SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Extraction of sulphur.
Allotropes of sulphur.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe extraction of sulphur by Frasch process.

Illustrate and discuss extraction of sulphur.

Chart-the Frasch process.
video

K.L.B. BK III
PP.180-181
Longhorn
Book III
PP 126-129

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Physical properties of sulphur. Heating of sulphur.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list physical properties of sulphur.

To describe effects of heat on sulphur.

Class experiment:
Solubility of sulphur in water, benzene, e.t.c,.
Class experiments:
Heating sulphur gently then strongly.
Discuss the observations.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
P.184
Longhorn I
Book III
PP 253-255

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Chemical properties of sulphur.
Uses of sulphur. Sulphur dioxide.
Physical properties of sulphur dioxide.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate and describe chemical properties of sulphur.
State uses of sulphur.
Describe lab. preparation of sulphur dioxide.

Group experiments.
Discuss observations.
Write corresponding equations.
Teacher elucidates uses of sulphur.
Teacher demonstration:-
Preparation of sulphur dioxide in a fume chamber/in the open.
Carrying out tests on the gas.

charts
charts
text book

K.L.B.BK III
PP.188-190
Longhorn
Book III
PP 256-8

K.L.B.BK III
PP 191- 192
Longhorn Book
P 258

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Acidic properties of SO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To carry out experiments to determine acidic properties of SO2.

Teacher demonstration to verify acidic properties of sulphur dioxide.
Write equations.

textbook

K.L.B.BK III
P. 193
Longhorn
Book III
PP 262-3

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Reducing action of SO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To verify reducing action of SO2.

Class experiments: make observations and draw conclusions.
Write balanced corresponding equations.

Experimental worksheets.

K.L.B.BK III
P. 195

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Bleaching properties of SO2.
Oxidizing action of SO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To carry out experiments to determine bleaching properties of SO2.

Discuss the observations made above.
Write corresponding equations.

Burning magnesium.
Hydrogen sulphide.

K.L.B .BK III
P. 194
Longhorn
Book III
PP 263-4

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Sulphate and sulphite ions. Uses of SO2.
Sulphuric acid. Contact process of manufacture.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To carry out tests for Sulphate and sulphite ions.

State uses of SO2.
To identify raw materials for manufacture of sulphuric acid.
To describe the contact process.

Class experiments.
Make deductions from the observations made.
Write (ionic) equations for the reactions.
Teacher elucidates uses of SO2.

Discussion using schematic
flow charts.
Writing equations.

Sodium sulphate
Barium chloride
Barium nitrate.
Chart-schematic
Flow charts.

K.L.B.
BK III P. 200
Longhorn
Book III
PP 268-9


K.L.B. BK III
PP.201-203
Longhorn
Book III
PP 275-6

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Properties of conc. H2SO4.
Physical properties of sulphuric acid.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe properties of conc. H2SO4.

Discuss above observations.
Write relevant equations.

charts
Conc. sulphuric acid.

K.L.B.
BK III
P. 204

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Chemical properties of Sulphuric acid.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write equations to show that conc. sulphuric acid is a drying and dehydrating agent.
To describe reactions of dilute H2SO4 with metals.

Discussion and explanations.
Group expts. ? reaction of metals with dilute H2SO4, make observations and relevant deductions; writing corresponding equations.

Magnesium, zinc, copper metals.

K.L.B.
BK III P. 206
Longhorn
Book III
PP 276-8

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Dilute H2SO4, carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reaction of dilute H2SO4 with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

Discussion, writing relevant equations.

charts

K.L.B.
BK III P. 208

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Dilute H2SO4, and metal oxides and hydroxides.
Dilute H2SO4 and metal oxides & hydroxides.
Hydrogen sulphide. Preparation of the gas. Reaction of the gas with oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate reaction of dilute H2SO4 with metal oxides and hydroxides.
To describe preparation of hydrogen sulphide.
To state properties of the gas.

Class expts.
Observing colour changes.
Theoretical / descriptive approach.
Writing corresponding equations.
Discuss physical properties of the gas and reaction of the gas with oxygen.

Oxides of magnesium, zinc, copper.
NaOH Solution.
charts

K.L.B.
BK III P. 210
Longhorn
Book III
PP 287-8

K.L.B.
BK III P. 210
Longhorn
Book III
PP 289-90

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Reaction of the gas with water. Reducing properties of the gas.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write equations for reaction of the gas with water.
To demonstrate reducing properties of the gas.

Writing chemical equations for the reactions.

charts

K.L.B.
BK III P. 212.
Longhorn
Book III
PP 291-2

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Sulphur and its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain environmental pollution caused by sulphur and its compounds.

Discussion and explanation.

charts

K.L.B.
BK III P. 214
Longhorn Book
PP 293-5

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

Effect of temperature of reactants on rate of reaction.
Effect of change in surface area of reactants on the rate of a reaction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the effect of temperature on rate of reaction.

Group experiments: investigate the effects of temperature on the rate of reaction of sodium thiosulphate with dilute HCl.
Sketch and interpret relevant graphs.
Discuss the collision theory and effects of activation energy.

Sodium thiosulphate heated at different temperatures, dilute HCl, stopwatches.
Graph papers.
Marble chips, marble chips powder, syringes, conical flasks with stoppers, 1M HCl.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 80-83

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

Effect of a suitable catalyst on the rate of a reaction
Effect of light on rate of specific reactions.
Reversible reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of a suitable catalyst on the rate of a reaction.
Identify reactions that are affected by light.

Teacher demonstration: preparation and collection of oxygen gas without using a catalyst, then using manganese (IV) oxide as a catalyst.
Explain the results in terms of activation energy.

Teacher demonstration: decomposition of silver bromide in the presence of light.
Mention other examples of reactions affected by light.

Hydrogen peroxide, manganese (IV) oxide.
Silver bromide.
Crystals of hydrated copper (II) sulphate.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 85-88
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 89-91

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

State of equilibrium in chemical reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term equilibrium as used in reversible reactions.
Write down equations of reversible reactions in a state of equilibrium.

Brief discussion, giving examples of chemical equations for reversible reactions.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 94-95

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

Le Chatelier?s Principle.
Effect of change of pressure and temperature on equilibrium shift.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Le Chatelier?s Principle.

Investigate the effect of change of concentration of reactants on equilibrium.
Add 2M sodium hydroxide in steps to bromine water.
Make and record observations.
Discuss the results leading to
Le Chatelier?s Principle.

Add 2M sodium hydroxide,
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 95-97

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

The Haber Process.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept optimum conditions of a chemical equilibrium.
Explain factors that change the position of equilibrium of the Harber process.

Q/A and detailed discussion on change of pressure, temperature, concentration of ammonia and effect of presence of a suitable catalyst on the Haber process.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 102-103

RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.
ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

The Contact Process.
Redox reactions.
Oxidizing Numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how change of temperature and pressure affect rate of manufacture of sulphur (VI) acid.
Outline rules of assigning oxidation numbers.
Determine the oxidation numbers of an element in a given compound.
Explain the use of oxidation numbers in naming compounds.

Probing questions and brief discussion.

Assignment.
Exposition and giving specific examples.
Work out oxidizing number of elements in given compounds.
Copy and complete a table of compounds containing elements that more than one oxidation number.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 103-104
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 109-116

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Displacement reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain change of oxidation numbers during redox / displacement reactions. Arrange elements in order of their reducing power.

Class standard experiments: reacting metals with solutions containing metal ions.
Taking note of reactions and those that do not take place; and tabulating the results.

Metals: Ca, Na, Zn, Fe, Pb, and Cu.
Solutions containing Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe2+.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 116-120

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

The oxidizing power of an element.
Cell diagrams.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Arrange elements in order of their oxidizing power.

Teacher demonstration / group expts:
Adding halogens to solutions containing halide ions.
Tabulate the results.
Discuss the results and arrive at the oxidizing power series of halogens.

Halogens:
Cl2 (g),
Br2 (l),
I2 (s).
Halides:
KCl, KBr, KI.
Zinc/ copper cell.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 120-122

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Standard Electrode Potentials.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify standard conditions for measuring electrode potentials.
Define the term standard electrode potential of a cell.
Write half reactions of electrochemical cells.

Descriptive and expository approaches: teacher exposes new concepts.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 129-131

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Standard electrode potential series.
Emf of a cell.
Possibility of a reaction to take place.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Recall the order of standard electrode potentials.
Compare oxidizing and reducing powers of substances.
Calculate emf of a cell using standard electrodes potentials.

Q/A: review reactivity series, oxidizing agent, reducing agent.
Exposition: the order of standard electrode potentials.
Discussion: oxidizing and reducing powers of substances.

Q/A: review half-cells.
Worked examples; supervised practice.
Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 131-133
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 133-136

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Primary and secondary chemical cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the functioning of primary and secondary chemical cells.

Exposition of new concepts and brief discussion
Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 138-141

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Electrolysis of dilute NaCl.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term electrolysis.
Explain the concept of preferential discharge of ions.

Teacher demonstration: electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride with carbon electrodes.
Test for gases collected.
Write down equations of reactions at each electrode.
Discussion: preferential discharge of ions at electrodes.

Dilute sodium chloride voltameter.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 141-144

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Electrolysis of brine.
Electrolysis of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify products of electrolysis of brine.

Teacher demonstration/ group experiments.
Test for the products of electrolysis.
Write relevant equations.

Brine voltameter.
Sulphuric acid voltameter.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 144-146

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

Factors affecting electrolysis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors that affect electrolytic products discharged at electrodes.

Q/A: review the electrochemical series of elements.
Teacher writes down order of ease of discharge of ions at electrodes.
Discussion: other factors; giving suitable examples.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 153-5

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.
METALS

Application of electrolysis.
Faraday?s law of electrolysis.
Ores of some metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe some applications of electrolysis.


Name the chief ores of some metals.

Probing questions and brief discussion on applications of electrolysis.
Practical assignment on electrolysis: electroplating an iron nail with a suitable metal.



Exposition and brief discussion.

Suitable voltameter.
Weighing balance, stop watch, copper sulphate voltameter.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 155-7
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 168-9

METALS

Occurrence and extraction of sodium.
Occurrence and extraction of aluminium.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe occurrence and extraction of sodium.

Oral questions on electrolysis and equations at electrodes.
Brief discussion on occurrence and extraction.

Chart: Down?s cell.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 170-171

METALS

Occurrence and extraction of iron.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe occurrence and extraction of iron.

Brief discussion.
Write relevant chemical equations.

Chart: Blast furnace.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 173-5

METALS

Occurrence and extraction of zinc.
Extraction of lead.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe occurrence and extraction of zinc by electrolysis and reduction methods.

Brief discussion.
Write relevant chemical equations.

Flow chart: extraction of Zinc.
Flow chart: extraction of lead.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 175-9

METALS

Occurrence and extraction of copper.
Physical properties of some metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe extraction of copper.
State general properties of metals.
Explain the difference in physical properties of metals.

Q/A & brief discussion.
Write balanced chemical equations leading to extraction of copper.

Compare physical properties of some metals as summarized in a chart.
Q/A & discussion based on physical properties.

Flow chart: extraction of copper.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 181-183
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 183-4

METALS

Reaction of metals with oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effect of burning metals in air.

Teacher demonstration / Group experiments.
Burning some metals in air.
Write relevant equations.
Brief discussion.

Common lab. metals.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 184-6

METALS

Reaction of metals with cold water and steam.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of metals with cold water and steam.

Arrange the metals in order of reactivity with cold water and steam.

Class experiments:
Investigate reaction of some metals with cold water and steam.
Analyse the results.

Metals: Al, Zn, Fe, Cu.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 186-9

METALS

Reaction of metals with chlorine.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the reaction of metals with chlorine.

Teacher demonstration in a fume cupboard / in the open.
Investigate reaction of metals with chorine
Write corresponding equations.

Metals: Al, Zn, Fe, Cu.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 189-191

METALS

Reaction of metals with acids.
Uses of metals.
Environmental effects of extraction of metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe and explain reaction of metals with acids.
Identify some environmental effects of extraction of metals.

Group experiments: investigate reaction of metals with dilute acids.
Teacher demonstration: investigate reaction of metals with concentrated acids.
Discuss the observations made and write relevant chemical equations.

Oral questions and open discussion.

Assignment / Topic review.

Metals: Al, Zn, Fe, Cu.
Acids; HCl, HNO3, H2SO4.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 191-4
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 197-8

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Alkanols (Alcohols).
Nomenclature of alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:



Identify the functional group of alkanols.

Explain formation of alkanol molecules.

Q/A: review alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

Teacher exposes new concepts and links them with already known concepts.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Page 205

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Isomerism in alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe positional and chain isomerism in alkanols.
Explain formation of primary and secondary alkanols.

Q/A: review the terms positional and chain isomerism.
Brief discussion on isomerism.
Oral exercise: naming given organic compounds.
Written exercise: writing structural formulae for isomers of organic compounds of a given molecular formula.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 208-10

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Preparation of ethanol in the lab.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe preparation of ethanol in the laboratory.

Group experiments / teacher demonstration.

Discuss the fermentation process.

Calcium hydroxide solution, sugar solution, yeast.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 210-11

RADIOACTIVITY

Definition of radioactivity.
Alpha particles.
Equations involving alpha particles.
Beta particles. Gamma rays.
Radioactive Half-Life.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define radioactivity, a nuclide and radioactive decay.
Differentiate between natural and artificial radioactivity.


Write down and balance equations involving alpha particles.

Q/A: Review the atomic structure.
Exposition: symbolic representation of an atom / nucleus.
Exposition: meaning of radioactivity and radioactive decay.
Discussion: artificial and natural radioactivity.


Q/A: Review atomic and mass numbers.
Examples of balanced equations.
Supervised practice.

student book
student book
Dice.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 249-251
K.L.B. BK IV
Page 257

RADIOACTIVITY

Radioactive decay curve.
Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Applications of radioactivity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plot a radioactive decay curve to deduce the
half ?life from the curve.

Drawing a radioactive decay curve inferring the half-life of the sample from the graph.

Graph papers.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 254-5