Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Importance of Keeping Farm Accounts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the importance of keeping farm accounts. Explain how farm accounts help secure loans. Describe how financial records assist in making sound management decisions.

Q/A on business records. Teacher explains farming as business requiring assessment. Discussion on six importance: securing loans, management decisions, profit determination, budget preparation, asset evaluation, tax assessment. Students summarize benefits.

Flipchart, sample loan forms, calculator

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 106

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Invoice
Receipt

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline details contained in an invoice. Describe an invoice as used in business transactions.

Study Table 5.1 invoice from Kikwetu Farmers Store. Identify seven components: date, people, quantities, prices, amounts, serial number, payment terms. Practice creating invoices using given data.

Table 5.1 from textbook, blank invoice forms, calculator
Tables 5.2a and 5.2b from textbook, sample receipts, revenue stamps

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 106-108

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Delivery Note and Purchase Order

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline details contained in a delivery note. Outline details contained in a purchase order.

Study Table 5.3 delivery note and Table 5.4 purchase order from textbook. Practice completing both documents. Trace complete transaction cycle using all four financial documents.

Tables 5.3 and 5.4 from textbook, blank forms

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 110-111

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Ledger

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the ledger. Describe features of an account.

Study Table 5.5 Dairy Cattle account showing T-account structure. Practice using DR and CR sides, folio system, and column entries for farm enterprises.

Table 5.5 from textbook, T-account charts, rulers

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 111-113

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Inventory
Cash Book and Journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the inventory. Describe features of consumable and permanent goods inventory.

Study Tables 5.6a, 5.6b, and 5.6c showing different inventory types. Practice updating inventory records with births, deaths, purchases, and sales.

Tables 5.6a, 5.6b, 5.6c from textbook, inventory forms, calculators
Tables 5.7, 5.8, 5.9 from textbook, cash books, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 113-114

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Balance Sheet

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of balance sheets. Determine whether a business is solvent or insolvent.

Study Tables 5.10 and 5.11 balance sheet formats. Practice classifying assets and liabilities. Calculate solvency using Undugu Farm example.

Tables 5.10 and 5.11 from textbook, balance sheet templates, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 117-121

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Profit and Loss Account

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a profit and loss account. Draw a profit and loss account. Compute net profit.

Study Tables 5.12 and 5.13 profit and loss formats. Practice using Hekima Farm example to calculate net profit using textbook formula.

Tables 5.12 and 5.13 from textbook, templates, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 121-123

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Cash Analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term cash analysis. Draw a cash analysis.

Study cash analysis table from textbook. Practice recording transactions in enterprise columns for dairy, maize, vegetables, and poultry.

Cash analysis table from textbook, analysis forms, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 123-124

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Definition of Market

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term market as an institution for exchange of goods and services. Distinguish between a perfect and an imperfect market.

Q/A on students' understanding of buying and selling. Teacher explains market as institution where buyers and sellers carry out business transactions. Discussion on perfect market conditions where any buyer can purchase from any seller at same prices versus imperfect market characteristics.

Charts showing market scenarios, local market examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 126

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Definition and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define marketing and describe marketing function.

Study marketing as flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. Explanation of marketing functions as activities involved in marketing process. Students identify local marketing activities and relate to textbook definitions.

Marketing flow charts, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 126

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Monopolistic Competition
Oligopoly and Monopsony

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of monopolistic competition in a market.

Study five features of monopolistic competition: existence of few sellers, varying product quality from firm to firm, products are close substitutes, perfect product differentiation, single seller may dominate due to technological superiority. Students give local examples.

Market structure diagrams, business examples
Market comparison charts, case studies

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 126

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Definition and Law of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term demand. State and explain the law of demand.

Study demand as quantity of goods consumers are willing and able to buy at specific price in given market and time. Examination of Figure 6.1 showing inverse relationship between demand and price. Discussion on difference between demand and want, effective demand concept.

Figure 6.1 from textbook, demand examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 127-128

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Demand Schedule and Curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of demand schedule. Sketch the demand curve.

Study demand schedule as list of quantities a population will buy at different prices. Practice creating demand schedules using textbook examples. Examination of individual demand versus total demand concepts. Students practice sketching demand curves using graph paper.

Graph paper, rulers, sample demand data

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 128-129

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Factors Influencing Demand
Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting demand for a commodity.

Study ten factors affecting demand: population, income, preferences and tastes, prices of related goods, advertisement, beliefs customs and taboos, price expectation, level of taxation, perishability, future expectations. Discussion using local agricultural examples like milk, eggs, meat.

Examples of local agricultural commodities, factor charts
Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 129-130

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Types of Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of elasticity of demand. Illustrate elastic, inelastic and unitary demand graphically.

Examination of Figures 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, and 6.6 showing elastic, inelastic and unitary demand segments. Students practice drawing different elasticity curves and identifying characteristics of each type. Analysis of total revenue test for measuring elasticity.

Figures 6.3-6.6 from textbook, graph paper, rulers

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 130-133

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Factors Affecting Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting elasticity of demand.

Study six factors determining elasticity: availability of substitutes, degree of necessity, number of uses a product can be put to, time lag, time span, proportion of expenditure. Discussion using examples like table salt versus luxury commodities. Students classify local commodities by elasticity type.

Local commodity examples, classification charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 133

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Factors Affecting Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting elasticity of demand.

Study six factors determining elasticity: availability of substitutes, degree of necessity, number of uses a product can be put to, time lag, time span, proportion of expenditure. Discussion using examples like table salt versus luxury commodities. Students classify local commodities by elasticity type.

Local commodity examples, classification charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 133

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Supply Definition and Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term supply. State and explain factors affecting supply of a commodity.

Study supply as quantity producers are willing to sell at specified prices in given market and time. Examination of Figure 6.7 showing direct relationship between price and supply. Study Table 6.1 supply schedule for meat. Analysis of ten factors affecting supply including number of sellers, technology, weather, government policy.

Figure 6.7, Table 6.1 from textbook, supply examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 133-135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Elasticity of Supply

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define elasticity of supply. Calculate elasticity of supply.

Study elasticity of supply as degree of responsiveness to price change. Practice calculating Es using textbook millet example: price change from Ksh 10 to Ksh 12 with supply change from 400kg to 600kg. Students practice calculations and interpret results.

Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Elasticity of Supply

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define elasticity of supply. Calculate elasticity of supply.

Study elasticity of supply as degree of responsiveness to price change. Practice calculating Es using textbook millet example: price change from Ksh 10 to Ksh 12 with supply change from 400kg to 600kg. Students practice calculations and interpret results.

Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Price Theory and Market Equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how market prices are determined.

Study price as amount of money paid for goods or services. Examination of Figure 6.9 showing demand-supply relationship in determining equilibrium price. Discussion on price control, government intervention, and liberalization effects on agricultural commodity pricing.

Figure 6.9 from textbook, price examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 136-138

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of marketing.

Study eleven marketing functions: buying and assembling, transporting and distributing, storage, packing, processing, grading and standardisation, packaging, collecting market information, selling, financing, bearing of risks. Students relate functions to local agricultural marketing examples.

Charts showing marketing functions, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 138-141

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Organizations and Agencies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of wholesalers and retailers. Outline the functions of itinerant traders, broker agents and commission agents.

Study marketing organizations: wholesalers who buy in bulk and sell to retailers, retailers who sell to consumers in small quantities, itinerant traders who move place to place, packers and processors, commission agents, broker agents, co-operatives, marketing boards, auctioneers. Students identify local marketing agents and their roles.

Examples of local marketing agents, organizational charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 141-143

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Organizations and Agencies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of wholesalers and retailers. Outline the functions of itinerant traders, broker agents and commission agents.

Study marketing organizations: wholesalers who buy in bulk and sell to retailers, retailers who sell to consumers in small quantities, itinerant traders who move place to place, packers and processors, commission agents, broker agents, co-operatives, marketing boards, auctioneers. Students identify local marketing agents and their roles.

Examples of local marketing agents, organizational charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 141-143

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Agricultural Organizations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of Kenya Sugar Authority, Horticultural Crops Development Authority, AFC, ADC, and KMC. Outline the principles of co-operatives. Cite examples of organizations that help farmers in marketing their produce.

Study functions of statutory boards: National Irrigation Board, NCPB, Kenya Sisal Board, Coffee Board, Pyrethrum Board, Cotton Board, Kenya Sugar Authority, HCDA, AFC, ADC, KMC. Examination of co-operative principles: open membership, equal rights, share limit, interest on shares, withdrawal rights, loyalty, education, non-profit motive. Study ASK, 4-K Clubs, Young Farmers Clubs, KNFP, agricultural women groups functions.

List of statutory boards, co-operative examples, youth organization materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 143-150

Agroforestry

Definition and Forms of Agroforestry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define agroforestry. Distinguish between agrosilviculture, silvopastoral and agrosilvopastoral systems. Explain how agroforestry increases farm productivity.

Q/A on tree planting on farms. Teacher explains agroforestry definition and three forms with their applications. Students identify local examples and discuss changing land use patterns in Kenya.

Charts showing agroforestry systems, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 152-153

Agroforestry

Importance of Agroforestry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how agroforestry provides remedy to deforestation. Analyze agroforestry as source of income. Evaluate environmental benefits of agroforestry.

Study five importance areas: fuel wood provision, income generation from various products, environmental protection, labour savings for women, aesthetic improvements. Discussion on Kenya's fuel wood shortage problems.

Agroforestry products samples, environmental conservation materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 153

Agroforestry

Tree Selection Criteria

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify four growing habits required for agroforestry trees. Evaluate fast growing and deep rooted tree species. Assess nitrogen fixing capacity of leguminous trees.

Study tree characteristics: fast growth, deep roots for reduced competition, nitrogen fixation, good by-products. Examine trees to avoid at specific sites and reasons.

Tree species samples, characteristic comparison charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 153-154

Agroforestry

Nursery Types and Seed Sources
Seed Treatment Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare direct and containerised nurseries. Evaluate seed sources and quality requirements. Outline nursery site selection factors.

Study nursery types: direct versus containerised systems. Examine seed collection from government sources or mature trees, emphasizing quality requirements.

Sample containers, polythene bags, seed types
Hot water setup, thermometer, sample seeds, filing tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 154-155

Agroforestry

Nursery Management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply mulching and watering techniques. Demonstrate root pruning using Figure 7.1. Execute transplanting using Figure 7.3 methodology.

Practice nine management activities: mulching, watering schedules, weed control, pricking out, root pruning, shading, pest control, hardening off, transplanting procedure.

Figures 7.1-7.3 from textbook, watering equipment, mulching materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 156-158

Agroforestry

Tree Protection and Maintenance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Design protection systems for young trees. Execute pruning techniques. Perform side grafting using Figure 7.6 method.

Study protection methods from Figure 7.5 for one-year period. Practice pruning for fuel wood and shaping. Demonstrate side grafting technique ensuring compatibility.

Figure 7.5-7.6 from textbook, protection materials, grafting tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 158-159

Agroforestry

Alley Cropping and Multi-storey Systems
Woodlots and Strategic Tree Placement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Implement alley cropping with proper spacing. Execute regular cutting and mulching procedures. Establish multi-storey cropping with correct orientation.

Practice alley cropping using Figure 7.7 with Leucaena and Calliandra. Establish multi-storey system using Figure 7.8 with 8-20 metre spacing and east-west orientation.

Figures 7.7-7.8 from textbook, measuring equipment, spacing materials
Figure 7.9-7.10 from textbook, site evaluation materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 159-161

Agroforestry

Tree Harvesting Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Execute pruning and lopping methods. Perform pollarding at appropriate heights. Implement coppicing and thinning operations.

Practice five harvesting methods: pruning, lopping for fodder, pollarding using suitable species, coppicing at 30cm height, thinning for woodlot management.

Figures 7.11-7.15 from textbook, harvesting tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 162-166

Agroforestry

Tree Harvesting Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Execute pruning and lopping methods. Perform pollarding at appropriate heights. Implement coppicing and thinning operations.

Practice five harvesting methods: pruning, lopping for fodder, pollarding using suitable species, coppicing at 30cm height, thinning for woodlot management.

Figures 7.11-7.15 from textbook, harvesting tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 162-166