ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Sources of Alkanes - Natural Gas, Biogas, and Crude Oil
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Cracking of Alkanes - Thermal and Catalytic Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define organic chemistry and hydrocarbons
Explain why carbon forms many compounds
Classify hydrocarbons into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
Identify the bonding in carbon compounds
Explain fractional distillation process
Perform fractional distillation of crude oil
Identify different fractions and their uses
Relate boiling points to molecular size

Teacher exposition: Definition of organic chemistry. Discussion: Unique properties of carbon - tetravalency, catenation, multiple bonding. Q/A: Examples of hydrocarbons in daily life. Introduction to three main groups of hydrocarbons.
Experiment: Fractional distillation of crude oil using improvised column. Collect fractions at different temperatures (120°C intervals up to 350°C). Test fractions for appearance, flammability, and viscosity. Record observations and relate to molecular size.

Carbon models, Hydrocarbon structure charts, Molecular model kits
Biogas digester model/diagram, Natural gas composition charts, Organic waste samples
Crude oil sample, Boiling tubes, High-temperature thermometer, Sand/porcelain chips, Bunsen burner, Test tubes
Cracking process diagrams, Chemical equation charts, Catalyst samples for demonstration

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 86-87
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 87-89

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Alkane Series and Homologous Series Concept
Nomenclature of Alkanes - Straight Chain and Branched

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define homologous series using alkanes
Write molecular formulas for first 10 alkanes
Identify characteristics of homologous series
Apply general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ for alkanes

Teacher exposition: Homologous series definition and characteristics. Table completion: Names, molecular formulas, and structures of first 10 alkanes. Discussion: General formula application. Pattern recognition: Gradual change in physical properties.

Alkane series chart, Molecular formula worksheets, Periodic table
Structural formula charts, IUPAC naming rules poster, Molecular model kits

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 90-92

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Isomerism in Alkanes - Structural Isomers
Laboratory Preparation of Methane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define isomerism in alkanes
Draw structural isomers of butane and pentane
Distinguish between chain and positional isomerism
Predict number of isomers for given alkanes

Teacher exposition: Isomerism definition and types. Practical exercise: Draw all isomers of butane and pentane. Discussion: Physical property differences between isomers. Model building: Use molecular models to show isomeric structures.

Molecular model kits, Isomerism charts, Structural formula worksheets
Sodium ethanoate, Soda lime, Round-bottomed flask, Gas collection apparatus, Bromine water, Wooden splints

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 92-94

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethane using sodium propanoate and soda lime
Compare preparation methods of methane and ethane
Test properties of ethane gas
Write general equation for alkane preparation

Experiment: Prepare ethane from sodium propanoate and soda lime. Compare with methane preparation method. Carry out similar tests as for methane. Discussion: General pattern for alkane preparation from sodium alkanoates.

Sodium propanoate, Soda lime, Gas collection apparatus, Testing materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 94-96

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Physical Properties of Alkanes
Chemical Properties of Alkanes - Combustion and Substitution
Uses of Alkanes in Industry and Daily Life
Introduction to Alkenes and Functional Groups

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical properties of alkanes
Explain trends in melting and boiling points
Relate molecular size to physical properties
Compare solubility in different solvents
List major uses of different alkanes
Explain industrial applications of alkanes
Describe environmental considerations
Evaluate economic importance of alkanes

Data analysis: Study table of physical properties of first 10 alkanes. Graph plotting: Boiling points vs number of carbon atoms. Discussion: Intermolecular forces and property trends. Q/A: Solubility patterns in polar and non-polar solvents.
Discussion: Uses of gaseous alkanes as fuels. Teacher exposition: Industrial applications - carbon black, methanol production, hydrogen source. Q/A: Environmental impact and cleaner fuel initiatives. Assignment: Research local uses of alkane products.

Physical properties data tables, Graph paper, Calculators, Solubility demonstration materials
Molecular models, Halogenation reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets
Industrial application charts, Product samples, Environmental impact materials
Alkene series charts, Molecular models showing double bonds, Functional group posters

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 96-97
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 98-100

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Nomenclature of Alkenes
Isomerism in Alkenes - Branching and Positional

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply IUPAC rules for naming alkenes
Number carbon chains to give lowest numbers to double bonds
Name branched alkenes with substituents
Distinguish position isomers of alkenes

Teacher demonstration: Step-by-step naming of alkenes. Rules application: Longest chain with double bond, numbering from end nearest double bond. Practice exercises: Name various alkene structures. Group work: Complex branched alkenes with substituents.

IUPAC naming charts for alkenes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits
Molecular model kits, Isomerism worksheets, Geometric isomer models

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 101-102

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethene
Alternative Preparation of Ethene and Physical Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethene by dehydration of ethanol
Describe role of concentrated sulfuric acid
Set up apparatus safely for ethene preparation
Test physical and chemical properties of ethene

Experiment: Dehydration of ethanol using concentrated H₂SO₄ at 170°C. Use sand bath for controlled heating. Pass gas through NaOH to remove impurities. Tests: Bromine water, acidified KMnO₄, combustion. Safety precautions with concentrated acid.

Ethanol, Concentrated H₂SO₄, Round-bottomed flask, Sand bath, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions
Aluminum oxide catalyst, Glass wool, Alternative apparatus setup, Physical properties charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 102-104

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Chemical Properties of Alkenes - Addition Reactions
Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes and Polymerization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain addition reactions due to C=C double bond
Write equations for halogenation of alkenes
Describe hydrogenation and hydrohalogenation
Explain addition mechanism

Teacher exposition: Addition reactions definition and mechanism. Worked examples: Ethene + Cl₂, Br₂, HBr, H₂. Discussion: Markovnikov's rule for unsymmetrical addition. Practice: Various addition reaction equations.

Addition reaction charts, Mechanism diagrams, Chemical equation worksheets
Oxidizing agents for demonstration, Polymer samples, Polymerization charts, Monomer-polymer models

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 105-107

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Tests for Alkenes and Uses
Introduction to Alkynes and Triple Bond
Nomenclature and Isomerism in Alkynes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform chemical tests to identify alkenes
Use bromine water and KMnO₄ as test reagents
List industrial and domestic uses of alkenes
Explain importance in plastic manufacture
Define alkynes and triple bond structure
Write general formula for alkynes (CₙH₂ₙ₋₂)
Identify first members of alkyne series
Compare degree of unsaturation in hydrocarbons

Practical session: Test known alkenes with bromine water and acidified KMnO₄. Observe rapid decolorization compared to alkanes. Discussion: Uses in plastics, ethanol production, fruit ripening, detergents. Assignment: Research alkene applications.
Teacher exposition: Alkynes definition and C≡C triple bond. Table study: First 6 members of alkyne series with structures. Discussion: Degrees of unsaturation - alkanes vs alkenes vs alkynes. Model demonstration: Triple bond representation.

Test alkenes, Bromine water, Acidified KMnO₄, Plastic samples, Uses reference charts
Alkyne series charts, Triple bond molecular models, Unsaturation comparison charts
IUPAC naming rules for alkynes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 108-109
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 109-110

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethyne
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkynes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethyne from calcium carbide and water
Set up gas collection apparatus safely
Test physical and chemical properties of ethyne
Write equation for ethyne preparation

Experiment: Calcium carbide + water reaction. Use sand layer for heat absorption. Collect ethyne over water. Tests: Color, smell, combustion, bromine water, acidified KMnO₄. Safety: Dry apparatus, controlled water addition.

Calcium carbide, Sand, Flat-bottomed flask, Dropping funnel, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions
Physical properties charts, Comparison tables, Combustion equation examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 111-112

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Addition Reactions of Alkynes and Chemical Tests
Uses of Alkynes and Industrial Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write equations for halogenation of alkynes
Describe hydrogenation and hydrohalogenation
Compare reaction rates: alkynes vs alkenes
Perform chemical tests for alkynes

Worked examples: Two-step addition reactions of ethyne with Br₂, Cl₂, H₂. Discussion: Faster reaction rates in alkynes compared to alkenes. Practical session: Test alkynes with oxidizing agents. Comparison: Rate of decolorization vs alkenes.

Addition reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets, Test solutions, Stopwatch for rate comparison
Industrial application charts, Welding equipment demonstration/video, Synthetic fiber samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 113-115

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Alkanols and Nomenclature
Isomerism in Alkanols
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol
Industrial Preparation and Physical Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkanols and identify functional group
- Apply nomenclature rules for alkanols
- Draw structural formulae of simple alkanols
- Compare alkanols with corresponding alkanes

Q/A: Review alkanes, alkenes from Form 3
- Study functional group -OH concept
- Practice naming alkanols using IUPAC rules
- Complete Table 6.2 - alkanol structures

Molecular models, Table 6.1 and 6.2, alkanol structure charts, student books
Isomer structure charts, molecular models, practice worksheets, student books
Sugar, yeast, warm water, conical flask, delivery tube, lime water, thermometer
Table 6.3, industrial process diagrams, ethene structure models, property comparison charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-170

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Chemical Properties of Alkanols I
Chemical Properties of Alkanols II
Uses of Alkanols and Health Effects
Introduction to Alkanoic Acids
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanoic Acid
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test reactions of ethanol with various reagents
- Write equations for ethanol reactions
- Identify products formed
- Explain reaction mechanisms
Define alkanoic acids and functional group
- Apply nomenclature rules
- Draw structural formulae
- Compare with alkanols

Experiment 6.2: Test ethanol with burning, universal indicator, sodium metal, acids
- Record observations in Table 6.4
- Write balanced equations
- Discuss reaction types
Study carboxyl group (-COOH) structure
- Practice naming using IUPAC rules
- Complete Table 6.5 and 6.6
- Compare functional groups of alkanols and acids

Ethanol, sodium metal, universal indicator, concentrated H₂SO₄, ethanoic acid, test tubes
Acidified potassium chromate/manganate, ethanoic acid, concentrated H₂SO₄, heating apparatus
Charts showing alkanol uses, health impact data, methylated spirit samples, discussion materials
Alkanoic acid structure charts, Table 6.5 and 6.6, molecular models, student books
Ethanol, KMnO₄, concentrated H₂SO₄, distillation apparatus, thermometer, round-bottom flask
2M ethanoic acid, universal indicator, Mg strip, Na₂CO₃, NaOH, phenolphthalein, test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 173-175
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 177-179

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Esterification and Uses of Alkanoic Acids
Introduction to Detergents and Soap Preparation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ester formation process
- Write esterification equations
- State uses of alkanoic acids
- Prepare simple esters

Complete esterification experiments
- Study concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst
- Write general esterification equation
- Discuss applications in food, drugs, synthetic fibres

Ethanoic acid, ethanol, concentrated H₂SO₄, test tubes, heating apparatus, cold water
Castor oil, 4M NaOH, NaCl, evaporating dish, water bath, stirring rod, filter paper

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 182-183

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Mode of Action of Soap and Hard Water Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soap molecule structure
- Describe cleaning mechanism
- Investigate hard water effects
- Compare soap performance in different waters

Study hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
- Demonstrate micelle formation
- Test soap in distilled vs hard water
- Observe scum formation
- Write precipitation equations

Soap samples, distilled water, hard water (CaCl₂/MgSO₄ solutions), test tubes, demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 186-188

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Soapless Detergents and Environmental Effects
Introduction to Polymers and Addition Polymerization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soapless detergent preparation
- Compare advantages/disadvantages
- Discuss environmental impact
- Analyze pollution effects

Study alkylbenzene sulphonate preparation
- Compare Table 6.9 - soap vs soapless
- Discussion on eutrophication and biodegradability
- Environmental awareness

Flow charts of detergent manufacture, Table 6.9, environmental impact data, sample detergents
Polymer samples, monomer structure charts, molecular models, calculators, polymer formation diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 188-191

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Addition Polymers - Types and Properties
Condensation Polymerization and Natural Polymers
Polymer Properties and Applications
Comprehensive Problem Solving and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different addition polymers
- Draw structures from monomers
- Name common polymers
- Relate structure to properties
Compare advantages and disadvantages of synthetic polymers
- State uses of different polymers
- Discuss environmental concerns
- Analyze polymer selection

Study polystyrene, PTFE, perspex formation
- Practice identifying monomers from polymer structures
- Work through polymer calculation examples
- Properties analysis
Study Table 6.10 - polymer uses
- Advantages: strength, lightness, moldability
- Disadvantages: non-biodegradability, toxic gases
- Application analysis

Various polymer samples, structure identification exercises, calculation worksheets, Table 6.10
Nylon samples, rubber samples, condensation reaction diagrams, natural polymer examples
Table 6.10, polymer application samples, environmental impact studies, product examples
Comprehensive problem sets, past examination papers, calculators, organic chemistry summary charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 195-197
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 200-201

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Introduction to Nitrogen - Properties and Occurrence
Isolation of Nitrogen from Air - Industrial and Laboratory Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe position of nitrogen in the periodic table
State electron configuration of nitrogen
Identify natural occurrence of nitrogen
Explain why nitrogen exists as diatomic molecules

Teacher exposition: Nitrogen as Group V element, atomic number 7, electron arrangement Discussion: 78% of atmosphere is nitrogen. Q/A: Combined nitrogen in compounds - nitrates, proteins. Explanation: N≡N triple bond strength.

Periodic table charts, Atmospheric composition diagrams, Molecular models showing N≡N triple bond
Aspirator, KOH solution, Copper turnings, Heating apparatus, Fractional distillation flow chart

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Laboratory Preparation of Nitrogen Gas
Properties and Uses of Nitrogen Gas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitrogen gas from ammonium compounds
Use sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride method
Test physical and chemical properties of nitrogen
Write equations for nitrogen preparation

Experiment: Mix sodium nitrite (7g) and ammonium chloride ( 5g) with water. Heat gently and collect gas over water. Tests: Color, smell, burning splint, litmus paper, lime water, burning Mg and S. Safety precautions during heating.

Sodium nitrite, Ammonium chloride, Round-bottomed flask, Gas collection apparatus, Test reagents, Deflagrating spoon
Property summary charts, Uses of nitrogen displays, Industrial application diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 121-123

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Nitrogen(I) Oxide - Preparation and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitrogen(I) oxide from ammonium nitrate
Test physical and chemical properties
Explain decomposition and oxidizing properties
Describe uses of nitrogen(I) oxide

Experiment: Heat ammonium nitrate carefully in test tube. Collect gas over warm water. Tests: Color, smell, glowing splint test, reaction with heated copper and sulfur. Safety: Stop heating while some solid remains to avoid explosion.

Ammonium nitrate, Test tubes, Gas collection apparatus, Copper turnings, Sulfur, Glowing splints

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 123-125

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Nitrogen(II) Oxide - Preparation and Properties
Nitrogen(IV) Oxide - Preparation and Properties
Comparison of Nitrogen Oxides and Environmental Effects
Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitrogen(II) oxide from copper and dilute nitric acid
Observe colorless gas and brown fumes formation
Test reactions with air and iron(II) sulfate
Explain oxidation in air to NO₂
Compare preparation methods of nitrogen oxides
Distinguish between different nitrogen oxides
Explain formation in vehicle engines
Describe environmental pollution effects

Experiment: Add dilute HNO₃ to copper turnings. Observe brown fumes formation then disappearance. Tests: Effect on litmus, burning splint, FeSO₄ complex formation. Discussion: NO oxidation to NO₂ in air.
Comparative study: Properties table of N₂O, NO, NO₂. Discussion: Formation in internal combustion engines. Environmental effects: Acid rain formation, smog, health problems. Worked examples: Distinguishing tests for each oxide.

Copper turnings, Dilute nitric acid, Gas collection apparatus, Iron(II) sulfate solution, Test reagents
Copper turnings, Concentrated nitric acid, Lead(II) nitrate, Gas collection apparatus, U-tube with ice, Testing materials
Comparison charts, Environmental impact diagrams, Vehicle emission illustrations
Calcium hydroxide, Ammonium chloride, Round-bottomed flask, Calcium oxide, HCl solution, Glass rod, Litmus paper

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 125-127
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 123-131

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Preparation of Aqueous Ammonia and Solubility
Reactions of Aqueous Ammonia with Metal Ions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare aqueous ammonia solution
Demonstrate high solubility using fountain experiment
Explain alkaline properties of aqueous ammonia
Write equations for ammonia in water

Experiment: Dissolve ammonia in water using inverted funnel method. Fountain experiment: Show partial vacuum formation due to high solubility. Tests: Effect on universal indicator, pH measurement. Theory: NH₃ + H₂O equilibrium.

Ammonia generation apparatus, Funnel, Universal indicator, Fountain apparatus, pH meter/paper
Various metal salt solutions, Aqueous ammonia, Test tubes, Droppers, Observation recording tables

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 134-136

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Chemical Properties of Ammonia - Reactions with Acids and Combustion
Industrial Manufacture of Ammonia - The Haber Process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test neutralization reactions with acids
Investigate combustion of ammonia
Examine catalytic oxidation with platinum
Study reducing properties with metal oxides

Experiments: (a) Neutralize H₂SO₄, HCl, HNO₃ with aqueous ammonia using indicators. (b) Attempt combustion in air and oxygen. (c) Catalytic oxidation with heated platinum wire. (d) Reduction of CuO by ammonia. Record all observations.

Various dilute acids, Methyl orange, Oxygen supply, Platinum wire, Copper(II) oxide, Combustion apparatus, U-tube for collection
Haber process flow charts, Industrial diagrams, Catalyst samples, Economic analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 138-140

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Uses of Ammonia and Introduction to Nitrogenous Fertilizers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List major uses of ammonia
Explain importance as fertilizer
Calculate nitrogen percentages in fertilizers
Compare different nitrogenous fertilizers

Discussion: Uses - fertilizer, refrigerant, cleaning agent, hydrazine production. Introduction to fertilizers: Ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, urea, CAN. Calculations: Percentage nitrogen content in each fertilizer type.

Fertilizer samples, Percentage calculation worksheets, Use application charts, Calculator

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 141-144

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Nitrogenous Fertilizers - Types and Calculations
Laboratory Preparation of Nitric(V) Acid
Industrial Manufacture of Nitric(V) Acid
Reactions of Dilute Nitric(V) Acid with Metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate percentage nitrogen in various fertilizers
Compare fertilizer effectiveness
Prepare simple nitrogenous fertilizers
Discuss environmental considerations
Describe catalytic oxidation process
Explain raw materials and conditions
Draw flow diagram of industrial process
Calculate theoretical yields and efficiency

Worked examples: Calculate % N in (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, (NH₄)₃PO₄, CO(NH₂)₂, CAN. Comparison: Urea has highest nitrogen content. Practical: Prepare ammonium sulfate from ammonia and sulfuric acid. Environmental impact discussion.
Teacher exposition: Ostwald process - NH₃ oxidation with Pt-Rh catalyst at 900°C. Flow diagram: Oxidation chamber, cooling, absorption tower. Equations: NH₃ → NO → NO₂ → HNO₃. Economic factors: Catalyst cost, heat recovery.

Various fertilizer formulas, Scientific calculators, Laboratory preparation materials, Environmental impact data
Potassium nitrate, Concentrated sulfuric acid, All-glass apparatus, Condenser, Retort stand, Safety equipment
Industrial process flow charts, Catalyst samples, Process condition charts, Efficiency calculation sheets
Various metals (Mg, Zn, Cu), Dilute nitric acid, Test tubes, Gas testing apparatus, Burning splints

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 141-144
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 145-147

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Reactions of Dilute Nitric(V) Acid with Carbonates and Hydroxides
Reactions of Concentrated Nitric(V) Acid - Oxidizing Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test reactions with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates
Test neutralization with metal hydroxides and oxides
Identify products formed
Write balanced chemical equations

Experiments: (a) Add dilute HNO₃ to Na₂CO₃, CaCO₃, ZnCO₃, CuCO₃, NaHCO₃. Test gas evolved with lime water. (b) Neutralize NaOH, CaO, CuO, PbO with dilute HNO₃. Record color changes and write equations.

Various carbonates and hydroxides, Dilute nitric acid, Lime water, Universal indicator, Test tubes
Concentrated nitric acid, Iron(II) sulfate, Sulfur powder, Copper turnings, Test tubes, Fume cupboard access

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 147-150

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Uses of Nitric(V) Acid and Introduction to Nitrates
Action of Heat on Nitrates - Decomposition Patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List major industrial uses of nitric acid
Explain importance in fertilizer manufacture
Describe use in explosives and dyes
Introduce nitrate salts and their preparation

Discussion: Uses - fertilizer production (NH₄NO₃), explosives (TNT), dyes, drugs, metal purification, etching. Introduction to nitrates as salts of nitric acid. Methods of preparation: acid + base, acid + carbonate, acid + metal. Examples of common nitrates.

Industrial use charts, Nitrate salt samples, Preparation method diagrams, Safety data sheets
Various nitrate salts, Test tubes, Bunsen burner, Gas collection apparatus, Glowing splints, Observation recording sheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 151

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Test for Nitrates - Brown Ring Test
Environmental Pollution by Nitrogen Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform brown ring test for nitrates
Explain mechanism of complex formation
Use alternative copper test method
Apply tests to unknown samples

Experiments: (a) Brown ring test - add FeSO₄ solution to nitrate, then carefully add concentrated H₂SO₄. Observe brown ring formation. (b) Alternative test - warm nitrate with H₂SO₄ and copper turnings. Observe brown fumes. Test unknown samples.

Sodium nitrate, Fresh FeSO₄ solution, Concentrated H₂SO₄, Copper turnings, Test tubes, Unknown nitrate samples
Environmental pollution charts, Acid rain effect photos, Vehicle emission diagrams, Control measure illustrations

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 153-154

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Pollution Control and Environmental Solutions
Comprehensive Problem Solving - Nitrogen Chemistry
Laboratory Practical Assessment - Nitrogen Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze methods to reduce nitrogen pollution
Design pollution control strategies
Evaluate effectiveness of current measures
Propose new solutions for environmental protection
Solve complex problems involving nitrogen compounds
Apply knowledge to industrial processes
Calculate yields and percentages in reactions
Analyze experimental data and results

Discussion and analysis: Catalytic converters in vehicles, sewage treatment, lime addition to soils/lakes, proper fertilizer application, industrial gas recycling. Group activity: Design pollution control strategy for local area. Evaluation of current measures.
Problem-solving session: Mixed calculations involving nitrogen preparation, ammonia synthesis, nitric acid concentration, fertilizer analysis. Industrial application problems. Data analysis from experiments. Integration of all nitrogen chemistry concepts.

Case studies, Pollution control technology information, Group activity worksheets, Local environmental data
Scientific calculators, Comprehensive problem sets, Industrial data sheets, Experimental result tables
Unknown nitrogen compounds, All laboratory chemicals and apparatus used in chapter, Safety equipment, Assessment rubrics

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 154-157
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119-157

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Industrial Applications and Economic Importance
Chapter Review and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Evaluate economic importance of nitrogen industry
Analyze industrial production costs and benefits
Compare different manufacturing processes
Assess impact on agricultural productivity

Case study analysis: Haber process economics, fertilizer industry impact, nitric acid production costs. Agricultural benefits: Crop yield improvements, food security. Economic calculations: Production costs, profit margins, environmental costs. Global nitrogen cycle importance.

Economic data sheets, Industry case studies, Agricultural statistics, Cost-benefit analysis templates
Concept mapping materials, Comparison charts, Flow diagram templates, Integration worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119-157

CHLORINE AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Introduction and Preparation of Chlorine
Physical Properties of Chlorine
Chemical Properties of Chlorine - Reaction with Water
Chemical Properties of Chlorine - Reaction with Metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define chlorine and state its position in the periodic table. Describe the occurrence of chlorine in nature. Describe laboratory preparation of chlorine gas. Write balanced equations for chlorine preparation.

Q/A: Review Group VII elements and electron configuration of chlorine ( 8.7). Discussion: Occurrence as sodium chloride in sea water and rock salt. Practical work: Experiment 6.1 - Preparation using MnO2 + concentrated HCl. Setup apparatus as in Figure 6. Safety precautions for handling chlorine gas.

Manganese(IV) oxide, Concentrated HCl, Gas collection apparatus, Water, Concentrated H2SO4, Blue litmus paper, Gas jars
Preserved chlorine gas, Water trough, Gas jars, Observation tables, Safety equipment
Chlorine gas, Distilled water, Blue and red litmus papers, Colored flower petals, Gas jars, Boiling tubes
Magnesium ribbon, Iron wire, Chlorine gas, Deflagrating spoon, Combustion tube, Anhydrous CaCl2, Gas jars

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 195-196

CHLORINE AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Chemical Properties of Chlorine - Reaction with Non-metals
Oxidising Properties of Chlorine
Reaction of Chlorine with Alkali Solutions
Oxidising Properties - Displacement Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate reactions of chlorine with non-metals. Demonstrate reaction with phosphorus and hydrogen. Write equations for non-metal chloride formation. Explain the vigorous nature of these reactions.

Practical work: Experiment 6.5 - Warming red phosphorus and lowering into chlorine. Demonstration: Burning hydrogen jet in chlorine. Observations: White fumes of phosphorus chlorides, hydrogen chloride formation. Writing equations: P4 + 6Cl2 → 4PCl3, H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl. Discussion: Formation of covalent chlorides.

Red phosphorus, Hydrogen gas, Chlorine gas, Deflagrating spoon, Gas jars, Bunsen burner, Safety equipment
Sodium sulphite solution, Barium nitrate, Lead nitrate, Hydrogen sulphide gas, Aqueous ammonia, Chlorine gas, Test tubes
Sodium hydroxide solutions (dilute cold, concentrated hot), Chlorine gas, Beakers, Bunsen burner, Thermometer
Potassium bromide solution, Potassium iodide solution, Chlorine gas, Test tubes, Observation charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 201

CHLORINE AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Test for Chloride Ions
Uses of Chlorine and its Compounds
Hydrogen Chloride - Laboratory Preparation
Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Chloride

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Carry out confirmatory tests for chloride ions. Distinguish between different chloride tests. Practice qualitative analysis techniques. Write equations for chloride ion tests.
Describe laboratory preparation of hydrogen chloride gas. Set up apparatus for HCl preparation. Investigate physical properties of HCl gas. Explain the method of collection used.

Practical work: Experiment 6.9 - Testing sodium chloride with concentrated H2SO4, testing with lead(II) nitrate solution. Recording observations in Table 6. Tests: White fumes with H2SO4 + ammonia test, white precipitate with Pb(NO3)2 that dissolves on warming. Writing equations: NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl, Pb²⁺ + 2Cl⁻ → PbCl
Practical work: Experiment 6.10 - Preparation using rock salt (NaCl) + concentrated H2SO Setup apparatus as in Figure 6.3(b). Testing physical properties and recording in Table 6.6. Tests: Solubility (fountain experiment), reaction with ammonia, effect on litmus. Collection by downward delivery due to density. Writing equation: NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl.

Sodium chloride, Concentrated H2SO4, Lead(II) nitrate solution, Aqueous ammonia, Glass rod, Test tubes, Bunsen burner
Charts showing industrial uses, Samples of bleaching agents, PVC materials, Photographs of water treatment plants, Industrial application diagrams
Rock salt (NaCl), Concentrated H2SO4, Gas collection apparatus, Ammonia solution, Litmus papers, Water trough, Gas jars
Distilled water, Filter funnel, Metals (Zn, Fe, Mg, Cu), NaOH solution, Carbonates, Lead nitrate, Methylbenzene, Indicators

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 204-205
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 207-208

CHLORINE AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Large-scale Manufacture of Hydrochloric Acid
Uses of Hydrochloric Acid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe industrial production of hydrochloric acid. Identify raw materials and conditions used. Explain the controlled combustion process. Draw flow diagrams of the industrial process.

Study of Figure 6.4 - Large-scale manufacture setup. Discussion: Raw materials (H2 from electrolysis/cracking, Cl2 from electrolysis). Controlled combustion: H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl in jet burner. Dissolving HCl gas in water over glass beads. Safety: Explosive nature of H2/Cl2 mixture, use of excess chlorine. Industrial considerations: 35% concentration, transport in rubber-lined steel tanks.

Flow diagrams, Industrial photographs, Glass beads samples, Charts showing electrolysis processes, Safety equipment models
Samples of rusted and cleaned metals, Photographic materials, pH control charts, Industrial application videos, Water treatment diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 211-212

CHLORINE AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Environmental Pollution by Chlorine Compounds and Summary

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain environmental effects of chlorine compounds. Describe the impact of CFCs on ozone layer. Discuss pollution by chlorine-containing pesticides. Summarize key concepts of chlorine chemistry.

Discussion: Environmental impacts - chlorine gas forming acid rain, CFCs (life span CCl3F = 75 years, CCl2F2 = 110 years) breaking down ozone layer. DDT as persistent pesticide, PVC as non-biodegradable plastic. NEMA role in environmental protection, Stockholm Convention on DDT. Control measures and alternatives. Revision: Key reactions, properties, uses, and environmental considerations. Summary of halogen chemistry concepts.

Environmental pollution charts, Ozone layer diagrams, DDT restriction documents, PVC waste samples, NEMA guidelines, Summary charts of reactions

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 213-215