THE MOLE

Titration - Acid-Base Neutralization
Titration - Diprotic Acids
Standardization of Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform acid-base titrations accurately
Use indicators to determine end points
Record titration data properly
Calculate average titres from multiple readings
Investigate titrations involving diprotic acids
Determine basicity of acids from titration data
Compare volumes needed for mono- and diprotic acids
Write equations for diprotic acid reactions

Experiment: Titrate 25cm³ of 0.1M NaOH with 0.1M HCl using phenolphthalein. Repeat three times for consistency. Record data in tabular form. Calculate average titre. Discuss accuracy and precision.
Experiment: Titrate 25cm³ of 0.1M NaOH with 0.1M H₂SO₄. Compare volume used with previous HCl titration. Calculate mole ratios. Explain concept of basicity. Introduce dibasic and tribasic acids.

Burettes, Pipettes, 0.1M NaOH, 0.1M HCl, Phenolphthalein indicator, Conical flasks
Burettes, Pipettes, 0.1M H₂SO₄, 0.1M NaOH, Phenolphthalein, Basicity reference chart
Anhydrous Na₂CO₃, Approximately 0.1M HCl, Methyl orange, Volumetric flasks, Analytical balance

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 59-62
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 62-65

THE MOLE

Back Titration Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand principle of back titration
Apply back titration to determine composition
Calculate concentrations using back titration data
Determine atomic masses from back titration

Experiment: Determine atomic mass of divalent metal in MCO₃. Add excess HCl to carbonate, then titrate excess with NaOH. Calculate moles of acid that reacted with carbonate. Determine metal's atomic mass.

Metal carbonate sample, 0.5M HCl, 0M NaOH, Phenolphthalein, Conical flasks

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 67-70

THE MOLE

Redox Titrations - Principles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain principles of redox titrations
Identify color changes in redox reactions
Understand self-indicating nature of some redox reactions
Write ionic equations for redox processes

Teacher exposition: Redox titration principles. Demonstrate color changes: MnO₄⁻ (purple) → Mn²⁺ (colorless), Cr₂O₇²⁻ (orange) → Cr³⁺ (green). Discussion: Self-indicating reactions. Write half-equations and overall ionic equations.

Potassium manganate(VII), Potassium dichromate(VI), Iron(II) solutions, Color change charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 68-70

THE MOLE

Redox Titrations - KMnO₄ Standardization
Water of Crystallization Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Standardize KMnO₄ solution using iron(II) salt
Calculate molarity from redox titration data
Apply 1:5 mole ratio in calculations
Prepare solutions for redox titrations

Experiment: Standardize KMnO₄ using FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄·6H₂O. Dissolve iron salt in boiled, cooled water. Titrate with KMnO₄ until persistent pink color. Calculate molarity using 5:1 mole ratio.

Iron(II) ammonium sulfate, KMnO₄ solution, Dilute H₂SO₄, Pipettes, Burettes
Hydrated iron(II) salt, Standardized KMnO₄, Dilute H₂SO₄, Analytical balance

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 70-72

THE MOLE

Atomicity and Molar Gas Volume
Combining Volumes of Gases - Experimental Investigation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define atomicity of gaseous elements
Classify gases as monoatomic, diatomic, or triatomic
Determine molar gas volume experimentally
Calculate gas densities and molar masses
Investigate Gay-Lussac's law experimentally
Measure combining volumes of reacting gases
Determine simple whole number ratios
Write equations from volume relationships

Experiment: Measure volumes and masses of different gases (O₂, CO₂, Cl₂). Calculate densities and molar masses. Determine volume occupied by one mole. Compare values at different conditions.
Experiment: React NH₃ and HCl gases in measured volumes. Observe formation of NH₄Cl solid. Measure residual gas volumes. Determine combining ratios. Apply to other gas reactions.

Gas syringes (50cm³), Various gases, Analytical balance, Gas supply apparatus
Gas syringes, Dry NH₃ generator, Dry HCl generator, Glass connecting tubes, Clips

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 73-75
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 75-77

THE MOLE

Gas Laws and Chemical Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply Avogadro's law to chemical reactions
Use volume ratios to determine chemical equations
Calculate product volumes from reactant volumes
Solve problems involving gas stoichiometry

Worked examples: Use Gay-Lussac's law to determine equations. Calculate volumes of products from given reactant volumes. Apply Avogadro's law to find number of molecules. Practice: Complex gas stoichiometry problems.

Scientific calculators, Gas law charts, Volume ratio examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 77-79

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Sources of Alkanes - Natural Gas, Biogas, and Crude Oil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define organic chemistry and hydrocarbons
Explain why carbon forms many compounds
Classify hydrocarbons into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
Identify the bonding in carbon compounds

Teacher exposition: Definition of organic chemistry. Discussion: Unique properties of carbon - tetravalency, catenation, multiple bonding. Q/A: Examples of hydrocarbons in daily life. Introduction to three main groups of hydrocarbons.

Carbon models, Hydrocarbon structure charts, Molecular model kits
Biogas digester model/diagram, Natural gas composition charts, Organic waste samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 86-87

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fractional distillation process
Perform fractional distillation of crude oil
Identify different fractions and their uses
Relate boiling points to molecular size

Experiment: Fractional distillation of crude oil using improvised column. Collect fractions at different temperatures (120°C intervals up to 350°C). Test fractions for appearance, flammability, and viscosity. Record observations and relate to molecular size.

Crude oil sample, Boiling tubes, High-temperature thermometer, Sand/porcelain chips, Bunsen burner, Test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 87-89

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Cracking of Alkanes - Thermal and Catalytic Methods
Alkane Series and Homologous Series Concept
Nomenclature of Alkanes - Straight Chain and Branched

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define cracking of alkanes
Distinguish between thermal and catalytic cracking
Write equations for cracking reactions
Explain industrial importance of cracking
Define homologous series using alkanes
Write molecular formulas for first 10 alkanes
Identify characteristics of homologous series
Apply general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ for alkanes

Teacher exposition: Definition and purpose of cracking. Discussion: Thermal vs catalytic cracking conditions. Worked examples: Cracking equations producing smaller alkanes, alkenes, and hydrogen. Q/A: Industrial applications and hydrogen production.
Teacher exposition: Homologous series definition and characteristics. Table completion: Names, molecular formulas, and structures of first 10 alkanes. Discussion: General formula application. Pattern recognition: Gradual change in physical properties.

Cracking process diagrams, Chemical equation charts, Catalyst samples for demonstration
Alkane series chart, Molecular formula worksheets, Periodic table
Structural formula charts, IUPAC naming rules poster, Molecular model kits

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 89-90
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 90-92

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Isomerism in Alkanes - Structural Isomers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define isomerism in alkanes
Draw structural isomers of butane and pentane
Distinguish between chain and positional isomerism
Predict number of isomers for given alkanes

Teacher exposition: Isomerism definition and types. Practical exercise: Draw all isomers of butane and pentane. Discussion: Physical property differences between isomers. Model building: Use molecular models to show isomeric structures.

Molecular model kits, Isomerism charts, Structural formula worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 92-94

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Methane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe laboratory preparation of methane
Perform methane preparation experiment safely
Test physical and chemical properties of methane
Write equation for methane preparation

Experiment: Heat mixture of sodium ethanoate and soda lime. Collect methane gas over water. Tests: Color, smell, combustion, reaction with bromine in dark. Record observations in table format. Safety precautions during gas collection.

Sodium ethanoate, Soda lime, Round-bottomed flask, Gas collection apparatus, Bromine water, Wooden splints

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 94-96

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethane using sodium propanoate and soda lime
Compare preparation methods of methane and ethane
Test properties of ethane gas
Write general equation for alkane preparation

Experiment: Prepare ethane from sodium propanoate and soda lime. Compare with methane preparation method. Carry out similar tests as for methane. Discussion: General pattern for alkane preparation from sodium alkanoates.

Sodium propanoate, Soda lime, Gas collection apparatus, Testing materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 94-96

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Physical Properties of Alkanes
Chemical Properties of Alkanes - Combustion and Substitution
Uses of Alkanes in Industry and Daily Life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical properties of alkanes
Explain trends in melting and boiling points
Relate molecular size to physical properties
Compare solubility in different solvents
List major uses of different alkanes
Explain industrial applications of alkanes
Describe environmental considerations
Evaluate economic importance of alkanes

Data analysis: Study table of physical properties of first 10 alkanes. Graph plotting: Boiling points vs number of carbon atoms. Discussion: Intermolecular forces and property trends. Q/A: Solubility patterns in polar and non-polar solvents.
Discussion: Uses of gaseous alkanes as fuels. Teacher exposition: Industrial applications - carbon black, methanol production, hydrogen source. Q/A: Environmental impact and cleaner fuel initiatives. Assignment: Research local uses of alkane products.

Physical properties data tables, Graph paper, Calculators, Solubility demonstration materials
Molecular models, Halogenation reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets
Industrial application charts, Product samples, Environmental impact materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 96-97
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 98-100

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Alkenes and Functional Groups

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkenes and unsaturation
Identify the C=C functional group
Write general formula for alkenes (CₙH₂ₙ)
Compare alkenes with alkanes

Teacher exposition: Alkenes definition and unsaturation concept. Introduction: C=C double bond as functional group. Table study: First 6 members of alkene series. Comparison: Alkenes vs alkanes - formulas and structures.

Alkene series charts, Molecular models showing double bonds, Functional group posters

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 100-101

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Nomenclature of Alkenes
Isomerism in Alkenes - Branching and Positional

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply IUPAC rules for naming alkenes
Number carbon chains to give lowest numbers to double bonds
Name branched alkenes with substituents
Distinguish position isomers of alkenes

Teacher demonstration: Step-by-step naming of alkenes. Rules application: Longest chain with double bond, numbering from end nearest double bond. Practice exercises: Name various alkene structures. Group work: Complex branched alkenes with substituents.

IUPAC naming charts for alkenes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits
Molecular model kits, Isomerism worksheets, Geometric isomer models

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 101-102

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethene

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethene by dehydration of ethanol
Describe role of concentrated sulfuric acid
Set up apparatus safely for ethene preparation
Test physical and chemical properties of ethene

Experiment: Dehydration of ethanol using concentrated H₂SO₄ at 170°C. Use sand bath for controlled heating. Pass gas through NaOH to remove impurities. Tests: Bromine water, acidified KMnO₄, combustion. Safety precautions with concentrated acid.

Ethanol, Concentrated H₂SO₄, Round-bottomed flask, Sand bath, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 102-104

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Alternative Preparation of Ethene and Physical Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe catalytic dehydration using aluminum oxide
Compare different preparation methods
List physical properties of ethene
Explain trends in alkene physical properties

Demonstration: Alternative method using Al₂O₃ catalyst. Comparison: Acid vs catalytic dehydration methods. Data analysis: Physical properties of alkenes table. Discussion: Property trends with increasing molecular size.

Aluminum oxide catalyst, Glass wool, Alternative apparatus setup, Physical properties charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 102-104

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Chemical Properties of Alkenes - Addition Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain addition reactions due to C=C double bond
Write equations for halogenation of alkenes
Describe hydrogenation and hydrohalogenation
Explain addition mechanism

Teacher exposition: Addition reactions definition and mechanism. Worked examples: Ethene + Cl₂, Br₂, HBr, H₂. Discussion: Markovnikov's rule for unsymmetrical addition. Practice: Various addition reaction equations.

Addition reaction charts, Mechanism diagrams, Chemical equation worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 105-107

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes and Polymerization
Tests for Alkenes and Uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oxidation by KMnO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇
Explain polymerization of ethene
Define monomers and polymers
Write equations for polymer formation

Demonstration: Decolorization of KMnO₄ by alkenes. Teacher exposition: Polymerization process and polymer formation. Examples: Ethene → polyethene formation. Discussion: Industrial importance of polymerization. Practice: Write polymerization equations.

Oxidizing agents for demonstration, Polymer samples, Polymerization charts, Monomer-polymer models
Test alkenes, Bromine water, Acidified KMnO₄, Plastic samples, Uses reference charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 107-108

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Alkynes and Triple Bond
Nomenclature and Isomerism in Alkynes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkynes and triple bond structure
Write general formula for alkynes (CₙH₂ₙ₋₂)
Identify first members of alkyne series
Compare degree of unsaturation in hydrocarbons
Apply IUPAC naming rules for alkynes
Name branched alkynes with substituents
Draw structural isomers of alkynes
Identify branching and positional isomerism

Teacher exposition: Alkynes definition and C≡C triple bond. Table study: First 6 members of alkyne series with structures. Discussion: Degrees of unsaturation - alkanes vs alkenes vs alkynes. Model demonstration: Triple bond representation.
Teacher demonstration: Systematic naming of alkynes using -yne suffix. Practice exercises: Name various alkyne structures. Drawing exercise: Isomers of pentyne and hexyne. Group work: Complex branched alkynes with multiple substituents.

Alkyne series charts, Triple bond molecular models, Unsaturation comparison charts
IUPAC naming rules for alkynes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 109-110
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 110-111

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethyne
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkynes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethyne from calcium carbide and water
Set up gas collection apparatus safely
Test physical and chemical properties of ethyne
Write equation for ethyne preparation

Experiment: Calcium carbide + water reaction. Use sand layer for heat absorption. Collect ethyne over water. Tests: Color, smell, combustion, bromine water, acidified KMnO₄. Safety: Dry apparatus, controlled water addition.

Calcium carbide, Sand, Flat-bottomed flask, Dropping funnel, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions
Physical properties charts, Comparison tables, Combustion equation examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 111-112

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Addition Reactions of Alkynes and Chemical Tests

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write equations for halogenation of alkynes
Describe hydrogenation and hydrohalogenation
Compare reaction rates: alkynes vs alkenes
Perform chemical tests for alkynes

Worked examples: Two-step addition reactions of ethyne with Br₂, Cl₂, H₂. Discussion: Faster reaction rates in alkynes compared to alkenes. Practical session: Test alkynes with oxidizing agents. Comparison: Rate of decolorization vs alkenes.

Addition reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets, Test solutions, Stopwatch for rate comparison

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 113-115

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Uses of Alkynes and Industrial Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List industrial uses of alkynes
Explain oxy-acetylene welding applications
Describe use in synthetic fiber production
Evaluate importance as chemical starting materials

Discussion: Industrial applications of alkynes in adhesives, plastics, synthetic fibers. Teacher demonstration: Oxy-acetylene flame principles (or video). Q/A: Starting materials for chemical synthesis. Assignment: Research local industrial uses.

Industrial application charts, Welding equipment demonstration/video, Synthetic fiber samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 115-116