Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Definition of Market
Marketing Definition and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term market as an institution for exchange of goods and services. Distinguish between a perfect and an imperfect market.

Q/A on students' understanding of buying and selling. Teacher explains market as institution where buyers and sellers carry out business transactions. Discussion on perfect market conditions where any buyer can purchase from any seller at same prices versus imperfect market characteristics.

Charts showing market scenarios, local market examples
Marketing flow charts, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 126

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Monopolistic Competition
Oligopoly and Monopsony

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of monopolistic competition in a market.

Study five features of monopolistic competition: existence of few sellers, varying product quality from firm to firm, products are close substitutes, perfect product differentiation, single seller may dominate due to technological superiority. Students give local examples.

Market structure diagrams, business examples
Market comparison charts, case studies

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 126

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Definition and Law of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term demand. State and explain the law of demand.

Study demand as quantity of goods consumers are willing and able to buy at specific price in given market and time. Examination of Figure 6.1 showing inverse relationship between demand and price. Discussion on difference between demand and want, effective demand concept.

Figure 6.1 from textbook, demand examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 127-128

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Demand Schedule and Curves
Factors Influencing Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of demand schedule. Sketch the demand curve.

Study demand schedule as list of quantities a population will buy at different prices. Practice creating demand schedules using textbook examples. Examination of individual demand versus total demand concepts. Students practice sketching demand curves using graph paper.

Graph paper, rulers, sample demand data
Examples of local agricultural commodities, factor charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 128-129

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define elasticity of demand. Calculate elasticity of demand.

Study elasticity as degree of responsiveness of demand to price change. Practice calculating Ed using textbook bread example: 1000 loaves at Ksh 20 versus 600 loaves at Ksh 23. Students work through calculation steps and interpret results.

Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 130-132

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Types of Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of elasticity of demand. Illustrate elastic, inelastic and unitary demand graphically.

Examination of Figures 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, and 6.6 showing elastic, inelastic and unitary demand segments. Students practice drawing different elasticity curves and identifying characteristics of each type. Analysis of total revenue test for measuring elasticity.

Figures 6.3-6.6 from textbook, graph paper, rulers

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 130-133

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Factors Affecting Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting elasticity of demand.

Study six factors determining elasticity: availability of substitutes, degree of necessity, number of uses a product can be put to, time lag, time span, proportion of expenditure. Discussion using examples like table salt versus luxury commodities. Students classify local commodities by elasticity type.

Local commodity examples, classification charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 133

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Supply Definition and Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term supply. State and explain factors affecting supply of a commodity.

Study supply as quantity producers are willing to sell at specified prices in given market and time. Examination of Figure 6.7 showing direct relationship between price and supply. Study Table 6.1 supply schedule for meat. Analysis of ten factors affecting supply including number of sellers, technology, weather, government policy.

Figure 6.7, Table 6.1 from textbook, supply examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 133-135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Elasticity of Supply

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define elasticity of supply. Calculate elasticity of supply.

Study elasticity of supply as degree of responsiveness to price change. Practice calculating Es using textbook millet example: price change from Ksh 10 to Ksh 12 with supply change from 400kg to 600kg. Students practice calculations and interpret results.

Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Price Theory and Market Equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how market prices are determined.

Study price as amount of money paid for goods or services. Examination of Figure 6.9 showing demand-supply relationship in determining equilibrium price. Discussion on price control, government intervention, and liberalization effects on agricultural commodity pricing.

Figure 6.9 from textbook, price examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 136-138

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of marketing.

Study eleven marketing functions: buying and assembling, transporting and distributing, storage, packing, processing, grading and standardisation, packaging, collecting market information, selling, financing, bearing of risks. Students relate functions to local agricultural marketing examples.

Charts showing marketing functions, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 138-141

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of marketing.

Study eleven marketing functions: buying and assembling, transporting and distributing, storage, packing, processing, grading and standardisation, packaging, collecting market information, selling, financing, bearing of risks. Students relate functions to local agricultural marketing examples.

Charts showing marketing functions, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 138-141

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Organizations and Agencies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of wholesalers and retailers. Outline the functions of itinerant traders, broker agents and commission agents.

Study marketing organizations: wholesalers who buy in bulk and sell to retailers, retailers who sell to consumers in small quantities, itinerant traders who move place to place, packers and processors, commission agents, broker agents, co-operatives, marketing boards, auctioneers. Students identify local marketing agents and their roles.

Examples of local marketing agents, organizational charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 141-143

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Agricultural Organizations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of Kenya Sugar Authority, Horticultural Crops Development Authority, AFC, ADC, and KMC. Outline the principles of co-operatives. Cite examples of organizations that help farmers in marketing their produce.

Study functions of statutory boards: National Irrigation Board, NCPB, Kenya Sisal Board, Coffee Board, Pyrethrum Board, Cotton Board, Kenya Sugar Authority, HCDA, AFC, ADC, KMC. Examination of co-operative principles: open membership, equal rights, share limit, interest on shares, withdrawal rights, loyalty, education, non-profit motive. Study ASK, 4-K Clubs, Young Farmers Clubs, KNFP, agricultural women groups functions.

List of statutory boards, co-operative examples, youth organization materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 143-150

Agroforestry

Definition and Forms of Agroforestry
Importance of Agroforestry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define agroforestry. Distinguish between agrosilviculture, silvopastoral and agrosilvopastoral systems. Explain how agroforestry increases farm productivity.

Q/A on tree planting on farms. Teacher explains agroforestry definition and three forms with their applications. Students identify local examples and discuss changing land use patterns in Kenya.

Charts showing agroforestry systems, local examples
Agroforestry products samples, environmental conservation materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 152-153

Agroforestry

Tree Selection Criteria

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify four growing habits required for agroforestry trees. Evaluate fast growing and deep rooted tree species. Assess nitrogen fixing capacity of leguminous trees.

Study tree characteristics: fast growth, deep roots for reduced competition, nitrogen fixation, good by-products. Examine trees to avoid at specific sites and reasons.

Tree species samples, characteristic comparison charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 153-154

Agroforestry

Nursery Types and Seed Sources
Seed Treatment Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare direct and containerised nurseries. Evaluate seed sources and quality requirements. Outline nursery site selection factors.

Study nursery types: direct versus containerised systems. Examine seed collection from government sources or mature trees, emphasizing quality requirements.

Sample containers, polythene bags, seed types
Hot water setup, thermometer, sample seeds, filing tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 154-155

Agroforestry

Nursery Management
Tree Protection and Maintenance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply mulching and watering techniques. Demonstrate root pruning using Figure 7.1. Execute transplanting using Figure 7.3 methodology.

Practice nine management activities: mulching, watering schedules, weed control, pricking out, root pruning, shading, pest control, hardening off, transplanting procedure.

Figures 7.1-7.3 from textbook, watering equipment, mulching materials
Figure 7.5-7.6 from textbook, protection materials, grafting tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 156-158

Agroforestry

Alley Cropping and Multi-storey Systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Implement alley cropping with proper spacing. Execute regular cutting and mulching procedures. Establish multi-storey cropping with correct orientation.

Practice alley cropping using Figure 7.7 with Leucaena and Calliandra. Establish multi-storey system using Figure 7.8 with 8-20 metre spacing and east-west orientation.

Figures 7.7-7.8 from textbook, measuring equipment, spacing materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 159-161

Agroforestry

Woodlots and Strategic Tree Placement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Establish woodlots on appropriate sites. Position trees on boundaries for multiple functions. Plan tree placement for conservation purposes.

Study woodlots establishment using Figure 7.9. Practice site selection for boundaries, river banks, terraces, slopes over 55%, and homestead considering safety distances.

Figure 7.9-7.10 from textbook, site evaluation materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 161-162

Agroforestry
Paper 1 Revision

Tree Harvesting Techniques
Short Answer & Definition Questions (Section A)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Execute pruning and lopping methods. Perform pollarding at appropriate heights. Implement coppicing and thinning operations.

Practice five harvesting methods: pruning, lopping for fodder, pollarding using suitable species, coppicing at 30cm height, thinning for woodlot management.

Figures 7.11-7.15 from textbook, harvesting tools
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 162-166

REVISION

Paper 1 Revision

Application & Explanation Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply agricultural knowledge to real farming situations
- Develop clear, logical explanations

- Teacher demonstrates how to answer explanation questions.
- Students answer questions on factors, reasons, and effects
- Class discussion and corrections

Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes

Agriculture KLB Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4
Students notes

Paper 1 Revision

Diagram-Based & Interpretation Questions (Section B)
Long Structured Questions (Section C)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Interpret agricultural diagrams
- Answer questions based on illustrations accurately

- Identify and label diagrams
- Analyze diagrams
- Group work with feedback

Diagrams, past papers, projectors,
Marking scheme
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes

Agriculture Paper 1 KLB Bk 1-4

Paper 2 Revision

Short Answer & definations (Section A)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Recall key facts on livestock, tools, and systems - Master correct definations - Improve speed and accuracy

- Group discussion as guided by teacher.
- Class discussion and corrections

Paper 2 exams, marking schemes

Agriculture Paper 2, KLB Bk 1- 4

Paper 2 Revision

Diagram-Based & Practical Questions (Section B)
Long Structured Questions (Section C)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Interpret agricultural diagrams
- Answer questions based on illustrations accurately

- Identify and label diagrams
- Analyze diagrams
- Group work with feedback

photos, diagrams, past papers, projectors
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes

Agriculture Paper 2 KLB Bk 1-4

Paper 1 Revision

Short Answer & Definition Questions (Section A)
Application & Explanation Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Revise key definitions and facts - Improve accuracy in short answers - Practice time management

- Class quiz on common terms - Group revision of Section A topics (e.g., soil, crops, farm records) - Peer marking using marking schemes

Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes

Agriculture Paper 1, KLB Bk 4, Bluebook

Paper 1 Revision

Diagram-Based & Interpretation Questions (Section B)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Interpret agricultural diagrams
- Answer questions based on illustrations accurately

- Identify and label diagrams
- Analyze diagrams
- Group work with feedback

Diagrams, past papers, projectors,
Marking scheme

Agriculture Paper 1 KLB Bk 1-4