroxide.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 48-50
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 50-53

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Molar heat of solution of neutralization.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term neutralization.
Determine the molar heat of neutralization of HCl with NaOH.

Class experiments:
Neutralize 2M HCl of known volume with a determined volume of 1M / 2M sodium hydroxide.
Note highest temperature of the solution.
Work out the molar heat of neutralization.
Solve other related problems.
Assignment.

2M HCl of known volume, 1M / 2M sodium hydroxide.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 50-53

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Standard enthalpy changes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term standard enthalpy change.
Denote standard enthalpy change with the correct notation.

Exposition & brief discussion.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 54-56

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Hess?s Law.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Hess?s law.

Solve problems related to Hess?s law.

Detailed discussion & guided discovery of the law.
Illustrations of energy cycles and energy levels leading to Hess?s law.
Worked examples.
Supervised practice
Written assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 56-57

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Hess?s Law.
Heat of solution hydration energy and lattice energy.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Hess?s law.

Solve problems related to Hess?s law.
Define the terms lattice energy and hydration energy.
Explain the relationship between heat of solution, hydration energy.
Solve related problems.

Detailed discussion & guided discovery of the law.
Illustrations of energy cycles and energy levels leading to Hess?s law.
Worked examples.
Supervised practice
Written assignment.

Exposition of new concepts.
Guided discovery of the relationship between heat solution hydration energy and lattice energy.
Worked examples.
Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 56-57
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 60-64

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Heat of solution hydration energy and lattice energy.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms lattice energy and hydration energy.
Explain the relationship between heat of solution, hydration energy.
Solve related problems.

Exposition of new concepts.
Guided discovery of the relationship between heat solution hydration energy and lattice energy.
Worked examples.
Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 60-64

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Heat values of fuels.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term fuel.
Describe energy changes when a fuel undergoes combustion.
Outline factors considered when choosing a suitable fuel.

Probing questions and brief discussion.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 64-66

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Environmental effects of fuels.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline some environmental effects of fuels.
Identify measures taken to reduce environmental
pollution.

Q/A & open discussion.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 67-68

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

Effect of temperature of reactants on rate of reaction.
Effect of change in surface area of reactants on the rate of a reaction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the effect of temperature on rate of reaction.
Explain the effect of change in surface area on the rate of a reaction.

Group experiments: investigate the effects of temperature on the rate of reaction of sodium thiosulphate with dilute HCl.
Sketch and interpret relevant graphs.
Discuss the collision theory and effects of activation energy.

Group experiment/ teacher demonstration.

Compare reactions of marble chips with dilute HCl and that of marble chips powder with equally diluted HCl.

Collect evolved gas in each case.

Teacher asks probing questions related to the observations made.

Sodium thiosulphate heated at different temperatures, dilute HCl, stopwatches.
Graph papers.
Marble chips, marble chips powder, syringes, conical flasks with stoppers, 1M HCl.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 80-83
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 83-85

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

Effect of a suitable catalyst on the rate of a reaction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of a suitable catalyst on the rate of a reaction.

Teacher demonstration: preparation and collection of oxygen gas without using a catalyst, then using manganese (IV) oxide as a catalyst.
Explain the results in terms of activation energy.

Hydrogen peroxide, manganese (IV) oxide.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 85-88

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

Effect of light on rate of specific reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify reactions that are affected by light.

Teacher demonstration: decomposition of silver bromide in the presence of light.
Mention other examples of reactions affected by light.

Silver bromide.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 89-91

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

Reversible reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write down equations for reversible reactions.

Q/A: review temporary and permanent changes.
Teacher demonstration: heating crystals of hydrated copper (II) sulphate, then ?hydrating? them.
Write the corresponding chemical equations.
Give further examples of reversible reactions.

Crystals of hydrated copper (II) sulphate.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 91-93

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

State of equilibrium in chemical reactions.
Le Chatelier?s Principle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term equilibrium as used in reversible reactions.
Write down equations of reversible reactions in a state of equilibrium.

State Le Chatelier?s Principle.

Brief discussion, giving examples of chemical equations for reversible reactions.
Investigate the effect of change of concentration of reactants on equilibrium.
Add 2M sodium hydroxide in steps to bromine water.
Make and record observations.
Discuss the results leading to
Le Chatelier?s Principle.

student book
Add 2M sodium hydroxide,

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 94-95
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 95-97

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

Effect of change of pressure and temperature on equilibrium shift.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the effect of change of pressure & te,perature on equilibrium shift.

Q/A: review kinetic theory of matter.
Q/A & discussion on effect of change of pressure / temperature on shifting of equilibrium; giving specific examples of chemical equations.
Written assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 97-101

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

The Haber Process.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept optimum conditions of a chemical equilibrium.
Explain factors that change the position of equilibrium of the Harber process.

Q/A and detailed discussion on change of pressure, temperature, concentration of ammonia and effect of presence of a suitable catalyst on the Haber process.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 102-103

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

The Contact Process.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how change of temperature and pressure affect rate of manufacture of sulphur (VI) acid.

Probing questions and brief discussion.

Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 103-104

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Redox reactions.
Oxidizing Numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Describe redox reactions in terms of gain / loss of electrons.
Identify oxidizing / reducing agents involved in redox reactions.

Outline rules of assigning oxidation numbers.
Determine the oxidation numbers of an element in a given compound.
Explain the use of oxidation numbers in naming compounds.

Q/A: review cations, anions and charges.
Write down ionic half equations and identify reducing / oxidizing agents.
Exposition and giving specific examples.
Work out oxidizing number of elements in given compounds.
Copy and complete a table of compounds containing elements that more than one oxidation number.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 108-9
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 109-116

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Displacement reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain change of oxidation numbers during redox / displacement reactions. Arrange elements in order of their reducing power.

Class standard experiments: reacting metals with solutions containing metal ions.
Taking note of reactions and those that do not take place; and tabulating the results.

Metals: Ca, Na, Zn, Fe, Pb, and Cu.
Solutions containing Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe2+.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 116-120

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

The oxidizing power of an element.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Arrange elements in order of their oxidizing power.

Teacher demonstration / group expts:
Adding halogens to solutions containing halide ions.
Tabulate the results.
Discuss the results and arrive at the oxidizing power series of halogens.

Halogens:
Cl2 (g),
Br2 (l),
I2 (s).

Halides:
KCl, KBr, KI.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 120-122

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

The oxidizing power of an element.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Arrange elements in order of their oxidizing power.

Teacher demonstration / group expts:
Adding halogens to solutions containing halide ions.
Tabulate the results.
Discuss the results and arrive at the oxidizing power series of halogens.

Halogens:
Cl2 (g),
Br2 (l),
I2 (s).

Halides:
KCl, KBr, KI.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 120-122

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Cell diagrams.
Standard Electrode Potentials.
Standard electrode potential series.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms electrode, potential and e.m.f. of an electrochemical cell.
Describe components of a cell diagram.
Draw cell diagrams using correct notations.
Recall the order of standard electrode potentials.
Compare oxidizing and reducing powers of substances.

Teacher demonstration: Zinc/ copper cell.
Q/A & discussion: changes in oxidation numbers.
Exposition: cell diagram and deducing the direction of electron flow.

Q/A: review reactivity series, oxidizing agent, reducing agent.
Exposition: the order of standard electrode potentials.
Discussion: oxidizing and reducing powers of substances.

Zinc/ copper cell.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 123-128
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 131-133

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Standard electrode potential series.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Recall the order of standard electrode potentials.
Compare oxidizing and reducing powers of substances.

Q/A: review reactivity series, oxidizing agent, reducing agent.
Exposition: the order of standard electrode potentials.
Discussion: oxidizing and reducing powers of substances.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 131-133

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Emf of a cell.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate emf of a cell using standard electrodes potentials.

Q/A: review half-cells.
Worked examples; supervised practice.
Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 133-136

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Possibility of a reaction to take place.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Predict whether a reaction will take place or not using standard electrode potentials.

Worked examples.
Oral exercise.
Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 136-137

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Primary and secondary chemical cells.
Electrolysis of dilute NaCl.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the functioning of primary and secondary chemical cells.
Define the term electrolysis.
Explain the concept of preferential discharge of ions.

Exposition of new concepts and brief discussion
Assignment.



Teacher demonstration: electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride with carbon electrodes.
Test for gases collected.
Write down equations of reactions at each electrode.
Discussion: preferential discharge of ions at electrodes.

student book
Dilute sodium chloride voltameter.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 138-141
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 141-144

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Electrolysis of dilute NaCl.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term electrolysis.
Explain the concept of preferential discharge of ions.

Teacher demonstration: electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride with carbon electrodes.
Test for gases collected.
Write down equations of reactions at each electrode.
Discussion: preferential discharge of ions at electrodes.

Dilute sodium chloride voltameter.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 141-144

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Electrolysis of brine.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify products of electrolysis of brine.

Teacher demonstration/ group experiments.
Test for the products of electrolysis.
Write relevant equations.

Brine voltameter.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 144-146

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Electrolysis of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify products of electrolysis of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid.

Teacher demonstration/ group experiments.
Test for the products of electrolysis.
Write relevant equations.

Sulphuric acid voltameter.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 146-148

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Factors affecting electrolysis.
Application of electrolysis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors that affect electrolytic products discharged at electrodes.
Describe some applications of electrolysis.

Q/A: review the electrochemical series of elements.
Teacher writes down order of ease of discharge of ions at electrodes.
Discussion: other factors; giving suitable examples.

Probing questions and brief discussion on applications of electrolysis.
Practical assignment on electrolysis: electroplating an iron nail with a suitable metal.

student book
Suitable voltameter.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 153-5
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 155-7

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Faraday?s law of electrolysis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Faraday?s law of electrolysis.
Solve problems related to Faraday?s law of electrolysis.

Discuss above results, leading to Faraday?s law of electrolysis.

Worked examples.

Assignment.

Weighing balance, stop watch, copper sulphate voltameter.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 161-4