Statistical Methods

Introduction and Compound Bar Graphs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyse and interpret statistical data
Present statistical data using appropriate methods
Highlight steps followed when constructing compound/cumulative bar graphs
Find totals and cumulative totals for data

Q/A to review basic statistical concepts and simple bar graphs; Exposition of steps followed when constructing compound bar graphs; Guided activity using Table 1.1 crop production data; Practice finding cumulative totals and suitable scales

Graph paper, Rulers, Calculators, Table 1.1 crop production data

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 1-3

Statistical Methods

Compound Bar Graphs - Analysis and Construction Practice
Compound Bar Graphs - Interpretation and Advantages/Disadvantages

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Find suitable scale by considering largest and smallest values
Draw outline of each bar with components
Derive comprehensive key and label axes
Insert short and clear title

Exposition of scale selection and construction techniques; Drawing of compound bar graphs with proper shading; Detailed discussion on labeling and titling; Analysis of Fig. 1.1; Practice construction using Table 1.2 Kenya's export crops data

Colored pencils for shading, Construction materials, Table 1.2 data
Previously constructed graphs, Analysis worksheets

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 2-4

Statistical Methods

Proportional Circles - Construction Methods
Proportional Circles - Area Method and Analysis
Simple Pie Charts - Construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Construct proportional circles using diameter method
Round off totals to nearest thousand
Select suitable scale for diameters
Use radii figures to draw different circles

Students determine value of angles for variables; Exposition of proportional circles concept; Demonstration using Table 1.3 sugar production data; Guided calculation of radii using suitable scales; Drawing of circles using calculated radii

Calculators, Compasses, Table 1.3 sugar production data, Plain paper
Square root tables, Construction materials, Table 1.6 data
Protractors, Compasses, Land use data example, Colored pencils

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 3-5

Statistical Methods

Proportional Divided Circles - Construction
Pie Charts - Analysis and Interpretation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Find square root of totals for each set of data
Find suitable scale for radii of circles
Calculate percentages and angles as in simple pie charts
Draw circles using scale and insert details

Exposition of proportional divided circles concept; Detailed discussion using Table 1.9 mortality data; Step-by-step calculation of square roots and radii; Construction of multiple circles for countries X, Y, Z; Practice with proper segmentation and consistent shading

Table 1.9 mortality data, Square root tables, Construction materials
Constructed pie charts, Fig. 1.4 and Fig. 1.5 references, Analysis guidelines

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 6-9

Statistical Methods
Map Work

Advantages and Disadvantages of All Methods
Introduction and Precautions in Map Reading

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages of each statistical method
Identify disadvantages and limitations
Compare different methods of data presentation
Evaluate when to use each method appropriately

Brain storming on advantages of each method; Detailed discussion of disadvantages: tedious calculations, time-consuming construction, difficulty with small values; Comparison of visual impressions and data types; Q/A on appropriate method selection

Comparison charts, Various sample statistical presentations, Method evaluation criteria
Topographical maps, Sample phrases worksheet, Compass directions chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 2-10

Map Work

Landforms - Dissected and Rolling Relief

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify landforms using contours, conventional signs and names
Describe dissected relief using crooked and irregular contours
Identify rolling landform characteristics
Interpret relief patterns from topographical maps

Study the map before looking at the key; Exposition of dissected relief characteristics; Analysis of Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2; Practice identifying crooked contours and undulating relief; Guided interpretation of landform patterns

Topographical maps showing different relief types, Figure 2.1 and 2.2 from textbook, Tracing paper

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 12-14

Map Work

Hilly/Mountainous Relief, Valleys and Slope Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify hilly or mountainous relief characteristics
Recognize V-shaped valleys and U-shaped contours
Determine nature of slope using contour patterns, spacing and height
Distinguish between even, convex and concave slopes

Detailed discussion on hilly/mountainous relief using Figure 2.3(a); Study of valley formation using Figure 2.3(b); Explanation of slope types using Figures 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6; Practice identifying slope characteristics and intervisibility

Figures 2.3(a), (b), 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, Examples from Kisii Highlands, Sample topographical maps with various slopes

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 14-17

Map Work

Spurs, Passes, Saddles, Ridges and Major Landforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify interlocking and truncated spurs using contour patterns
Distinguish between passes and saddles using transport lines
Recognize ridges, escarpments and plateaus
Identify water-related features like peninsulas, bays and watersheds

Exposition of spurs using Figures 2.7(a), (b); Analysis of passes and saddles using Figure 2.8; Study of ridges, escarpments and plateaus using Figures 2.9, 2.10, 2.11; Explanation of water features and watersheds using Figure 2.12

Figures 2.7-2.12, Examples of Marich Pass, Kikuyu Plateau, Uyoma Peninsula, Topographical maps showing landforms

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 17-22

Map Work

Vegetation and Natural Hydrographic Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify vegetation types and symbols on topographical maps
Distinguish between perennial, intermittent and disappearing rivers
Recognize natural hydrographic features using appropriate symbols
Describe vegetation distribution and suggest influencing factors

Study of Figure 2.13 vegetation key and symbols; Analysis of Figure 2.14(a), (b), (c) showing different river types; Practice identifying vegetation distribution patterns; Discussion of factors causing different river types and vegetation patterns

Figure 2.13 vegetation key, Figures 2.14(a)-(c), Maps showing vegetation and rivers, Symbol identification charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 19-22

Map Work

Drainage Patterns and Other Water Features
Climate Interpretation and Economic Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify all drainage patterns: dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, annular, centripetal and parallel
Suggest geological conditions for each drainage pattern
Recognize lakes, swamps, waterfalls and artificial hydrographic features
Use water features to interpret climate and geological conditions

Detailed discussion of all drainage patterns using Figures 2.15-2.21; Analysis of tributary junction angles and geological implications; Study of Figure 2.22 showing artificial features; Practice identifying patterns and making geological interpretations

Figures 2.15-2.22, Sample maps with different drainage patterns, Pattern identification worksheets, Artificial features examples
Climate interpretation guidelines, Maps showing agricultural and mining areas, Processing facility examples, Economic activity symbols chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 22-25

Map Work

Manufacturing, Services, Transport and Settlement Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify manufacturing through processing plants and factories
Recognize service activities and tourism facilities
Identify transport modes: land, air and water transport
Analyze factors influencing settlement: water, defence, health, soils, drainage, transport, relief

Study of manufacturing indicators: mills, ginneries, factories; Analysis of service evidence: shops, markets, communication facilities; Recognition of transport evidence: roads, railways, airstrips; Detailed discussion of settlement factors using Figures 2.23(a), (b) and 2.24

Manufacturing symbols, Service facility examples, Transport mode indicators, Figures 2.23(a), (b), 2.24, Settlement factor analysis worksheets

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 28-31

Map Work

Settlement Patterns and Map Enlargement/Reduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify nucleated, linear and dispersed settlement patterns
Distinguish between site and position of settlements
Enlarge maps using squares method and determine new dimensions
Reduce maps following same procedures with appropriate scale changes

Analysis of settlement patterns using Figures 2.25(b)-(d); Discussion of settlement site vs position concepts; Demonstration of enlargement procedures using Table 2.1 and Figures 2.26(a), (b); Practice calculating new frame sizes and plotting features accurately

Figures 2.25(b)-(d), Table 2.1, Figures 2.26(a), (b), Graph paper, Rulers, Sample maps for enlargement practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 29-34

Map Work

Drawing Cross-Sections and Profiles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw cross-sections using proper steps and procedures
Calculate amplitude of relief and determine vertical scales
Plot heights accurately and draw smooth curves
Annotate cross-sections with appropriate labels using downward facing arrows

Step-by-step demonstration of cross-section construction using Figure 2.29; Practice calculating amplitude and selecting appropriate scales; Guided construction of cross-sections with proper plotting techniques; Training on annotation methods with downward arrows only

Figure 2.29 cross-section example, Graph paper, Strip paper for plotting, Rulers and pencils, Sample topographical maps for practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 34-36

Map Work
External Land Forming Processes

Vertical Exaggeration, Gradient and Intervisibility
Introduction and Definition of Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate vertical exaggeration as ratio of horizontal to vertical scale
Determine appropriate exaggeration using relief amplitude guidelines
Calculate gradient using normal and trigonometric ratios
Determine intervisibility by drawing cross-sections and calculating gradients

Exposition of vertical exaggeration calculation using Table 2.2 guidelines; Demonstration of gradient calculation using Figure 2.30 with both methods; Analysis of intervisibility using Figure 2.31; Practice calculating line of sight and identifying dead ground areas

Table 2.2 interpretation guide, Figure 2.30 gradient example, Figure 2.31 intervisibility, Calculators, Logarithm tables
Charts showing external vs internal processes, Rock samples showing weathering effects, Diagrams of weathering agents

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 36-39

External Land Forming Processes

Agents of Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how heat acts as weathering agent through temperature fluctuations
Describe water as weathering agent including dissociation into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions
Identify role of dissolved substances in increasing weathering ability
Analyze how plants and animals contribute to weathering processes

Detailed discussion of heat effects on rock surfaces and permafrost formation; Explanation of water dissociation and carbonic acid formation; Study of dissolved substances: pollutants, sulphur dioxide, organic compounds; Analysis of plant root penetration and animal burrowing effects

Rock samples, Temperature demonstration materials, Water pH testing materials, Examples of plant root damage to rocks

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 42-44

External Land Forming Processes

Factors Influencing Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how climate elements influence weathering rates
Analyze role of plants and animals in weathering processes
Describe how relief affects weathering on different slopes
Examine chemical composition effects: color differences and mineral composition

Brain storming on weathering factors; Discussion of climatic elements: sunshine, rain, frost, temperatures; Analysis of plant and animal contributions; Study of relief influence on weathering rates; Examination of rock color absorption and mineral composition effects

Climate charts, Relief diagrams, Rock samples of different colors and compositions, Examples from highland and lowland areas

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 44-45

External Land Forming Processes

Rock Structure, Texture and Physical Weathering Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rock structure as mode of jointing and planes of weakness
Describe texture as crystal size and its weathering effects
Define mechanical weathering as disintegration without chemical changes
Identify areas where physical weathering is common

Exposition of rock structure using Figures 3.1(a), (b) showing spheroidal weathering; Discussion of jointing patterns and resulting weathering types; Analysis of crystal size effects on weathering rates; Introduction to mechanical weathering in vegetation-free areas

Figures 3.1(a), (b), Rock samples showing different crystal sizes, Examples from Bunyore, Seme Hills, Sang'alo areas

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 45-47

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering Processes - Block Disintegration and Exfoliation
Physical Weathering - Granular Disintegration, Frost Action and Crystal Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe block disintegration through temperature changes and diurnal ranges
Explain exfoliation as peeling off of rock surfaces
Identify formation of exfoliation domes
Analyze conditions leading to these weathering processes

Detailed discussion of block disintegration using Figure 3.3; Analysis of desert temperature conditions and rock expansion/contraction; Study of exfoliation process using Figure 3.4; Examination of exfoliation dome formation using Figure 3.5

Figure 3.3 rock blocks, Figures 3.4 and 3.5 exfoliation examples, Temperature demonstration materials, Examples from desert regions
Figure 3.6 granular disintegration, Figure 3.7 frost action, Figure 3.8 Ol Njorowa Gorge, Examples from East African mountains

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 47-48

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering - Slaking and Pressure Release

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe slaking as water uptake and loss in clay-containing rocks
Explain pressure release or unloading in exposed rocks
Identify areas experiencing these weathering processes
Analyze sheeting effects in granitic rocks

Discussion of slaking process in clay rocks during wet and dry seasons; Analysis of coastal Jurassic rocks examples: Miritini, Tudor, Port Reitz; Explanation of pressure release as denudation removes overlying rocks; Study of sheeting in granitic areas: Nyika plateau, Machakos, Maragoli, Bunyore

Examples from coastal Kenya, Granitic rock samples, Areas experiencing pressure release, Activity 3.4 practical demonstration

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 50-51

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering Processes - Solution and Hydrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define chemical weathering as actual decay involving chemical reactions
Explain solution affecting rocks with soluble minerals
Describe hydrolysis as major process in feldspar decay
Analyze chemical equations and products of hydrolysis

Exposition of chemical weathering in humid climates; Discussion of solution process and salt pan formation; Detailed analysis of hydrolysis chemical equation; Study of feldspar breakdown products: clay minerals, potassium carbonate, silica; Examples from North Eastern Kenya, Etosha Pan, Makgadikgadi

Chemical equation charts, Examples of salt pans, Rock samples containing feldspar, Areas showing hydrolysis: Wundanyi, Bunyore

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 51-53

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering - Oxidation, Carbonation and Hydration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain oxidation process in iron-containing rocks
Describe carbonation affecting calcium carbonate rocks
Analyze hydration as water absorption causing rock expansion
Identify areas and examples of these weathering processes

Study of oxidation chemical equation and ferric oxide formation; Analysis of carbonation process using chemical equation; Discussion of limestone dissolution and calcium bicarbonate formation; Explanation of hydration process and spheroidal weathering; Examples from coastal limestone areas: Kambe, Bamburi, Kilifi

Chemical equation demonstrations, Rock samples showing oxidation effects, Limestone samples, Examples of spheroidal weathering in basalt

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 53-56

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering Results and Biological Weathering
Biological Weathering - Human Activities and Significance of Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify formation of tors through deep weathering processes
Explain biological weathering through plant action
Describe animal contributions to weathering
Analyze human activities causing weathering

Analysis of tor formation using Figure 3.9; Study of examples: Bunyore, Maragoli, Amukura, Taita Hills, Lukenya, Mavoloni; Detailed discussion of tree root action using Figure 3.10; Examination of plant chemical contributions: algae, mosses, lichen; Analysis of animal effects: cattle pressure, burrowing, chemical excretions

Figure 3.9 tors examples, Figure 3.10 tree root action, Examples of biological weathering in local environment, Human activity examples
Figure 3.11 quarrying, Examples of industrial weathering, Acid rain demonstration materials, Local examples of human-induced weathering

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 56-58

External Land Forming Processes

Significance of Weathering and Economic Importance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain weathering importance in soil formation processes
Describe weathering role in quarrying and construction industries
Identify weathering creating tourist attractions
Analyze economic products from weathering: bauxite, kaolite, clay

Exposition of weathering as initial stage in soil formation; Discussion of quarrying importance for building and construction; Analysis of tourist attractions: Kit Mikayi, Crying Stone using Figure 3.12; Study of economic products: bauxite from hydrolysis, kaolite from granite rotting, clay for pottery and bricks

Figure 3.12 Crying Stone of Kakamega, Examples of weathering tourist sites, Economic product samples, Engineering consideration examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 60-61

Mass Wasting

Introduction, Definition and Factors Influencing Mass Wasting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define mass wasting as downward movement of weathered material under gravity
Distinguish between mass wasting and mass movement
Explain factors influencing mass wasting: slope, material nature, climate, vegetation
Analyze crustal forces and human activities effects

Q/A session reviewing weathering from previous chapter; Exposition of mass wasting concept and gravity influence; Discussion of water's role in overcoming resistance; Brain storming on factors affecting movement: slope angle, rock types, climate effects, vegetation role, human activities

Charts showing gravity effects, Slope demonstrations, Rock samples, Climate charts, Examples of human activities

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 53-54

Mass Wasting

Slow Mass Wasting Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil creep as slow movement involving fine soil particles
Describe scree (talus) creep as angular waste rock movement on mountains
Explain solifluction as gravitational flow of water-saturated materials
Identify triggers, evidence and effects of slow mass wasting processes

Exposition of soil creep using Figure 4.1 showing effects and evidence; Discussion of triggering factors and infrastructure impacts; Study of scree creep using Figure 4.2 from mountain examples; Analysis of solifluction using Figure 4.3 in cold climates; Examples from Mount Kenya, Kilimanjaro, and local areas

Figures 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, Examples from mountains, Soil movement demonstrations, Cold climate examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 54-56

Mass Wasting

Rapid Mass Wasting - Earthflows, Mudflows and Avalanches

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe earthflows in humid areas with shallow scars and terminal points
Explain mudflows as super-saturated material with high water content
Define avalanches as gravitational fall of ice and rock material
Analyze factors influencing rapid movements and compare characteristics

Study of earthflows using Figure 4.4; Analysis of mudflow formation, factors and examples from North Eastern Kenya; Discussion of avalanche characteristics in temperate regions; Comparison of movement speeds, water content and locations; Examples from volcanic slopes and arctic regions

Figure 4.4 earthflows, Mudflow examples, Avalanche examples from temperate regions, Factor comparison charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 56-57

Mass Wasting

Landslides - Types and Characteristics
Effects of Mass Wasting on Physical and Human Environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain landslides as sudden movement with small water content
Describe slump as intermittent movement with backward rotation
Distinguish debris slide, debris fall, rock fall and rock slide characteristics
Analyze examples from Kenya and East Africa: Fort Portal, Limuru-Longonot, road cuttings

Introduction to landslide causes and triggering factors; Study of slump development using Figures 4.5 and 4.6; Analysis of debris movements and rock movements; Examination of Kenyan examples: Kabarnet-Iten, Mwatate-Wundanyi, Kaseve roads; Discussion of infrastructure impacts and geological plane movements

Figures 4.5, 4.6 slump examples, Road cutting examples, Rock samples, Examples from Uganda and Kenya
Figures 4.9, 4.10, Soil fertility examples, Disaster case studies, Environmental conservation examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 57-60

The Hydrological Cycle

Introduction and Definition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define hydrological cycle as endless circulation of water from oceans to atmosphere to land
Explain role of sun as energy source driving the cycle
Identify components: inputs, outputs, transfers and storages
Describe hydrological cycle as complete balanced system

Q/A session using questions about water disappearance and return; Discussion of water circulation from sky to land to ocean; Exposition of hydrological cycle definition; Analysis of Figure 5.1 showing complete cycle; Study of system components and energy source

Figure 5.1 hydrological cycle diagram, Water circulation demonstrations, System component charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 63

The Hydrological Cycle

Input and Output Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify precipitation as main input in various forms: dew, rainfall, mist, snow, fog
Explain evaporation as physical process of moisture loss to atmosphere
Describe transpiration as biological process of water loss from plants
Analyze factors affecting evaporation and transpiration rates

Exposition of precipitation forms and conditions for occurrence; Detailed discussion of evaporation process and factors: humidity, temperature, wind, sunshine hours, water characteristics; Analysis of transpiration through stomata and lenticles; Study of evapotranspiration as combined process

Precipitation examples, Evaporation demonstration materials, Plant samples showing stomata, Factor analysis charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 63-65

The Hydrological Cycle

Internal Transfer Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain interception as first contact of rain with vegetation
Describe runoff as overland flow when ground cannot absorb water
Define infiltration as vertical water absorption through soil pores
Distinguish percolation as movement through underlying rock layers

Study of interception storage and through fall processes; Analysis of surface storage and ground saturation; Discussion of runoff conditions and overland flow; Examination of infiltration capacity and factors; Study of percolation leading to underground water storage

Vegetation interception examples, Runoff demonstration materials, Soil infiltration samples, Percolation process diagrams

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 65-66

The Hydrological Cycle
Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Storage Processes and Significance
Surface and Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify surface water storage: seas, oceans, lakes, swamps
Describe ground water storage above impermeable rocks creating water table
Explain cryosphere as water stored in ice-covered regions
Analyze significance of hydrological cycle in ecological balance and distribution

Discussion of surface water storage through rivers to seas and lakes; Analysis of ground water formation through percolation and infiltration; Study of cryosphere as fresh water store; Examination of cycle significance: ecological balance, rainfall formation, atmospheric unity, oxygen-carbon cycle, water distribution

Water storage examples, Ground water table diagrams, Ice storage examples, Significance analysis charts
Charts showing water sources, Rock samples, Diagrams of percolation and water table, Transparent containers

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 66-67

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Features Resulting from Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features resulting from underground water: springs, wells, artesian basins and wells. Describe spring formation in well-jointed limestone, at scarp slopes, and spring-lines. Explain well construction and distinguish permanent, intermittent and dry wells. Define artesian basin structure and conditions for artesian well location.

Exposition on springs as "natural outflow of water from rocks" with formation methods in limestone areas. Discussion on bournes as intermittent streams in chalk areas. Explanation of wells as "holes sunk into permeable rock to reach water table" using textbook diagrams. Detailed discussion on artesian basin structure and examples including London Basin, Great Australian Basin, Sahara, Kalahari.

Topographical maps, Geological cross-sections, Textbook diagrams, 3D models, World maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 170-172

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Importance of Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ways underground water is important to humankind and countries. Give specific examples of underground water significance including settlement, irrigation, domestic/industrial supply, geothermal energy, mineral deposits.

Brain storming on underground water uses. Detailed discussion on importance aspects including settlement sites like spring-line settlements, irrigation in dry areas like Sahara oases, domestic/industrial water like Mzima Springs supplying Mombasa, river sources in Kenyan Highlands, geothermal power like Olkaria near Naivasha, mineral deposits like salt at Homa Hills, underground streams keeping lakes fresh like Lake Naivasha.

Photographs of key sites, Maps of Kenya, Case study materials, Charts showing applications

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 172-173

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Action of Water in Limestone Areas and Resultant Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define karst as area with limestone, chalk or dolomite. Explain chemical processes forming carbonic acid and calcium bicarbonate. Identify conditions for karst development. Describe surface features: grikes/clints, swallow holes, dolines, uvalas, poljes, gorges. Describe underground features: caves, underground rivers, stalactites, stalagmites, limestone pillars.

Q/A to review limestone characteristics from Form 1. Exposition on karst origin and chemical equations. Discussion on development conditions including jointed rocks, humid climate, deep water table. Progressive explanation of surface features using textbook diagrams and formation table. Exposition on underground features with stalactite/stalagmite formation processes. Examples from various countries including Kenya's Marafa Cave.

Limestone samples, Weak acids, Sequential diagrams, Clay for modeling, Salt solution setup, Cave photographs, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 172-178

Action of Water in Limestone Areas
Glaciation

Significance of Resultant Features
Definition of Terms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of karst landscape features to humankind and countries. Analyze positive and negative impacts of karst features. Evaluate economic importance of limestone areas including tourism, water supply challenges, industrial uses, grazing potential.

Probing questions on karst landscape significance. Detailed discussion on significance aspects including tourism attractions like caves and gorges, solution lakes providing water sources, water scarcity due to intermittent streams, infrastructure development challenges, limestone use in iron/steel industry, grazing suitability for sheep, cement production like Bamburi and Athi River factories, environmental management challenges. Q/A on sustainable use of limestone resources. Topic assessment.

Economic charts, Photographs of industries, Tourism materials, Infrastructure maps, Assessment worksheets
Charts showing snowline variations, Diagrams of ice formation, Maps showing ice distribution, Safety materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 178-179

Glaciation

Types of Glaciers and Ice Masses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between valley and piedmont glaciers. Define ice sheets and ice caps. Identify African glacier examples. Describe nunataks.

Exposition on glacier types with African examples. Discussion on ice sheet characteristics and global distribution. Explanation of ice cap types and locations. Reference to textbook glacier table showing major examples worldwide. Group work identifying glacier locations on maps.

Glacier example tables, World maps, Photographs of mountain glaciers, Distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 182-183

Glaciation

Icebergs and Ice Movement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define icebergs and explain their formation. Describe iceberg distribution. Explain three ways ice moves. Analyze factors affecting ice movement speed.

Exposition on iceberg formation and distribution. Discussion on iceberg movement by ocean currents. Explanation of ice movement mechanisms including freeze-thaw action, basal slip, and extrusion flow. Analysis of movement speed factors and rates. Comparison of different glacier movement speeds.

World maps showing icebergs, Ocean current charts, Movement mechanism diagrams, Speed comparison data

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 183-184

Glaciation

Processes of Glaciation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain glacial erosion through plucking and abrasion. Identify factors influencing erosion. Describe glacial transportation and moraine types.

Discussion on glacial erosion processes of plucking and abrasion. Analysis of factors affecting erosion effectiveness. Explanation of glacial transportation and moraine classification. Reference to textbook diagrams showing moraine types. Q/A on glacial processes and debris movement.

Rock samples, Process diagrams, Moraine type charts, Glacial debris photographs

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 184-186

Glaciation
Soil

Glacial Features and Significance
Definition and Composition of Soil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe highland and lowland glacial features. Analyze positive and negative significance of glaciation.

Discussion on highland feature formation processes and characteristics. Description of lowland glacial features and formation. Analysis of glaciation significance including economic benefits and challenges. Examples from East African mountains and world locations. Group work on significance evaluation and local applications.

Formation diagrams, Feature photographs, Economic impact charts, Maps showing benefits, East African examples
Soil samples, Composition diagrams, Constituent charts, Microscopes

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 186-194

Soil

Soil Forming Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soil formation through weathering and decomposition. Describe leaching processes including ferralisation, eluviation, podzolisation, calcification.

Discussion on weathering as primary formation process. Exposition on decomposition stages: mineralisation and humification. Explanation of leaching types with climatic examples. Reference to formation diagrams.

Rock samples, Decomposition diagrams, Leaching process charts, Formation illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 200-203

Soil

Factors Influencing Soil Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify five soil formation factors. Explain parent material influence on soil type. Analyze climate and organism effects. Describe topography and time factors.

Exposition on parent material as key factor determining soil type. Discussion on climate effects including rainfall and temperature variations. Analysis of vegetation and micro-organism roles. Explanation of slope and time influences on soil development.

Parent rock samples, Climate charts, Vegetation specimens, Maps, Time examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 203-205

Soil

Properties and Profile

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe soil properties and structure types. Define soil profile and horizons. Explain soil catena formation.

Discussion on soil structure, texture, acidity, colour, porosity. Explanation of profile as vertical layer arrangement with horizons A-D. Description of catena as slope arrangement and formation processes.

Soil structure samples, pH materials, Colour charts, Profile diagrams, Catena illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 205-209

Soil

Soil Degeneration and Erosion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil degeneration and classify types. Describe erosion types and processes. Identify conditions favouring soil erosion.

Exposition on degeneration types: physical, chemical, biological with causes. Discussion on erosion processes from splash to gully formation. Analysis of erosion factors with Kenyan examples.

Erosion photographs, Degeneration charts, Local examples, Process diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 209-214

Soil
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE

Classification and Management
Introduction and Definition of Agriculture
Physical Factors: Climate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify soils by order: zonal, intrazonal, azonal. Describe major soil types and their characteristics. Explain soil management and conservation methods.

Exposition on soil classification based on formation conditions. Discussion on major Kenyan soil types and distribution. Analysis of management techniques and conservation methods. Examples of Kenyan conservation practices.

Classification charts, Distribution maps, Conservation photographs, Practice examples
Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya
Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 214-228

AGRICULTURE

Physical Factors: Relief and Soil
Biotic and Human Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe relief types; Explain lowland cultivation advantages; Analyze soil composition and weathering; Evaluate soil properties

Q/A on relief and mechanization; Study lowland advantages in Monsoon Asia; Examine soil formation from rocks; Discuss hygroscopic water and temperature

Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures
Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 236-238

AGRICULTURE

Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture
Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define simple subsistence farming; Identify local names (Milpa, Counco, Roca, Masole, Citemene, Ladang); Describe shifting cultivation characteristics

Study shifting cultivation practices; Discuss slash-and-burn agriculture; Analyze sedentary agriculture; Compare farming implements

Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams
Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts
Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 242-244

AGRICULTURE

Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya
Tea Farming in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify cash crop locations from Figure 13.7; Explain colonial agriculture legacy; Describe government support for small-scale farmers

Review Kenya's agricultural history; Study Figure 13.7 distribution; Discuss colonial vs post-independence farming; Analyze policy changes

Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos
Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 252-253

AGRICULTURE

Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain KTDA role (260,000 farmers); Describe export destinations; Identify sugar-cane belt; Explain growing conditions

Discuss KTDA achievements; Study Figure 13.10 sugar areas; Analyze out-grower schemes; Sugar processing and uses

KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 257-262

AGRICULTURE

Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify maize areas and Katumani variety; Describe growing conditions; Identify Ghana cocoa triangle; Explain cocoa conditions

Study Figure 13.14 maize areas; Discuss Portuguese introduction; Analyze Ghana cocoa using Figure 13.15; Cocoa processing to export

Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 262-270

AGRICULTURE

Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming
Wheat Growing and Horticulture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil palm areas and conditions; Identify coffee regions in Kenya; Explain growing conditions and processing

Study oil palm distribution; Analyze tenera variety yields; Coffee processing steps; Compare with Brazil's Fazendas

Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials
Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 270-283

AGRICULTURE

Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming
Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe nomadic pastoralism areas and groups; Explain characteristics; Identify dairy farming regions using Table 13.1

Study Figure 13.29 pastoral patterns; Discuss government improvements; Analyze Table 13.1 distribution; Study dairy breeds

Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos
Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 299-313