GENETICS

Introduction to Genetics and Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define genetics, heredity and variation. Explain the importance of studying genetics. Identify examples of variation in organisms.

Q/A on prior knowledge of inheritance. Brainstorming on observable differences in humans. Discussion on the meaning of genetics and heredity.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 1-2

GENETICS

Observable Variations in Human Beings
Discontinuous and Continuous Variation
Causes of Variation
Chromosome Structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Observe and record variations in tongue rolling, fingerprints and height. Distinguish between different types of variations. Create data tables.

Practical activity on tongue rolling. Fingerprint examination using ink pads. Height measurement and data recording.

Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books
Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 2-3

GENETICS

Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis
Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis
DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate chromosome behaviour during mitosis. Identify stages of mitosis. Explain importance of mitosis.

Practical activity using colored threads to model mitosis stages. Creating paper models of mitotic stages. Group discussions.

Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots
Colored threads, manila paper, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 6-8

GENETICS

Mendel's Experiments and First Law
Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel's experiments with garden peas. State Mendel's first law of inheritance. Explain reasons for Mendel's success.

Q/A on Mendel's work. Detailed discussion of pea plant experiments using chalkboard diagrams. Analysis of F1 and F2 results.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 13-15

GENETICS

Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares
Probability in Inheritance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw genetic cross diagrams. Use punnet squares to show genetic crosses. Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Step-by-step construction of genetic crosses on chalkboard. Practice with punnet squares. Student exercises on genetic problems.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 17-18

GENETICS

Modeling Random Gamete Fusion
Complete Dominance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate random fusion of gametes. Use simple materials to model inheritance. Analyze experimental vs expected results.

Practical activity using different colored beans to represent gametes. Data collection and analysis. Discussion on sample size effects.

Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 19-20

GENETICS

Incomplete Dominance
ABO Blood Group System

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define incomplete dominance. Analyze inheritance in four o'clock plants. Compare with complete dominance patterns. Draw genetic crosses showing blending.

Exposition on incomplete dominance using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses showing blending inheritance. Practice problems with flower colors.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 22-24

GENETICS

Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes
Sex Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Rhesus factor genetics. Explain test cross and back cross methods. Use selfing to determine genotypes.

Exposition on Rh factor inheritance using chalkboard. Demonstration of test cross technique. Practice problems on genotype determination.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 25-26

GENETICS

Gene Linkage
Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene linkage and linkage groups. Explain inheritance of linked genes. Understand why some genes are inherited together.

Exposition on linked genes using simple diagrams. Examples from fruit fly genetics drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome maps.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 27-28

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Haemophilia
Crossing Over and Recombination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain haemophilia inheritance. Understand carrier females and affected males. Analyze inheritance through generations.

Exposition on haemophilia genetics. Drawing inheritance patterns on chalkboard. Practice with pedigree construction and analysis.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 30-31

GENETICS

Chromosomal Mutations - Non-disjunction
Chromosomal Mutations - Polyploidy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define chromosomal mutations. Explain non-disjunction during meiosis. Describe Down's syndrome and other chromosome disorders.

Exposition on non-disjunction using chalkboard diagrams. Drawing normal vs abnormal chromosome sets. Discussion on genetic disorders.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 32-35

GENETICS

Gene Mutations
Genetic Disorders - Albinism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene mutations. Describe insertion, deletion, substitution and inversion. Explain effects on protein synthesis using analogies.

Detailed exposition on point mutations using simple examples. Use SMS text analogies for mutations. Discussion on protein changes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 36-38

GENETICS

Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia
Environmental Effects on Gene Expression

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sickle cell anaemia inheritance. Explain hemoglobin differences. Understand sickle cell trait vs disease.

Exposition on sickle cell genetics using diagrams. Comparison of normal and sickle cell hemoglobin. Genetic crosses and probabilities.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 40-42

GENETICS
EVOLUTION

Applications of Genetics
Meaning of Evolution and Origin of Life Theories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify applications in plant and animal breeding. Explain genetic counselling. Understand blood transfusion genetics. Introduce genetic engineering basics.

Exposition on practical genetics applications. Local examples of plant breeding. Discussion on genetic counselling process and medical applications.

Textbook, local breeding examples, chalkboard
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 43-49

EVOLUTION

Chemical Evolution and Miller's Experiment
Evidence for Evolution - Fossil Records

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Miller's spark discharge experiment. Explain formation of organic compounds from simple molecules. Understand primitive earth conditions.

Detailed exposition on Miller's experimental setup using chalkboard diagrams. Discussion on primitive atmosphere composition. Analysis of experimental results and significance.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple laboratory glassware for demonstration
Textbook, any available fossil specimens, pictures from textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 53-55

EVOLUTION

Geographical Distribution and Comparative Embryology
Comparative Anatomy - Homologous Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain biogeographical evidence for evolution. Describe continental drift effects on species distribution. Compare embryological development in vertebrates.

Discussion on animal and plant distribution patterns. Examination of world map showing species distribution. Drawing embryological stages on chalkboard. Comparison of vertebrate embryos.

Textbook, world map, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, bone specimens (if available), pictures of animal limbs, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 60-63

EVOLUTION

Comparative Anatomy - Analogous and Vestigial Structures
Cell Biology and Comparative Serology Evidence

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define analogous and vestigial structures. Compare bird and insect wings. Give examples of vestigial organs. Explain convergent evolution.

Examination of bird and insect wing specimens. Drawing wing structures on chalkboard. Discussion on vestigial organs in humans and other animals. Examples of convergent evolution.

Textbook, wing specimens (bird feathers, insect specimens), chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple solutions for demonstration (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 67-70

EVOLUTION

Lamarck's Theory vs Darwin's Theory
Natural Selection in Action

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics. Describe Darwin's theory of natural selection. Compare and contrast both theories. Understand scientific acceptance criteria.

Exposition on Lamarck's giraffe example using chalkboard drawings. Detailed explanation of Darwin's natural selection theory. Comparison table construction. Discussion on scientific evidence.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
White and black paper, scissors, textbook, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 71-73

EVOLUTION
RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Modern Examples of Evolution and Resistance
Meaning of Stimulus, Response and Irritability; Types of Responses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe antibiotic and pesticide resistance. Explain sickle cell trait advantage in malaria areas. Understand ongoing evolutionary processes. Apply evolutionary principles to current issues.

Discussion on drug-resistant bacteria and insects. Case study of malaria and sickle cell trait. Examples of rapid evolutionary changes. Q/A session and topic review.

Textbook, local examples of pesticide resistance, chalkboard
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, bread crumbs, termites or other insects, dry sand

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 75-77

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Tropisms in Plants - Types and Survival Value
Nastic Responses and Role of Auxins

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define tropisms. Distinguish between phototropism, geotropism, and thigmotropism. Explain positive and negative tropic responses. Describe adaptive significance of tropisms.

Exposition on tropic responses using chalkboard diagrams. Examination of seedlings showing different tropisms. Practical observation of plant responses. Discussion on survival advantages. Setup of simple tropism experiments.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, seedlings, cardboard boxes for light experiments, local plant examples
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, Mimosa plant (if available), simple seedlings for auxin demonstration

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 81-85

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Introduction to Nervous System and Neurone Structure
Brain Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the need for co-ordination in animals. Compare nervous and endocrine systems. Describe structure of nerve cells. Distinguish between sensory, motor, and relay neurones.

Exposition on animal co-ordination systems. Discussion on rapid vs slow responses. Drawing neurone structures on chalkboard. Detailed exposition on neurone types and functions. Student drawing exercises.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils, rulers
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, colored chalk (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 89-92

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Spinal Cord and Reflex Actions
Nerve Impulse Transmission and Synapses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure and functions of spinal cord. Define reflex action. Distinguish between simple and conditioned reflexes. Describe reflex arc components.

Drawing spinal cord cross-section on chalkboard. Exposition on spinal cord functions. Practical demonstration of knee-jerk reflex. Drawing reflex arc diagrams. Discussion on reflex vs voluntary actions.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, simple tools for reflex testing
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, simple analogies using local examples

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 95-98

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Endocrine System and Hormone Functions
Thyroxine and Adrenaline Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define hormones and endocrine glands. Compare endocrine and nervous systems. Identify major endocrine glands. Explain negative feedback mechanism.

Exposition on endocrine system concept. Drawing endocrine gland locations on chalkboard. Detailed comparison between nervous and endocrine control. Discussion on hormone transport and target organs.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local health examples

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 100-101

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Drug Abuse Effects on Coordination
Structure of the Human Eye

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify commonly abused drugs. Explain effects of drug abuse on nervous system. Describe health consequences of drug abuse. Understand prevention strategies.

Discussion on local drug abuse problems. Exposition on drug effects on coordination and health. Health education on drug abuse prevention. Case studies from local community. Group discussions on prevention strategies.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local health examples, community case studies
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 103-104

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Vision, Rods, Cones and Image Formation
Accommodation and Pupil Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain functions of rods and cones. Describe image formation in the eye. Understand color vision and visual acuity. Explain binocular and stereoscopic vision.

Exposition on photoreceptor functions and differences. Discussion on color vision mechanism. Explanation of image formation process. Practical activities on visual perception and blind spot demonstration.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, white paper, pencils for blind spot experiment
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple lenses (if available), torch or bright light

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 105-109

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Eye Defects and Their Correction
Structure of the Human Ear

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify common eye defects: myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, presbyopia. Explain causes of each defect. Describe correction methods using lenses.

Exposition on vision defects using detailed diagrams. Discussion on causes and symptoms of each defect. Explanation of corrective lens types. Examples from local community. Drawing ray diagrams for corrections.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, examples of different spectacles, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 110-112

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Hearing Mechanism
Balance and Posture Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain mechanism of hearing from sound waves to brain interpretation. Describe role of ear ossicles, cochlea, and auditory nerve. Understand sound discrimination.

Step-by-step exposition on hearing process using detailed diagrams. Discussion on sound wave transmission through ear parts. Explanation of sound interpretation in brain. Simple sound experiments if possible.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple sound sources for demonstration
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple materials for balance demonstration

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 113-114

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Ear Defects and Hearing Problems
Integration and Coordination Systems Review
Practical Applications and Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify ear defects and hearing problems. Explain causes of deafness and hearing loss. Describe prevention and treatment methods.

Discussion on types of deafness and their causes. Exposition on ear infections and prevention. Examples of hearing problems from local community. Health education on ear care and protection.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local examples of hearing problems
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, review materials
Textbook, assessment materials, local case studies, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 115-116