Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Definition of Market
Marketing Definition and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term market as an institution for exchange of goods and services. Distinguish between a perfect and an imperfect market.

Q/A on students' understanding of buying and selling. Teacher explains market as institution where buyers and sellers carry out business transactions. Discussion on perfect market conditions where any buyer can purchase from any seller at same prices versus imperfect market characteristics.

Charts showing market scenarios, local market examples
Marketing flow charts, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 126

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Monopolistic Competition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of monopolistic competition in a market.

Study five features of monopolistic competition: existence of few sellers, varying product quality from firm to firm, products are close substitutes, perfect product differentiation, single seller may dominate due to technological superiority. Students give local examples.

Market structure diagrams, business examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 126

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Oligopoly and Monopsony
Definition and Law of Demand
Demand Schedule and Curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of oligopolistic and monopsonistic markets.
Define the term demand. State and explain the law of demand.

Examination of oligopoly where small number of firms exist with mutual interdependence in policy making. Study of monopsonistic markets characterized by individual buyer influence on price due to sole buyer pressure. Discussion on pure competition requirements.
Study demand as quantity of goods consumers are willing and able to buy at specific price in given market and time. Examination of Figure 6.1 showing inverse relationship between demand and price. Discussion on difference between demand and want, effective demand concept.

Market comparison charts, case studies
Figure 6.1 from textbook, demand examples
Graph paper, rulers, sample demand data

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 126-127
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 127-128

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Factors Influencing Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting demand for a commodity.

Study ten factors affecting demand: population, income, preferences and tastes, prices of related goods, advertisement, beliefs customs and taboos, price expectation, level of taxation, perishability, future expectations. Discussion using local agricultural examples like milk, eggs, meat.

Examples of local agricultural commodities, factor charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 129-130

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Elasticity of Demand
Types of Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define elasticity of demand. Calculate elasticity of demand.

Study elasticity as degree of responsiveness of demand to price change. Practice calculating Ed using textbook bread example: 1000 loaves at Ksh 20 versus 600 loaves at Ksh 23. Students work through calculation steps and interpret results.

Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets
Figures 6.3-6.6 from textbook, graph paper, rulers

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 130-132

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Factors Affecting Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting elasticity of demand.

Study six factors determining elasticity: availability of substitutes, degree of necessity, number of uses a product can be put to, time lag, time span, proportion of expenditure. Discussion using examples like table salt versus luxury commodities. Students classify local commodities by elasticity type.

Local commodity examples, classification charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 133

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Factors Affecting Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting elasticity of demand.

Study six factors determining elasticity: availability of substitutes, degree of necessity, number of uses a product can be put to, time lag, time span, proportion of expenditure. Discussion using examples like table salt versus luxury commodities. Students classify local commodities by elasticity type.

Local commodity examples, classification charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 133

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Supply Definition and Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term supply. State and explain factors affecting supply of a commodity.

Study supply as quantity producers are willing to sell at specified prices in given market and time. Examination of Figure 6.7 showing direct relationship between price and supply. Study Table 6.1 supply schedule for meat. Analysis of ten factors affecting supply including number of sellers, technology, weather, government policy.

Figure 6.7, Table 6.1 from textbook, supply examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 133-135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Elasticity of Supply

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define elasticity of supply. Calculate elasticity of supply.

Study elasticity of supply as degree of responsiveness to price change. Practice calculating Es using textbook millet example: price change from Ksh 10 to Ksh 12 with supply change from 400kg to 600kg. Students practice calculations and interpret results.

Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Elasticity of Supply
Price Theory and Market Equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define elasticity of supply. Calculate elasticity of supply.
Explain how market prices are determined.

Study elasticity of supply as degree of responsiveness to price change. Practice calculating Es using textbook millet example: price change from Ksh 10 to Ksh 12 with supply change from 400kg to 600kg. Students practice calculations and interpret results.
Study price as amount of money paid for goods or services. Examination of Figure 6.9 showing demand-supply relationship in determining equilibrium price. Discussion on price control, government intervention, and liberalization effects on agricultural commodity pricing.

Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets
Figure 6.9 from textbook, price examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 135
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 136-138

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of marketing.

Study eleven marketing functions: buying and assembling, transporting and distributing, storage, packing, processing, grading and standardisation, packaging, collecting market information, selling, financing, bearing of risks. Students relate functions to local agricultural marketing examples.

Charts showing marketing functions, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 138-141

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Organizations and Agencies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of wholesalers and retailers. Outline the functions of itinerant traders, broker agents and commission agents.

Study marketing organizations: wholesalers who buy in bulk and sell to retailers, retailers who sell to consumers in small quantities, itinerant traders who move place to place, packers and processors, commission agents, broker agents, co-operatives, marketing boards, auctioneers. Students identify local marketing agents and their roles.

Examples of local marketing agents, organizational charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 141-143

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Organizations and Agencies
Agricultural Organizations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of wholesalers and retailers. Outline the functions of itinerant traders, broker agents and commission agents.
Outline the functions of Kenya Sugar Authority, Horticultural Crops Development Authority, AFC, ADC, and KMC. Outline the principles of co-operatives. Cite examples of organizations that help farmers in marketing their produce.

Study marketing organizations: wholesalers who buy in bulk and sell to retailers, retailers who sell to consumers in small quantities, itinerant traders who move place to place, packers and processors, commission agents, broker agents, co-operatives, marketing boards, auctioneers. Students identify local marketing agents and their roles.
Study functions of statutory boards: National Irrigation Board, NCPB, Kenya Sisal Board, Coffee Board, Pyrethrum Board, Cotton Board, Kenya Sugar Authority, HCDA, AFC, ADC, KMC. Examination of co-operative principles: open membership, equal rights, share limit, interest on shares, withdrawal rights, loyalty, education, non-profit motive. Study ASK, 4-K Clubs, Young Farmers Clubs, KNFP, agricultural women groups functions.

Examples of local marketing agents, organizational charts
List of statutory boards, co-operative examples, youth organization materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 141-143
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 143-150

Agroforestry

Definition and Forms of Agroforestry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define agroforestry. Distinguish between agrosilviculture, silvopastoral and agrosilvopastoral systems. Explain how agroforestry increases farm productivity.

Q/A on tree planting on farms. Teacher explains agroforestry definition and three forms with their applications. Students identify local examples and discuss changing land use patterns in Kenya.

Charts showing agroforestry systems, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 152-153

Agroforestry

Importance of Agroforestry
Tree Selection Criteria

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how agroforestry provides remedy to deforestation. Analyze agroforestry as source of income. Evaluate environmental benefits of agroforestry.

Study five importance areas: fuel wood provision, income generation from various products, environmental protection, labour savings for women, aesthetic improvements. Discussion on Kenya's fuel wood shortage problems.

Agroforestry products samples, environmental conservation materials
Tree species samples, characteristic comparison charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 153

Agroforestry

Nursery Types and Seed Sources
Seed Treatment Methods
Nursery Management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare direct and containerised nurseries. Evaluate seed sources and quality requirements. Outline nursery site selection factors.
Explain purposes of seed treatment. Demonstrate hot water treatment method. Apply mechanical breaking and light burning techniques.

Study nursery types: direct versus containerised systems. Examine seed collection from government sources or mature trees, emphasizing quality requirements.
Study seed treatment methods: hot water treatment at 80°C, mechanical breaking for croton seeds, light burning for wattle seeds. Practice dormancy breaking techniques.

Sample containers, polythene bags, seed types
Hot water setup, thermometer, sample seeds, filing tools
Figures 7.1-7.3 from textbook, watering equipment, mulching materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 154-155
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 155-156

Agroforestry

Tree Protection and Maintenance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Design protection systems for young trees. Execute pruning techniques. Perform side grafting using Figure 7.6 method.

Study protection methods from Figure 7.5 for one-year period. Practice pruning for fuel wood and shaping. Demonstrate side grafting technique ensuring compatibility.

Figure 7.5-7.6 from textbook, protection materials, grafting tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 158-159

Agroforestry

Alley Cropping and Multi-storey Systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Implement alley cropping with proper spacing. Execute regular cutting and mulching procedures. Establish multi-storey cropping with correct orientation.

Practice alley cropping using Figure 7.7 with Leucaena and Calliandra. Establish multi-storey system using Figure 7.8 with 8-20 metre spacing and east-west orientation.

Figures 7.7-7.8 from textbook, measuring equipment, spacing materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 159-161

Agroforestry

Woodlots and Strategic Tree Placement
Tree Harvesting Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Establish woodlots on appropriate sites. Position trees on boundaries for multiple functions. Plan tree placement for conservation purposes.
Execute pruning and lopping methods. Perform pollarding at appropriate heights. Implement coppicing and thinning operations.

Study woodlots establishment using Figure 7.9. Practice site selection for boundaries, river banks, terraces, slopes over 55%, and homestead considering safety distances.
Practice five harvesting methods: pruning, lopping for fodder, pollarding using suitable species, coppicing at 30cm height, thinning for woodlot management.

Figure 7.9-7.10 from textbook, site evaluation materials
Figures 7.11-7.15 from textbook, harvesting tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 161-162
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 162-166