THE LEDGER

Meaning, purpose and format of ledger accounts
Rules of recording and double entry concept

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define a ledger and ledger account
-Explain the purpose of keeping a ledger
-Identify features of a ledger account
-Draw the correct format of a ledger account
-Explain the four columns and T-shape format
-Distinguish between debit and credit sides

Introduction to ledger concept; Demonstration of T-format; Group discussion on ledger importance; Drawing ledger account format; Practical identification exercises; Format construction activities

Textbook, Ledger books, Rulers, Chart paper, T-format templates
Textbook, Ledger books, Rules summary charts, Double-entry worksheets, Calculator

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 127-129

THE LEDGER

Recording business transactions and opening accounts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Record simple transactions in ledger accounts
-Apply double-entry rules correctly
-Open ledger accounts from balance sheet information
-Record opening balances correctly
-Demonstrate proper posting procedures
-Show cross-referencing between accounts

Guided posting exercises; Transaction recording practice; Opening balance exercises; Balance sheet to ledger conversion; Cross-referencing demonstrations; Step-by-step posting guidance

Textbook, Ledger books, Transaction examples, Balance sheet examples, Practice sets

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 131-135

THE LEDGER

Recording purchases, sales and returns
Recording expenses, revenues and drawings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Record purchases of goods for resale
-Distinguish between cash and credit purchases
-Record purchase returns (returns outwards)
-Record sales returns (returns inwards)
-Post purchase and sales transactions to relevant accounts
-Apply double-entry rules to returns

Purchase transaction recording; Returns transaction analysis; Cash vs credit analysis; Practical recording exercises; Comparison activities; Group problem solving

Textbook, Ledger books, Purchase scenarios, Returns scenarios, Transaction cards
Textbook, Ledger books, Expense/revenue examples, Drawings scenarios, Classification worksheets

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 135-137

THE LEDGER

Balancing ledger accounts
Uses of ledger and trial balance preparation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the procedure for balancing accounts
-Calculate account balances correctly
-Demonstrate balance carried down and brought down
-Balance accounts with only one entry
-Identify and handle closed accounts
-Show treatment of various balancing scenarios

Balancing demonstrations; Step-by-step calculations; Single entry balancing; Closed account identification; Practical balancing exercises; Comparative analysis

Textbook, Ledger books, Calculator, Balancing worksheets, Special scenario worksheets
Textbook, Ledger books, Trial balance formats, Calculator, Extraction worksheets

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 139-141

THE LEDGER

Trial balance limitations and errors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify limitations of trial balance
-Explain errors that do not affect trial balance agreement
-Discuss hidden errors in trial balance
-Analyze errors that cause trial balance disagreement
-Demonstrate error detection techniques
-Show correction procedures for common errors

Error analysis sessions; Limitation discussions; Error detection exercises; Hidden error identification; Correction demonstrations; Group problem solving

Textbook, Error example worksheets, Analysis charts, Correction materials, Error detection aids

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 142-143

THE LEDGER
THE CASH BOOK

Classification of accounts and types of ledgers
Introduction, meaning and purpose of cash book

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Classify ledger accounts into personal and impersonal
-Distinguish between different types of ledgers
-Explain sales ledger, purchases ledger and nominal ledger
-Describe cash book, private ledger and general ledger
-Identify specialized ledgers and their uses
-Demonstrate proper account classification and ledger selection

Classification exercises; Ledger type identification; Practical classification activities; Ledger type analysis; Selection exercises; Real business applications

Textbook, Classification charts, Ledger type examples, Comparison worksheets, Business scenario materials
Textbook, Sample cash books, Transaction examples, Chart showing cash book structure

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 143-145

THE CASH BOOK

Types of cash books and single-column cash book

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the three main types of cash books
-Explain the single-column cash book
-Describe the format of single-column cash book
-Prepare single-column cash book from given transactions
-Balance single-column cash book correctly
-Show proper recording of cash receipts and payments

Types of cash books explanation; Format demonstration; Practical preparation exercises; Step-by-step recording guidance; Balancing procedures demonstration; Individual practice sessions

Textbook, Cash book formats, Practice worksheets, Rulers, Calculator

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 161-163

THE CASH BOOK

The two-column cash book
Bank overdraft and advanced two-column cash book

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the two-column cash book structure
-Identify cash and bank columns
-Record transactions in two-column cash book
-Understand contra entries and their recording
-Balance cash and bank columns separately
-Show proper use of folio references

Two-column format demonstration; Contra entries explanation; Practical recording exercises; Balancing procedures for both columns; Group problem solving; Step-by-step construction activities

Textbook, Two-column cash book formats, Transaction sets, Calculator, Contra entry examples
Textbook, Calculator, Complex transaction examples, Overdraft scenarios, Business case studies

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 163-165

THE CASH BOOK

The three-column cash book and discount columns
Double-entry and ledger posting from cash book

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the three-column cash book structure
-Distinguish between discount allowed and discount received
-Record transactions in three-column cash book
-Handle discount calculations correctly
-Balance three-column cash book properly
-Show proper treatment of discount columns

Three-column format demonstration; Discount concepts explanation; Discount calculation exercises; Practical recording activities; Balancing procedures for all columns; Group work on discount scenarios

Textbook, Three-column cash book formats, Calculator, Discount calculation worksheets, Practice sets
Textbook, Ledger books, Posting examples, Dishonoured cheque scenarios, Practice worksheets

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 167-168

THE CASH BOOK

Pertinent issues and comprehensive practice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Discuss honesty and transparency in cash book keeping
-Explain conformity to accounting principles
-Analyze importance of proper cash book maintenance
-Evaluate ethical considerations in cash recording
-Apply all cash book concepts to comprehensive problems
-Demonstrate mastery of cash book preparation and balancing

Group discussions on business ethics; Comprehensive cash book preparation; Complex problem solving; Ethical scenario analysis; Peer review activities; Individual consultations

Textbook, Comprehensive problem sets, Ethical scenario cards, Case study materials, Assessment worksheets

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 168-169

THE CASH BOOK
MONEY & BANKING

Pertinent issues and comprehensive practice
Introduction, Barter Trade and its Limitations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Real exchange items, Problem scenario cards, Case study materials, Charts

MONEY & BANKING

Money System and Characteristics of Money

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define money as medium of exchange. Explain evolution from barter to money. Identify and explain all characteristics of money (acceptability, divisibility, portability, durability, stability, homogeneity, cognisability, scarcity, malleability).

Exposition of money evolution. Hands-on examination of currency samples. Testing recognition of genuine vs fake money. Practical demonstration of money characteristics. Group analysis of characteristic importance.

Different currencies, Genuine and sample notes, Magnifying glass, Regional currency samples

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 93-95

MONEY & BANKING

Functions of Money
Demand for Money and Supply of Money

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain all functions of money: medium of exchange, measure of value, unit of account, store of value, standard of deferred payment, transfer of immovable assets. Apply functions in practical scenarios.

Practical trading exercises using money. Value comparison activities. Record keeping using money as unit. Case studies on savings and debt payments. Mock property transfer scenarios.

Goods for trading, Price tags, Recording sheets, Savings scenarios, Property document samples
Budget sheets, Emergency scenarios, Investment charts, Money supply statistics, Central Bank reports

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 95-96

MONEY & BANKING

Banking System and Development of Banking

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify elements of Kenya's banking system. Explain hierarchy of banks. Trace history of banking development from goldsmith banking to modern banking. Understand banking evolution.

Mapping exercise of Kenya's banking system. Historical timeline creation of banking development. Story-telling of goldsmith banking origins. Group research on banking categories. Banking evolution discussions.

Banking system charts, Historical timeline materials, Bank category lists, Banking evolution charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 99-101

MONEY & BANKING

Commercial Banks and Their Services
Commercial Bank Services and Foreign Exchange

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define commercial banks and their profit methods. Explain accepting deposits, lending money, and safekeeping services. Detail money transfer facilities including standing orders and telegraphic transfers.

Mock bank operation setup. Deposit and withdrawal simulations. Practical money transfer exercises. Standing order setup simulation. Safety deposit demonstration.

Mock bank materials, Deposit slips, Transfer forms, Safety boxes, Play money, Standing order cards
Exchange rate charts, Advisory scenario cards, Trustee examples, Guarantor forms, Intermediary flow charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 100-103

MONEY & BANKING

Types of Bank Accounts - Current and Savings
Fixed Deposit Accounts and Account Opening Requirements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define and compare current and savings accounts. Explain characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each. Demonstrate account operations and requirements.

Current account opening simulation. Savings account operation practice. Cheque writing exercises. Interest calculation for savings. ATM usage demonstrations. Account comparison activities.

Account opening forms, Cheque books, ATM cards, Interest calculation sheets, Comparison charts
Investment scenarios, Calculation sheets, Account forms, ID documents, Photographs, Certificate samples

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 104-109

MONEY & BANKING

Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define NBFIs and their purpose. Explain Development Finance Institutions, Housing Finance Companies, SACCOs, Insurance Companies. Detail their functions and services.

Research on local NBFIs. SACCO membership simulation. Insurance policy analysis. Housing finance case studies. Group presentations on NBFI roles.

NBFI information sheets, SACCO materials, Insurance policies, Housing finance examples, Case study materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 111-113

MONEY & BANKING

Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define NBFIs and their purpose. Explain Development Finance Institutions, Housing Finance Companies, SACCOs, Insurance Companies. Detail their functions and services.

Research on local NBFIs. SACCO membership simulation. Insurance policy analysis. Housing finance case studies. Group presentations on NBFI roles.

NBFI information sheets, SACCO materials, Insurance policies, Housing finance examples, Case study materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 111-113

MONEY & BANKING

Micro-Finance, Agricultural Finance and Differences with Commercial Banks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain micro-finance and agricultural finance operations. Compare NBFIs with commercial banks in terms of services, target markets, and operations. Analyze their complementary roles.

Micro-finance loan simulation. Agricultural project financing exercises. Comparison table creation. Case study analysis of differences. Group discussions on operational contrasts.

Loan application forms, Agricultural projects, Comparison charts, Case studies, Analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 111-113

MONEY & BANKING

Central Bank Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define Central Bank role in monetary control. Explain currency issuing, banker to banks, government banking, bank control, and clearing house functions. Demonstrate lender of last resort role.

Central Bank role-play activities. Currency management simulation. Inter-bank transaction examples. Government account simulation. Bank supervision demonstrations. Cheque clearing exercises.

Central Bank charts, Currency samples, Inter-bank forms, Government forms, Supervision checklists, Clearing examples

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 113-115

MONEY & BANKING

Monetary Policy Tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monetary policy and its objectives. Explain bank rate, open market operations, cash/liquidity ratio, compulsory deposits, selective credit controls, directives and moral suasion. Demonstrate how these tools control money supply.

Monetary policy simulation exercises. Interest rate effect analysis. Securities trading demonstrations. Cash ratio calculations. Credit control scenarios. Policy tool comparison activities.

Policy charts, Interest rate examples, Securities samples, Calculation sheets, Control scenarios, Comparison tables

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 115-117

MONEY & BANKING

Modern Banking Trends

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze evolution in account types and their features. Explain computer use in banking and its benefits. Detail ATM operations and their impact on banking. Assess technological improvements in banking.

Modern banking technology demonstration. ATM operation simulation. Computer banking examples. Account feature comparison. Technology impact discussions.

ATM cards, Computer demonstrations, Modern banking examples, Technology comparison charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 117-119

MONEY & BANKING

Modern Banking Trends

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze evolution in account types and their features. Explain computer use in banking and its benefits. Detail ATM operations and their impact on banking. Assess technological improvements in banking.

Modern banking technology demonstration. ATM operation simulation. Computer banking examples. Account feature comparison. Technology impact discussions.

ATM cards, Computer demonstrations, Modern banking examples, Technology comparison charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 117-119

MONEY & BANKING

Modern Banking Trends

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain mobile banking, e-banking, and M-pesa services. Detail credit facilities evolution and customer care improvements. Analyze mobile banks and Pesa Point services. Assess banking accessibility improvements.

Mobile money demonstrations. E-banking simulations. Digital payment exercises. Credit application processes. Customer service role-plays. Mobile bank simulation.

Mobile phones, E-banking platforms, Digital payment examples, Credit forms, Service scenarios, Mobile bank materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 119-121