REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Secondary sexual characteristics.
The menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.

Detailed discussion.

text book
Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

28-day menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent hormonal levels on a 28-day chart.

Open discussion.
Interpreting illustrative charts.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
122-123 CERTIFICATE PG 152

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

To identify the symptoms of STIs.
To explain the mode of transmission of STIs / AIDS and discuss methods of control.
To differentiate between HIV and AIDS.

Open discussion.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Distinction and relationship between HIV and AIDS.

text book
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.

KLB BK III. P. 123 
PP.
123-125 CERTIFICATE PG 169

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

The concepts of growth and development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish growth from development.

Q/A: Aspects that occur during growth.
Detailed discussion of growth and development.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Measurement of growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify aspects that indicate growth of an organism.
Sketch a growth curve.

Discuss growth aspects-height, weight and volume.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth phases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.

Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.

Shoots of known ages.

KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.
Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain growth curve showing intermittent growth.

To draw and label a typical seed.
To state the functions of the parts of a seed.

Q/A: life cycles of insects.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

Students examine external structure of bean seeds and maize seeds.
Teacher assists them to identify the parts of the seeds.
Drawing and labeling the seeds.

chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.
Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.

KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179
KLB BK III. P. 136 CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Dormancy in seeds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define seed dormancy.
To explain factors that cause dormancy and ways of breaking dormancy.

Detailed discussion.

video

KLB BK III. P. 137 CERTIFICATE PG 188

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Seed germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.

Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.

KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Epigeal germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
To describe epigeal germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing comparative diagrams.

Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III. P. 141 CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Hypogeal germination.
Primary growth of a seedling.
Region of growth in a root.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hypogeal germination.
To determine the region of growth in a root.

Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing diagrams.
Group experiments- Observe previously prepared specimens to determine regions of growth.
Discuss observations made.
Draw relevant diagrams.

Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.
Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.

KLB BK III. P. 141 CERTIFICATE PG 184
KLB BK III. P. 144 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Apical meristems.
Secondary growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label longitudinal and transverse sections of apical meristems.

Drawing and labelling transverse sections of apical meristems.

Charts- Apical meristems.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 144 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth hormones.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain role of hormones in growth of plants.

Discuss the role of IAA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid e.t.c, in plant growth.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 147 CERTIFICATE PG 190

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Apical dominance.
Growth and development in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of auxins in apical dominance.

Probing questions leading to definition and explanation of apical dominance.

Shoot with lateral growth.
chart

KLB BK III. PP. 147-148.

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GENETICS

Role of hormones in insect growth.
Introduction to Genetics and Variation
Observable Variations in Human Beings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.
Define genetics, heredity and variation. Explain the importance of studying genetics. Identify examples of variation in organisms.

Exposition and explanations.
Q/A on prior knowledge of inheritance. Brainstorming on observable differences in humans. Discussion on the meaning of genetics and heredity.

text book
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books

KLB BK III. PP. 148-149. CERTIFICATE PG 199
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 1-2

GENETICS

Discontinuous and Continuous Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous and continuous variation. Give examples of each type. Plot frequency distribution graphs for continuous variation.

Analysis of tongue rolling and height data. Plotting frequency-height graphs on chalkboard. Discussion on differences between variation types.

Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 3-4

GENETICS

Causes of Variation
Chromosome Structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain genetic and environmental causes of variation. Describe role of meiosis, fertilization and mutations in creating variation.

Exposition on sources of variation. Discussion on independent assortment during meiosis. Examples of environmental effects on phenotypes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 4-5

GENETICS

Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate chromosome behaviour during mitosis. Identify stages of mitosis. Explain importance of mitosis.

Practical activity using colored threads to model mitosis stages. Creating paper models of mitotic stages. Group discussions.

Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 6-8

GENETICS

Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis
DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosome behaviour during meiosis. Explain crossing over and reduction division. Compare mitosis and meiosis.
Explain role of DNA in protein synthesis. Describe mRNA formation and function. Understand genetic code concept.

Continuation of chromosome modeling using threads. Demonstration of reduction division. Discussion on gamete formation.
Exposition on transcription and translation. Discussion on messenger RNA. Examples of genetic codes using chalkboard diagrams.

Colored threads, manila paper, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 8-9
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 12-13

GENETICS

Mendel's Experiments and First Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel's experiments with garden peas. State Mendel's first law of inheritance. Explain reasons for Mendel's success.

Q/A on Mendel's work. Detailed discussion of pea plant experiments using chalkboard diagrams. Analysis of F1 and F2 results.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 13-15

GENETICS

Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance, genotype, phenotype. Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes. Explain homozygous and heterozygous conditions.

Exposition on genetic terminology. Practice using genetic symbols on chalkboard. Discussion on gene expression patterns.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 15-17

GENETICS

Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance, genotype, phenotype. Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes. Explain homozygous and heterozygous conditions.

Exposition on genetic terminology. Practice using genetic symbols on chalkboard. Discussion on gene expression patterns.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 15-17

GENETICS

Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares
Probability in Inheritance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw genetic cross diagrams. Use punnet squares to show genetic crosses. Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
Explain probability in genetic inheritance. Calculate phenotypic and genotypic ratios. Demonstrate random events using coin tossing.

Step-by-step construction of genetic crosses on chalkboard. Practice with punnet squares. Student exercises on genetic problems.
Mathematical analysis of genetic ratios. Coin tossing experiment to demonstrate probability. Statistical interpretation of results.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 17-18
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 18-19

GENETICS

Modeling Random Gamete Fusion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate random fusion of gametes. Use simple materials to model inheritance. Analyze experimental vs expected results.

Practical activity using different colored beans to represent gametes. Data collection and analysis. Discussion on sample size effects.

Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 19-20

GENETICS

Modeling Random Gamete Fusion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate random fusion of gametes. Use simple materials to model inheritance. Analyze experimental vs expected results.

Practical activity using different colored beans to represent gametes. Data collection and analysis. Discussion on sample size effects.

Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 19-20

GENETICS

Complete Dominance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve genetic problems involving complete dominance. Analyze inheritance patterns in garden peas. Practice genetic calculations.

Worked examples of genetic problems on chalkboard. Practice sessions with various characteristics. Group problem-solving.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 20-21

GENETICS

Incomplete Dominance
ABO Blood Group System

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define incomplete dominance. Analyze inheritance in four o'clock plants. Compare with complete dominance patterns. Draw genetic crosses showing blending.
Explain multiple alleles concept. Describe ABO blood group inheritance. Understand co-dominance in blood groups. Solve blood group problems.

Exposition on incomplete dominance using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses showing blending inheritance. Practice problems with flower colors.
Detailed explanation of blood group genetics on chalkboard. Genetic crosses involving blood group inheritance. Practice problems and paternity cases.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 22-24
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 24-25

GENETICS

ABO Blood Group System

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain multiple alleles concept. Describe ABO blood group inheritance. Understand co-dominance in blood groups. Solve blood group problems.

Detailed explanation of blood group genetics on chalkboard. Genetic crosses involving blood group inheritance. Practice problems and paternity cases.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 24-25

GENETICS

Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Rhesus factor genetics. Explain test cross and back cross methods. Use selfing to determine genotypes.

Exposition on Rh factor inheritance using chalkboard. Demonstration of test cross technique. Practice problems on genotype determination.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 25-26

GENETICS

Sex Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in humans and other animals. Explain XX/XY sex determination systems. Calculate probability of male/female offspring.

Exposition on sex chromosomes using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for sex determination. Comparison with other animals.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 26-27

GENETICS

Gene Linkage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene linkage and linkage groups. Explain inheritance of linked genes. Understand why some genes are inherited together.

Exposition on linked genes using simple diagrams. Examples from fruit fly genetics drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome maps.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 27-28

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex-linked inheritance patterns. Explain color blindness inheritance. Construct and analyze pedigree charts.

Detailed exposition on X-linked inheritance using chalkboard. Genetic crosses for color blindness. Drawing simple pedigree charts.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 28-30

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Haemophilia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain haemophilia inheritance. Understand carrier females and affected males. Analyze inheritance through generations.

Exposition on haemophilia genetics. Drawing inheritance patterns on chalkboard. Practice with pedigree construction and analysis.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 30-31

GENETICS

Crossing Over and Recombination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain crossing over during meiosis. Understand how crossing over affects linkage. Describe formation of new gene combinations.

Detailed explanation of crossing over using simple diagrams. Examples of recombinant offspring drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on genetic variation.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Page 31

GENETICS

Chromosomal Mutations - Non-disjunction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define chromosomal mutations. Explain non-disjunction during meiosis. Describe Down's syndrome and other chromosome disorders.

Exposition on non-disjunction using chalkboard diagrams. Drawing normal vs abnormal chromosome sets. Discussion on genetic disorders.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 32-35

GENETICS

Chromosomal Mutations - Polyploidy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structural chromosome changes. Explain polyploidy in plants. Understand chromosome number variations.

Exposition on chromosome number changes. Examples of polyploidy in agriculture using chalkboard. Discussion on plant breeding applications.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 35-36

GENETICS

Gene Mutations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene mutations. Describe insertion, deletion, substitution and inversion. Explain effects on protein synthesis using analogies.

Detailed exposition on point mutations using simple examples. Use SMS text analogies for mutations. Discussion on protein changes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 36-38

GENETICS

Gene Mutations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene mutations. Describe insertion, deletion, substitution and inversion. Explain effects on protein synthesis using analogies.

Detailed exposition on point mutations using simple examples. Use SMS text analogies for mutations. Discussion on protein changes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 36-38

GENETICS

Genetic Disorders - Albinism
Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe albinism inheritance. Explain enzyme deficiency in albinism. Calculate inheritance probabilities. Draw genetic crosses.
Describe sickle cell anaemia inheritance. Explain hemoglobin differences. Understand sickle cell trait vs disease.

Case study of albinism using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for albinism inheritance. Discussion on carrier parents and affected children.
Exposition on sickle cell genetics using diagrams. Comparison of normal and sickle cell hemoglobin. Genetic crosses and probabilities.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 38-40
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 40-42

GENETICS

Environmental Effects on Gene Expression

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain gene-environment interactions. Describe phenotypic plasticity. Understand limitations of genetic determinism.

Discussion on environmental influences using local examples. Plant growth under different conditions. Twin studies and environmental factors.

Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 42-43

GENETICS

Environmental Effects on Gene Expression

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain gene-environment interactions. Describe phenotypic plasticity. Understand limitations of genetic determinism.

Discussion on environmental influences using local examples. Plant growth under different conditions. Twin studies and environmental factors.

Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 42-43

GENETICS

Applications of Genetics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify applications in plant and animal breeding. Explain genetic counselling. Understand blood transfusion genetics. Introduce genetic engineering basics.

Exposition on practical genetics applications. Local examples of plant breeding. Discussion on genetic counselling process and medical applications.

Textbook, local breeding examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 43-49