Electrostatics II

Electric field patterns and charge distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electric field and electric field lines
- Demonstrate field patterns using chalk dust method
- Describe charge distribution on spherical and pear-shaped conductors
- Use proof-plane and electroscope to test charge distribution

Q/A on electrostatics basics from Form 2
- Experiment using chalk dust in castor oil to show field patterns
- Investigation of charge distribution using proof-plane
- Observation of electroscope deflections at different conductor points

High voltage source, Wire electrodes, Petri-dish, Castor oil, Chalk dust, Spherical and pear-shaped conductors, Proof-plane, Gold-leaf electroscope

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 177-181

Electrostatics II

Lightning arrestor and capacitance introduction
Factors affecting capacitance and types of capacitors
Capacitors in series and parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain working principle of lightning arrestor
- Describe charge concentration at sharp points
- Define capacitance and state SI units
- Describe parallel-plate capacitor structure
Derive effective capacitance for series combination
- Derive effective capacitance for parallel combination
- Explain charge and voltage relationships
- Calculate individual charges and voltages

Demonstration of charge concentration at points using wind-mill experiment
- Discussion on lightning protection applications
- Introduction to capacitance concept
- Demonstration of capacitor charging process
Mathematical derivation of series formula (1/C = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂)
- Mathematical derivation of parallel formula (C = C₁ + C₂)
- Problem solving with capacitor combinations
- Practical verification using circuits

Wind-mill model, Point charges, Lightning arrestor photos, Parallel-plate capacitors, Battery, Voltmeter, Milliammeter
Aluminium plates, Various dielectric materials, Electroscope, Paper capacitors, Electrolytic capacitors, Variable air capacitors, Measuring instruments
Capacitors of different values, Voltmeters, Ammeters, Battery, Connecting wires, Calculators, Circuit boards

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 181-185
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 188-191

Electrostatics II

Energy stored in capacitors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for energy stored E = ½CV²
- Explain energy storage mechanism
- Calculate energy in charged capacitors
- Investigate energy conservation in capacitor combinations

Mathematical derivation of energy storage formula
- Discussion on energy storage principles
- Problem solving on energy calculations
- Analysis of energy conservation in series and parallel combinations

Charged capacitors, Energy calculation worksheets, Graphing materials, Calculators, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 191-192

Electrostatics II

Complex capacitor problems
Applications of capacitors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve problems involving mixed series and parallel combinations
- Calculate charges, voltages and energies in complex circuits
- Apply energy conservation principles
- Analyze capacitor charging and discharging

Problem solving with complex capacitor networks
- Analysis of charging and discharging processes
- Energy transfer calculations
- Graph interpretation of charging curves

Complex circuit diagrams, Advanced problem worksheets, Graphing materials, Calculators, Past examination papers
Circuit diagrams, Smoothing circuit demo, Radio tuning circuits, Camera flash unit, Revision charts, Past examination papers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 188-193

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Electrical safety - fuses and circuit protection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain working principle of fuses
- Calculate appropriate fuse ratings
- Describe safety measures in electrical installations
- Analyze circuit protection methods

Demonstration of fuse operation
- Calculation of fuse ratings for appliances
- Discussion on electrical safety
- Analysis of circuit protection devices

Various fuses, Fuse holders, Circuit diagrams, Safety equipment demonstrations, Rating calculations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 203-204

Heating Effect of Electric Current
Heating Effect of Electric Current
Quantity of Heat

Efficiency calculations and motor problems
Series and parallel heating circuits
Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate efficiency of electrical devices
- Solve problems involving motors and mechanical work
- Analyze power input vs power output
- Calculate overall efficiency in systems
Analyze heating in series and parallel circuits
- Calculate power dissipation in different configurations
- Compare heating effects in different circuit arrangements
- Solve complex circuit problems

Problem solving on device efficiency
- Motor efficiency calculations
- Analysis of energy conversions
- Real-world efficiency problems
Circuit analysis of heating effects
- Comparison of series vs parallel heating
- Power distribution calculations
- Complex circuit problem solving

Motor specifications, Efficiency calculation worksheets, Power meters, Mechanical loading systems
Resistors in circuits, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Power calculation sheets, Circuit boards
Charts on heat definitions, Calculators, Simple problem worksheets, Various materials for comparison

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 201-204
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 200-204

Quantity of Heat

Determination of specific heat capacity - method of mixtures for solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe method of mixtures for solids
- Perform experiment to determine specific heat capacity of metal
- Apply heat balance principle
- Calculate specific heat capacity from experimental data

Experiment using hot metal block in cold water
- Measurement of temperatures and masses
- Application of heat balance equation
- Calculation of specific heat capacity from results

Metal blocks, Beakers, Water, Thermometers, Weighing balance, Heat source, Well-lagged calorimeter, Stirrer

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 209-212

Quantity of Heat

Determination of specific heat capacity - electrical method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe electrical method for solids
- Perform electrical heating experiment
- Calculate electrical energy supplied
- Determine specific heat capacity using electrical method

Experiment using electrical heating of metal block
- Measurement of voltage, current and time
- Calculation of electrical energy supplied
- Determination of specific heat capacity

Metal cylinder with heater, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Insulating materials, Power supply

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 212-214

Quantity of Heat

Specific heat capacity of liquids and continuous flow method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine specific heat capacity of water by electrical method
- Describe continuous flow method
- Explain advantages of continuous flow method
- Solve problems on specific heat capacity

Electrical method experiment for water
- Discussion on continuous flow apparatus
- Analysis of method advantages
- Problem solving on specific heat calculations

Calorimeter, Electrical heater, Water, Measuring instruments, Continuous flow apparatus diagram, Problem sets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 214-217

Quantity of Heat

Change of state and latent heat concepts
Specific latent heat of fusion
Specific latent heat of vaporization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define latent heat of fusion and vaporization
- Explain change of state process
- Plot cooling curve for naphthalene
- Identify melting and boiling points from graphs
Define specific latent heat of vaporization
- Determine latent heat of steam by condensation method
- Perform electrical method for vaporization
- Solve complex latent heat problems

Experiment plotting cooling curve for naphthalene
- Observation of temperature plateaus during phase changes
- Discussion on latent heat concept
- Graph analysis and interpretation
Steam condensation experiment in calorimeter
- Electrical method using boiling water
- Calculation of latent heat of vaporization
- Complex problem solving involving phase changes

Naphthalene, Test tubes, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Graph paper, Heat source, Cooling apparatus
Ice, Calorimeter, Thermometer, Electrical heater, Filter funnels, Beakers, Measuring cylinders
Steam generator, Condenser, Calorimeter, Electrical heater, Measuring instruments, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 218-220
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 223-227

Quantity of Heat

Effects of pressure and impurities on melting and boiling points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate effect of pressure on melting point of ice
- Demonstrate regelation phenomenon
- Investigate effect of pressure on boiling point
- Explain effect of impurities on phase transition temperatures

Regelation experiment with ice and wire
- Pressure effect on boiling point using flask
- Salt solution boiling point investigation
- Discussion on pressure cooker working

Ice blocks, Weighted wire, Round-bottomed flask, Thermometer, Salt solutions, Pressure cooker model

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 227-230

Quantity of Heat
Gas Laws

Evaporation and cooling effects
Introduction to gas behavior and Boyle's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define evaporation and distinguish from boiling
- Investigate factors affecting evaporation rate
- Demonstrate cooling effect of evaporation
- Explain applications of evaporation cooling

Experiments on evaporation rate factors
- Demonstration of cooling by evaporation using ether
- Investigation of surface area, temperature and humidity effects
- Discussion on natural cooling systems

Various liquids, Beakers, Fans, Thermometers, Ether, Test tubes, Humidity measuring devices
Syringes, J-shaped tubes, Oil, Bourdon gauge, Foot pump, Metre rule, Graph paper

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 230-233

Gas Laws

Boyle's Law experiments and calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform experiment to verify Boyle's Law
- Record pressure and volume data
- Plot graphs of P vs V, P vs 1/V, and PV vs P
- Calculate pressure-volume products and verify constant relationship

Experiment using J-shaped tube with oil and pressure measurement
- Data collection and tabulation
- Graph plotting and analysis
- Verification of PV = constant relationship

Thick-walled J-shaped tube, Oil, Pressure gauge, Measuring instruments, Data tables, Graph paper, Calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 235-238

Gas Laws

Boyle's Law applications and kinetic theory explanation
Charles's Law
Charles's Law applications and absolute temperature scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply Boyle's Law to solve numerical problems
- Explain Boyle's Law using kinetic theory
- Analyze isothermal processes
- Solve problems involving gas bubbles and atmospheric pressure
State Charles's Law for constant pressure processes
- Demonstrate volume-temperature relationship
- Perform experiments to verify V ∝ T relationship
- Plot V vs T and V vs θ graphs

Problem solving using P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
- Kinetic theory explanation of pressure-volume relationship
- Analysis of molecular collision frequency
- Real-world applications like diving and altitude effects
Experiment using gas column in tube with varying temperature
- Temperature and volume measurements
- Graph plotting showing linear relationship
- Discussion on absolute zero concept

Problem worksheets, Kinetic theory diagrams, Calculator, Gas bubble scenarios, Atmospheric pressure data
Gas tubes, Water baths, Thermometers, Measuring cylinders, Heating apparatus, Graph paper, Temperature control equipment
Temperature conversion charts, Problem sets, Calculators, Hot air balloon examples, Gas heating scenarios

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 238-240
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 238-241

Gas Laws

Pressure Law (Gay-Lussac's Law)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State relationship between pressure and temperature at constant volume
- Demonstrate pressure-temperature experiments
- Verify P ∝ T relationship
- Derive pressure law formula

Experiment using constant volume gas with temperature variation
- Pressure measurements at different temperatures
- Graph plotting of P vs T
- Verification of linear relationship through origin

Constant volume gas apparatus, Pressure gauges, Temperature control, Water baths, Thermometers, Graph materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 242-244

Gas Laws

Combined gas laws and ideal gas behavior

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Combine all three gas laws into general gas equation
- Apply PV/T = constant for fixed mass of gas
- Solve complex problems involving multiple variables
- Explain ideal gas assumptions

Mathematical combination of gas laws
- Problem solving with changing P, V, and T
- Discussion on ideal gas concept
- Analysis of real gas deviations from ideal behavior

Combined law worksheets, Complex problem sets, Calculators, Ideal gas assumption charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 243-245

Gas Laws

Kinetic theory of gases
Absolute zero and temperature scales

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State basic assumptions of kinetic theory
- Explain gas laws using molecular motion
- Relate temperature to average kinetic energy
- Analyze molecular behavior in different conditions

Discussion of kinetic theory postulates
- Molecular explanation of gas laws
- Mathematical relationship between temperature and kinetic energy
- Analysis of molecular motion at different temperatures

Kinetic theory diagrams, Molecular motion animations, Temperature-energy relationship charts, Theoretical discussion materials
Graph paper, Extrapolation exercises, Temperature scale diagrams, Conversion worksheets, Scientific calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 244-245

Gas Laws

Comprehensive applications and problem solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex multi-step gas law problems
- Apply gas laws to real-world situations
- Analyze atmospheric and weather-related phenomena
- Review all gas law concepts and applications

Comprehensive problem solving session
- Analysis of weather balloons, scuba diving, and atmospheric pressure effects
- Review of all gas laws
- Preparation for examinations with complex scenarios

Past examination papers, Multi-step problem sets, Real-world scenario worksheets, Summary charts, Calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 235-245