Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Definition of Market
Marketing Definition and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term market as an institution for exchange of goods and services. Distinguish between a perfect and an imperfect market.

Q/A on students' understanding of buying and selling. Teacher explains market as institution where buyers and sellers carry out business transactions. Discussion on perfect market conditions where any buyer can purchase from any seller at same prices versus imperfect market characteristics.

Charts showing market scenarios, local market examples
Marketing flow charts, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 126

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Monopolistic Competition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of monopolistic competition in a market.

Study five features of monopolistic competition: existence of few sellers, varying product quality from firm to firm, products are close substitutes, perfect product differentiation, single seller may dominate due to technological superiority. Students give local examples.

Market structure diagrams, business examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 126

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Oligopoly and Monopsony
Definition and Law of Demand
Demand Schedule and Curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of oligopolistic and monopsonistic markets.
Explain the concept of demand schedule. Sketch the demand curve.

Examination of oligopoly where small number of firms exist with mutual interdependence in policy making. Study of monopsonistic markets characterized by individual buyer influence on price due to sole buyer pressure. Discussion on pure competition requirements.
Study demand schedule as list of quantities a population will buy at different prices. Practice creating demand schedules using textbook examples. Examination of individual demand versus total demand concepts. Students practice sketching demand curves using graph paper.

Market comparison charts, case studies
Figure 6.1 from textbook, demand examples
Graph paper, rulers, sample demand data

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 126-127
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 128-129

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Factors Influencing Demand
Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting demand for a commodity.

Study ten factors affecting demand: population, income, preferences and tastes, prices of related goods, advertisement, beliefs customs and taboos, price expectation, level of taxation, perishability, future expectations. Discussion using local agricultural examples like milk, eggs, meat.

Examples of local agricultural commodities, factor charts
Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 129-130

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Types of Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of elasticity of demand. Illustrate elastic, inelastic and unitary demand graphically.

Examination of Figures 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, and 6.6 showing elastic, inelastic and unitary demand segments. Students practice drawing different elasticity curves and identifying characteristics of each type. Analysis of total revenue test for measuring elasticity.

Figures 6.3-6.6 from textbook, graph paper, rulers

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 130-133

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Factors Affecting Elasticity of Demand
Supply Definition and Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting elasticity of demand.
Define the term supply. State and explain factors affecting supply of a commodity.

Study six factors determining elasticity: availability of substitutes, degree of necessity, number of uses a product can be put to, time lag, time span, proportion of expenditure. Discussion using examples like table salt versus luxury commodities. Students classify local commodities by elasticity type.
Study supply as quantity producers are willing to sell at specified prices in given market and time. Examination of Figure 6.7 showing direct relationship between price and supply. Study Table 6.1 supply schedule for meat. Analysis of ten factors affecting supply including number of sellers, technology, weather, government policy.

Local commodity examples, classification charts
Figure 6.7, Table 6.1 from textbook, supply examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 133
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 133-135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Elasticity of Supply

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define elasticity of supply. Calculate elasticity of supply.

Study elasticity of supply as degree of responsiveness to price change. Practice calculating Es using textbook millet example: price change from Ksh 10 to Ksh 12 with supply change from 400kg to 600kg. Students practice calculations and interpret results.

Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Elasticity of Supply

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define elasticity of supply. Calculate elasticity of supply.

Study elasticity of supply as degree of responsiveness to price change. Practice calculating Es using textbook millet example: price change from Ksh 10 to Ksh 12 with supply change from 400kg to 600kg. Students practice calculations and interpret results.

Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Price Theory and Market Equilibrium
Marketing Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how market prices are determined.
Outline the functions of marketing.

Study price as amount of money paid for goods or services. Examination of Figure 6.9 showing demand-supply relationship in determining equilibrium price. Discussion on price control, government intervention, and liberalization effects on agricultural commodity pricing.
Study eleven marketing functions: buying and assembling, transporting and distributing, storage, packing, processing, grading and standardisation, packaging, collecting market information, selling, financing, bearing of risks. Students relate functions to local agricultural marketing examples.

Figure 6.9 from textbook, price examples
Charts showing marketing functions, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 136-138
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 138-141

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Organizations and Agencies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of wholesalers and retailers. Outline the functions of itinerant traders, broker agents and commission agents.

Study marketing organizations: wholesalers who buy in bulk and sell to retailers, retailers who sell to consumers in small quantities, itinerant traders who move place to place, packers and processors, commission agents, broker agents, co-operatives, marketing boards, auctioneers. Students identify local marketing agents and their roles.

Examples of local marketing agents, organizational charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 141-143

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Organizations and Agencies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of wholesalers and retailers. Outline the functions of itinerant traders, broker agents and commission agents.

Study marketing organizations: wholesalers who buy in bulk and sell to retailers, retailers who sell to consumers in small quantities, itinerant traders who move place to place, packers and processors, commission agents, broker agents, co-operatives, marketing boards, auctioneers. Students identify local marketing agents and their roles.

Examples of local marketing agents, organizational charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 141-143

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)
Agroforestry

Agricultural Organizations
Definition and Forms of Agroforestry
Importance of Agroforestry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of Kenya Sugar Authority, Horticultural Crops Development Authority, AFC, ADC, and KMC. Outline the principles of co-operatives. Cite examples of organizations that help farmers in marketing their produce.
Define agroforestry. Distinguish between agrosilviculture, silvopastoral and agrosilvopastoral systems. Explain how agroforestry increases farm productivity.

Study functions of statutory boards: National Irrigation Board, NCPB, Kenya Sisal Board, Coffee Board, Pyrethrum Board, Cotton Board, Kenya Sugar Authority, HCDA, AFC, ADC, KMC. Examination of co-operative principles: open membership, equal rights, share limit, interest on shares, withdrawal rights, loyalty, education, non-profit motive. Study ASK, 4-K Clubs, Young Farmers Clubs, KNFP, agricultural women groups functions.
Q/A on tree planting on farms. Teacher explains agroforestry definition and three forms with their applications. Students identify local examples and discuss changing land use patterns in Kenya.

List of statutory boards, co-operative examples, youth organization materials
Charts showing agroforestry systems, local examples
Agroforestry products samples, environmental conservation materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 143-150
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 152-153

Agroforestry

Tree Selection Criteria
Nursery Types and Seed Sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify four growing habits required for agroforestry trees. Evaluate fast growing and deep rooted tree species. Assess nitrogen fixing capacity of leguminous trees.

Study tree characteristics: fast growth, deep roots for reduced competition, nitrogen fixation, good by-products. Examine trees to avoid at specific sites and reasons.

Tree species samples, characteristic comparison charts
Sample containers, polythene bags, seed types

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 153-154

Agroforestry

Seed Treatment Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain purposes of seed treatment. Demonstrate hot water treatment method. Apply mechanical breaking and light burning techniques.

Study seed treatment methods: hot water treatment at 80°C, mechanical breaking for croton seeds, light burning for wattle seeds. Practice dormancy breaking techniques.

Hot water setup, thermometer, sample seeds, filing tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 155-156

Agroforestry

Nursery Management
Tree Protection and Maintenance
Alley Cropping and Multi-storey Systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply mulching and watering techniques. Demonstrate root pruning using Figure 7.1. Execute transplanting using Figure 7.3 methodology.
Implement alley cropping with proper spacing. Execute regular cutting and mulching procedures. Establish multi-storey cropping with correct orientation.

Practice nine management activities: mulching, watering schedules, weed control, pricking out, root pruning, shading, pest control, hardening off, transplanting procedure.
Practice alley cropping using Figure 7.7 with Leucaena and Calliandra. Establish multi-storey system using Figure 7.8 with 8-20 metre spacing and east-west orientation.

Figures 7.1-7.3 from textbook, watering equipment, mulching materials
Figure 7.5-7.6 from textbook, protection materials, grafting tools
Figures 7.7-7.8 from textbook, measuring equipment, spacing materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 156-158
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 159-161

Agroforestry

Woodlots and Strategic Tree Placement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Establish woodlots on appropriate sites. Position trees on boundaries for multiple functions. Plan tree placement for conservation purposes.

Study woodlots establishment using Figure 7.9. Practice site selection for boundaries, river banks, terraces, slopes over 55%, and homestead considering safety distances.

Figure 7.9-7.10 from textbook, site evaluation materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 161-162

Agroforestry

Tree Harvesting Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Execute pruning and lopping methods. Perform pollarding at appropriate heights. Implement coppicing and thinning operations.

Practice five harvesting methods: pruning, lopping for fodder, pollarding using suitable species, coppicing at 30cm height, thinning for woodlot management.

Figures 7.11-7.15 from textbook, harvesting tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 162-166