Thin Lenses

Types of Lenses and Effects on Light

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a lens and distinguish between convex and concave lenses; Describe the effect of lenses on parallel rays of light; Explain convergence and divergence of light rays; Identify practical examples of different lens types

Q/A on refraction concepts; Experiment 1.1 - investigating effects of lenses on parallel rays using sunlight and ray box; Demonstration of convergence and divergence; Group identification of lens types in everyday objects; Drawing and analysis of ray diagrams

Ray box; Various convex and concave lenses; White screen; Plane mirror; Card with parallel slits; Sunlight or strong lamp

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 1-6

Thin Lenses

Definition of Terms and Ray Diagrams
Image Formation by Converging Lenses
Image Formation by Diverging Lenses and Linear Magnification
The Lens Formula
Determination of Focal Length I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define centre of curvature, principal axis, optical centre, principal focus and focal length; Distinguish between real and virtual focus; State and apply the three important rays for lens diagrams; Construct basic ray diagrams for lenses
Derive the lens formula using similar triangles; Understand and apply the Real-is-positive sign convention; Use the lens formula to solve problems involving object distance, image distance and focal length; Solve Examples 4, 5, 6, and 7 from textbook

Q/A review of lens effects; Guided discovery of lens terminology using practical demonstrations; Step-by-step construction of ray diagrams using the three important rays; Practice drawing ray paths for parallel rays, rays through focus, and rays through optical centre; Group work on ray diagram construction
Review of magnification concepts; Mathematical derivation of lens formula from similar triangles; Introduction to sign convention rules; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4-7; Practice problems applying lens formula to various situations; Group work on formula applications

Various lenses; Rulers; Graph paper; Ray boxes; Charts showing lens terminology; Drawing materials; Laser pointers (if available)
Converging lenses; Objects; White screen; Metre rule; Candle; Graph paper; Charts showing applications; Camera (if available)
Diverging lenses; Graph paper; Rulers; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of known heights; Measuring equipment
Mathematical instruments; Charts showing derivation; Calculators; Worked examples; Sign convention chart; Practice worksheets
Converging lenses; Lens holders; Metre rule; White screen; Distant objects; Plane mirror; Pins; Cork; Glass rod; Light source; Cardboard with cross-wires

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 3-8
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 14-20

Thin Lenses

Determination of Focal Length II
Power of Lens and Simple Microscope
Compound Microscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine focal length using lens formula method (Experiment 1.4); Plot and analyze 1/u vs 1/v graphs; Determine focal length from displacement method (Experiment 1.5); Solve Examples 8, 9, and 10 involving graphical methods

Review of previous focal length methods; Setup and performance of Experiment 1.4; Data collection and graph plotting; Analysis of Examples 8-10; Introduction to displacement method and conjugate points; Practical work with different graphical approaches

Experimental setup materials; Graph paper; Calculators; Data tables; Examples 8-10 from textbook; Materials for displacement method
Various lenses of different focal lengths; Magnifying glasses; Small objects; Calculators; Power calculation charts; Small print materials; Biological specimens
Compound microscope; Charts showing microscope structure; Lenses representing objective and eyepiece; Calculators; Example 11 from textbook; Ray tracing materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 19-25

Thin Lenses

The Human Eye

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure of human eye and functions of each part; Explain accommodation process and role of ciliary muscles; Define near point and far point; Understand how eye focuses at different distances; Compare eye structure with camera

Introduction to human eye as natural optical instrument; Detailed study of eye structure using charts/models; Demonstration of accommodation using flexible lens model; Practical measurement of near and far points; Comparison table of eye vs camera similarities and differences

Charts/models of human eye; Torch for demonstrations; Eye model with flexible lens; Objects at various distances; Measuring equipment; Camera comparison charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 30-32

Thin Lenses

Defects of Vision

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe short sight (myopia) and its causes; Explain correction of myopia using diverging lenses; Describe long sight (hypermetropia) and its causes; Explain correction of hypermetropia using converging lenses; Draw ray diagrams showing defects and their corrections

Q/A on normal vision and accommodation; Analysis of myopia - causes, effects, and correction; Ray diagrams for uncorrected and corrected myopia; Study of hypermetropia - causes, effects, and correction; Ray diagrams for uncorrected and corrected hypermetropia; Demonstration using appropriate lenses

Charts showing vision defects; Converging and diverging lenses; Eye models; Spectacles with different lenses; Vision test materials; Ray diagram materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 32-33

Thin Lenses
Uniform Circular Motion

The Camera and Applications Review
Introduction and Angular Displacement
Angular Velocity and Linear Velocity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe camera structure and working principles; Explain functions of camera lens, shutter, aperture, and film; Compare camera with human eye highlighting similarities and differences; Review all applications of lenses in optical instruments
Define angular velocity (ω) and its units; Derive the relationship v = rω; Calculate period (T) and frequency (f) of circular motion; Solve Examples 2(a) and 2(b) from textbook; Relate linear and angular quantities

Review of optical instruments studied; Analysis of camera components and their functions; Detailed comparison of camera and eye; Discussion of focusing mechanisms; Comprehensive review of lens applications in telescope, microscope, camera, spectacles, and magnifying glass
Review of angular displacement through Q/A; Introduction to angular velocity concept; Mathematical derivation of v = rω relationship; Exploration of period and frequency relationships; Step-by-step solution of Examples 2(a) and 2(b); Practical demonstration using rotating objects; Group calculations involving different circular motions

Camera (if available); Charts showing camera structure; Comparison tables; Review charts of all applications; Summary materials; Demonstration equipment
Merry-go-round model or pictures; String and objects for circular motion; Protractors; Calculators; Charts showing degree-radian conversion; Measuring wheels
Stopwatch; Rotating objects (turntables, wheels); String and masses; Calculators; Formula charts; Examples from textbook; Measuring equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 33-35
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 38-40

Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Acceleration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain why circular motion involves acceleration despite constant speed; Derive centripetal acceleration formula a = v²/r = rω²; Understand direction of centripetal acceleration; Solve Example 3 from textbook; Apply acceleration concepts to circular motion problems

Q/A review of velocity and acceleration concepts; Explanation of acceleration in circular motion using vector analysis; Mathematical derivation of centripetal acceleration; Discussion of acceleration direction (toward center); Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Practical demonstration of centripetal acceleration effects

Vector diagrams; Rotating objects; Calculators; Charts showing acceleration derivation; Example 3 materials; Demonstration of circular motion with varying speeds

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 40-42

Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Force and Factors Affecting It
Experimental Investigation of Centripetal Force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the need for centripetal force in circular motion; State factors affecting centripetal force (mass, speed, radius); Derive centripetal force formula F = mv²/r = mrω²; Perform Experiment 2.1 investigating F vs ω²; Solve Example 4 from textbook

Review of Newton's laws and centripetal acceleration; Introduction to centripetal force concept; Experimental investigation of factors affecting centripetal force; Performance of Experiment 2.1 - relationship between F and ω²; Data collection and analysis; Solution of Example 4; Discussion of practical implications

Metal pegs; Turntable and motor; Variable resistor; Dry cell; Metal ball and string; Spring balance; Clock; Graph paper; Calculators
Same apparatus as Experiment 2.1; Graph paper; Additional measuring equipment; Data recording tables; Calculators; Analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 42-47

Uniform Circular Motion

Case Examples - Cars and Banking

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain circular motion of cars on level roads; Understand role of friction in providing centripetal force; Describe banking of roads and its advantages; Derive critical speed for banked tracks; Explain aircraft banking principles

Review of centripetal force concepts; Analysis of car motion on circular bends; Discussion of friction as centripetal force; Introduction to banked roads and critical speed; Mathematical analysis of banking angles; Explanation of aircraft banking mechanisms; Problem-solving involving banking situations

Model cars and tracks; Inclined plane demonstrations; Charts showing banking principles; Calculators; Friction demonstration materials; Pictures of banked roads and aircraft

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 47-50

Uniform Circular Motion

Case Examples - Cyclists and Conical Pendulum
Motion in Vertical Circle
Applications - Centrifuges and Satellites

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze forces on cyclists moving in circular tracks; Explain cyclist leaning and conditions for no skidding; Describe conical pendulum motion; Derive equations for conical pendulum; Solve Example 5 from textbook
Analyze forces in vertical circular motion; Understand variation of tension at different positions; Derive expressions for tension at top and bottom positions; Calculate minimum speed for vertical circular motion; Apply concepts to practical examples (bucket of water, loop-the-loop)

Q/A on banking concepts; Analysis of cyclist motion on circular tracks; Force analysis and conditions for stability; Introduction to conical pendulum; Mathematical analysis of pendulum motion; Step-by-step solution of Example 5; Practical demonstration of conical pendulum
Review of circular motion in horizontal plane; Introduction to vertical circular motion; Force analysis at different positions in vertical circle; Mathematical derivation of tension variations; Discussion of minimum speed requirements; Practical examples and safety considerations; Problem-solving involving vertical motion

Model cyclists; Pendulum apparatus; String and masses; Force diagrams; Calculators; Example 5 materials; Protractors for angle measurement
String and masses for vertical motion; Bucket and water (demonstration); Model loop-the-loop track; Force analysis charts; Safety equipment; Calculators
Centrifuge model or pictures; Separation demonstration materials; Satellite orbit charts; Calculators; Newton's gravitation materials; Model solar system

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 50-52
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 52-54

Floating and Sinking

Introduction and Cause of Upthrust

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain why objects feel lighter in fluids; Define upthrust and identify its effects; Perform Experiment 3.1 investigating upthrust and weight of fluid displaced; Derive mathematical expression for upthrust using pressure concepts; Verify Archimedes' principle experimentally

Q/A on pressure in liquids; Introduction using steel ferry floating on water; Performance of Experiment 3.1 - relationship between upthrust and weight of displaced fluid; Mathematical derivation of upthrust U = ρVg; Analysis of experimental results; Discussion of pressure differences causing upthrust

Spring balance; Objects (stones); String; Eureka can; Beaker; Water; Measuring cylinder; Beam balance; Dense objects; Charts showing pressure variation

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 58-63

Floating and Sinking

Upthrust in Gases and Archimedes' Principle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain upthrust in gases with examples; State Archimedes' principle clearly; Apply Archimedes' principle to solve problems; Solve Examples 1, 2, and 3 from textbook; Calculate apparent weight and upthrust in different fluids

Review of upthrust in liquids through Q/A; Discussion of upthrust in gases using balloon examples; Statement and explanation of Archimedes' principle; Step-by-step solution of Examples 1-3; Problem-solving involving apparent weight calculations; Group work on upthrust calculations

Balloons; Helium or hydrogen (if available); Objects of known density; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Different liquids for demonstration; Measuring equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 60-66

Floating and Sinking

Law of Flotation and Applications
Relative Density Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 3.2 investigating upthrust on floating objects; State the law of flotation; Explain the relationship between weight of object and weight of displaced fluid; Solve Examples 4, 5, 6, and 7 involving floating objects; Apply law of flotation to balloons and ships

Q/A on Archimedes' principle; Performance of Experiment 3.2 - investigating floating objects; Analysis of experimental observations; Statement of law of flotation; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4-7; Discussion of applications in balloons, ships, and everyday objects

Test tubes; Sand; Measuring cylinder; Water; Balance; Floating objects; Examples from textbook; Calculators; Model boats; Balloon demonstrations
Spring balance; Various solid objects; Different liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of unknown density; Data recording sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 64-69

Floating and Sinking

Archimedes' Principle and Moments
Applications - Hydrometer and Practical Instruments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 3.3 determining relative density using moments; Understand the principle of moments in relative density determination; Plot graphs of d₁ against d₂ and determine slopes; Apply moments method to determine relative density of liquids; Explain advantages of moments method over direct weighing
Explain the working principle of hydrometers; Describe structure and features of practical hydrometers; Solve Examples 12 and 13 involving hydrometer calculations; Understand applications in measuring density of milk, battery acid, and beer; Calculate hydrometer dimensions and floating positions

Q/A on relative density calculations; Setup and performance of Experiment 3.3 - relative density using moments; Data collection and graph plotting; Analysis of graph slopes and their significance; Application to liquids determination; Discussion of method advantages and accuracy
Review of law of flotation through Q/A; Detailed study of hydrometer structure and operation; Analysis of hydrometer sensitivity and design features; Step-by-step solution of Examples 12-13; Discussion of specialized hydrometers (lactometer, battery acid hydrometer); Practical calculations involving hydrometer floating

Metre rule; Clamps and stands; Solid objects; Metal blocks; Water and other liquids; Graph paper; Calculators; Data recording tables; Balance setup materials
Hydrometer (if available); Different density liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Charts showing hydrometer types; Battery acid hydrometer demonstration

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 71-74
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 74-77

Floating and Sinking
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Applications - Ships, Submarines, and Balloons
Introduction and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how steel ships float on water; Describe working principle of submarines; Understand how balloons achieve lift and control altitude; Analyze the role of displaced fluid in each application; Apply principles to solve practical problems involving floating vessels

Q/A on hydrometer applications; Analysis of ship design and floating principles; Detailed study of submarine operation and ballast tanks; Exploration of balloon physics and gas density effects; Discussion of load limits and stability; Problem-solving involving practical floating applications

Model ships and submarines; Balloon demonstrations; Charts showing ship cross-sections; Submarine ballast tank models; Different density materials; Calculators; Application examples
Electromagnetic spectrum charts; Wave demonstration materials; Calculators; Radio; Mobile phone; Examples from textbook; Charts showing wave properties

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 77

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain production of gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation; Describe detection methods for high-energy radiations; Understand energy transitions in atoms and nuclei; Relate wave energy to frequency using E = hf; Solve Example 3 involving X-ray calculations

Review of electromagnetic properties through Q/A; Study of high-energy radiation production mechanisms; Analysis of detection methods (photographic plates, G-M tubes, fluorescent materials); Discussion of atomic and nuclear energy changes; Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Safety considerations for high-energy radiations

Charts showing radiation production; Photographic film; Fluorescent materials; UV lamp (if available); Geiger counter (if available); Example 3 materials; Safety equipment demonstrations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 81-82

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain production of visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves; Describe detection methods for each radiation type; Understand role of oscillating circuits in radio wave production; Compare detection mechanisms across the spectrum; Demonstrate detection of some radiations

Q/A on high-energy radiations; Study of lower-energy radiation production (thermal, electronic oscillations); Analysis of detection methods (eyes, thermopiles, crystal detectors, radio receivers); Practical demonstrations of infrared detection; Discussion of antenna and oscillating circuit principles; Group identification of sources and detectors

Infrared sources (heaters); Thermometer with blackened bulb; Radio receivers; Microwave oven (demonstration); Oscillating circuit models; Various electromagnetic sources

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 81-82

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves I
Applications of Electromagnetic Waves II
Specific Applications - Radar and Microwave Cooking

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe medical applications of gamma rays and X-rays; Explain industrial uses of high-energy radiations; Understand applications in sterilization and cancer therapy; Discuss X-ray photography and crystallography; Analyze benefits and limitations of high-energy radiation applications
Explain principles of radar (radio detection and ranging); Describe microwave oven operation and safety features; Understand reflection and detection in radar systems; Explain how microwaves heat food molecules; Apply wave principles to practical technologies

Review of radiation properties and production; Detailed study of gamma ray applications (sterilization, cancer treatment, flaw detection); Analysis of X-ray applications (medical photography, security, crystallography); Discussion of controlled radiation exposure; Examination of X-ray photographs and medical applications
Review of microwave and radio wave properties; Detailed analysis of radar operation and applications; Study of microwave oven components (magnetron, stirrer, safety features); Discussion of wave reflection and detection principles; Analysis of molecular heating mechanisms; Safety considerations and precautions

X-ray photographs; Medical imaging examples; Industrial radiography charts; Cancer treatment information; Sterilization process diagrams; Safety protocol charts
UV lamp demonstrations; Optical fiber samples; Infrared thermometer; Microwave oven (demonstration); Radio equipment; Remote controls; Radar images; Communication devices
Radar system diagrams; Microwave oven cross-section charts; Wave reflection demonstrations; Safety instruction materials; Magnetron information; Aircraft/ship tracking examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 82-84
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 84-85

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Hazards and Safety Considerations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify hazards of high-energy electromagnetic radiations; Explain biological effects of UV, X-rays, and gamma rays; Describe safety measures for radiation protection; Understand delayed effects like cancer and genetic damage; Apply safety principles in radiation use

Q/A on electromagnetic applications; Study of radiation hazards and biological effects; Analysis of skin damage, cell destruction, and genetic effects; Discussion of Chernobyl disaster and radiation accidents; Exploration of safety measures (shielding, distance, time limits); Application of ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)

Radiation hazard charts; Safety equipment demonstrations; Chernobyl disaster information; Biological effect diagrams; Safety protocol materials; Radiation protection examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 85

Electromagnetic Induction

Introduction and Historical Background
Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Straight Conductor

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electromagnetic induction and its significance; Explain Faraday's discovery and its impact on modern technology; Understand the relationship between magnetism and electricity; Identify examples of electromagnetic induction in daily life; Appreciate the importance of relative motion in electromagnetic phenomena

Q/A on magnetic fields and electric current relationships from previous studies; Introduction to Michael Faraday's discovery and its historical significance; Discussion of electromagnetic induction examples in daily life (generators, transformers, motors); Overview of chapter content and learning objectives; Introduction to practical applications in power generation and electronics

Charts showing Faraday's experiments; Pictures of power stations; Transformers; Generators; Historical timeline of electromagnetic discoveries; Real-world applications display
Thick electric conductor; U-shaped magnet; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Clamp and stand setup; Data recording sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 86

Electromagnetic Induction

Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Coils

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.1 using coils; Compare induction effects in straight conductors vs coils; Observe effects of magnet movement into and out of coils; Understand flux linkage concept; Analyze why coils are more effective than single conductors

Continuation of Experiment 5.1 using coil instead of straight conductor; Investigation of magnet movement into coil, out of coil, and stationary positions; Comparison of deflection magnitudes between straight conductor and coil setups; Analysis of why coils produce larger induced e.m.f.; Discussion of magnetic flux and flux linkage concepts

Coils of different sizes; Magnets of various strengths; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Comparison data sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 87-88

Electromagnetic Induction

Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Rate of Change
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Magnetic Field Strength
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Number of Turns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.2 investigating rate of change effects; Understand relationship between speed of motion and induced e.m.f.; Collect and analyze data on rate of flux change; Establish that faster changes produce larger e.m.f.; Apply findings to practical situations
Perform Experiment 5.4 investigating effect of coil turns; Understand relationship between number of turns and induced e.m.f.; Construct coils with different numbers of turns; Analyze why more turns produce larger e.m.f.; State Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction

Performance of Experiment 5.2 investigating relationship between rate of change of magnetic flux and induced e.m.f.; Systematic variation of magnet withdrawal speeds (very fast, moderate, very slow); Recording and comparison of galvanometer deflections; Data analysis and conclusion drawing; Discussion of practical implications in generators and other applications
Performance of Experiment 5.4 investigating relationship between number of turns and induced e.m.f.; Construction of solenoids with 60, 50, 40, 30, and 20 turns; Systematic testing with same magnet withdrawal speed; Recording and analysis of galvanometer readings; Mathematical relationship establishment; Statement of Faraday's law based on experimental evidence

Coil of at least 50 turns; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Stopwatch; Data collection tables; Graph paper for analysis
U-shaped electromagnet; Variable resistor; Wire PQ; Galvanometer; Ammeter; Connecting wires; Power supply; Data recording materials
Insulated copper wire; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Connecting wires; Wire cutting and measuring tools; Data analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 88-89
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 89-90

Electromagnetic Induction

Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced Current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.5 determining direction of induced current; State Lenz's law and explain its significance; Understand energy conservation in electromagnetic induction; Predict current direction using Lenz's law; Relate Lenz's law to conservation of energy principle

Performance of Experiment 5.5(a) establishing galvanometer deflection direction; Performance of Experiment 5.5(b) investigating induced current direction with magnet movement; Analysis of current directions and magnetic pole formation; Statement and explanation of Lenz's law; Discussion of energy conservation and opposition principle; Practice in predicting current directions

Variable resistor; Sensitive center-zero galvanometer; Connecting wires; Coil; Magnet; Switch; Battery; Direction analysis charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 90-93

Electromagnetic Induction

Fleming's Right-Hand Rule
Applications of Induction Laws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.6 with straight conductors; State Fleming's right-hand rule (dynamo rule); Apply the rule to determine direction of induced current; Understand relationship between motion, field, and current directions; Solve Example 1 involving square loop movement

Performance of Experiment 5.6 determining induced current direction in straight conductor; Introduction and demonstration of Fleming's right-hand rule; Practice applying the rule to various conductor movements; Step-by-step solution of Example 1 (square loop in magnetic field); Analysis of current directions in different parts of the loop; Verification of Fleming's rule consistency with Lenz's law

U-shaped magnet; Thick wire AB; Marked center-zero galvanometer; Hand models for rule demonstration; Example 1 setup materials; Direction analysis worksheets
Examples 2 and 3 setup materials; Problem-solving worksheets; Charts showing current direction analysis; Group work materials; Calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 93-97

Electromagnetic Induction

Mutual Induction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define mutual induction and demonstrate its occurrence; Perform Experiment 5.7 showing mutual induction between coils; Explain factors affecting mutual induction; Understand primary and secondary coil relationships; Discuss enhancement methods using iron cores

Q/A on electromagnetic induction principles; Introduction to mutual induction concept and definition; Performance of Experiment 5.7 demonstrating mutual induction between primary and secondary coils; Investigation of switching effects, current changes, and A.C. source effects; Analysis of mutual induction enhancement using soft iron rod and ring; Discussion of applications in transformers

Two coils P and S; Galvanometer; Battery; A.C. power source; Switch; Rheostat; Connecting wires; Soft iron rod; Soft iron ring; Enhancement demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 97-100

Electromagnetic Induction

Transformers - Basic Principles
Transformer Equations and Calculations
Transformer Energy Losses and Example 6

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe transformer structure and components; Explain working principle based on mutual induction; Perform Experiment 5.10 investigating secondary e.m.f. variation; Understand primary and secondary coil functions; Distinguish between step-up and step-down transformers
Derive transformer turns rule equation; Apply transformer equations for voltage and current relationships; Calculate transformer efficiency; Solve Examples 4 and 5 involving transformer problems; Understand ideal vs practical transformer differences

Review of mutual induction through Q/A; Introduction to transformer structure (primary coil, secondary coil, iron core); Performance of Experiment 5.10 - variation of secondary e.m.f. with number of turns; Observation of bulb brightness changes with turn variations; Analysis of step-up vs step-down transformer characteristics; Introduction to transformer symbols and representations
Q/A on transformer working principles; Mathematical derivation of turns rule (Vp/Vs = Np/Ns); Development of current relationship (IpVp = IsVs for ideal transformer); Introduction to efficiency calculations; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4 and 5; Discussion of ideal transformer assumptions vs practical limitations

Long insulated copper wire; Soft iron rod; Low frequency A.C. source; A.C. voltmeter; Switch; Bulb; Transformer construction materials; Symbol charts
Calculators; Examples 4 and 5 materials; Mathematical derivation charts; Efficiency calculation worksheets; Transformer specification data
Charts showing energy losses; Laminated core samples; Example 6 complex setup; Power transmission diagrams; Efficiency calculation materials; Loss minimization demonstration aids

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 100-102
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 102-105

Electromagnetic Induction

Applications - Generators, Microphones, and Induction Coils

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain structure and working of A.C. and D.C. generators; Describe moving-coil microphone operation; Understand induction coil structure and applications; Compare slip rings with split ring commutators; Analyze generator output waveforms and applications

Review of electromagnetic induction in rotating systems; Detailed study of A.C. generator structure and sinusoidal output; Analysis of D.C. generator with split ring commutator; Explanation of moving-coil microphone components and sound conversion; Description of induction coil operation and high voltage generation; Discussion of applications in car ignition systems

A.C. generator model; D.C. generator model; Moving-coil microphone demonstration; Induction coil setup; Output waveform charts; Slip ring and commutator comparisons; Bicycle dynamo

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 108-112

Mains Electricity

Sources of Mains Electricity
The Grid System and Power Transmission
High Voltage Transmission and Power Losses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State the main sources of mains electricity
Explain how different sources generate electrical energy
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different power sources
Describe the environmental impact of various power sources

Prior knowledge review on electrical energy
Discussion on local power sources in Kenya
Field trip planning to nearby power station
Group presentations on different power sources
Q&A session on power generation methods

Pictures of power stations
Charts showing different energy sources
Videos of power generation
Maps of Kenya's power grid
Sample coal, biomass materials
Chart of national grid system
Transmission line models
Maps showing power lines
Transformer models
Voltage measurement devices
Calculators
Worked example sheets
Pictures of transmission towers
Safety warning signs
Formula charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 117

Mains Electricity

Domestic Wiring System
Fuses, Circuit Breakers and Safety Devices
Ring Mains Circuit and Three-Pin Plugs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe the domestic wiring system
Identify components of consumer fuse box
Explain the function of live, neutral and earth wires
Draw simple domestic wiring circuits

Q&A on transmission systems
Examination of house wiring components
Drawing domestic wiring diagrams
Identification of electrical safety features
Practical observation of electrical installations

House wiring components
Fuse box model
Different types of fuses
Electrical cables (samples)
Circuit diagrams
Multimeter
Various fuses (2A, 5A, 13A)
Circuit breakers
Fuse wire samples
Electrical appliances
Calculators
Safety equipment samples
Three-pin plugs
Electrical cables
Wire strippers
Screwdrivers
Ring mains circuit model
Color-coded wires

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 121-124

Mains Electricity
Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube

Electrical Energy Consumption and Costing
Problem Solving and Applications
Thermionic Emission
Production and Properties of Cathode Rays
Structure of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Calculate electrical energy consumption
Determine cost of electrical energy
Apply energy formulas to practical problems

Define thermionic emission
Explain the process of electron emission from heated metals
Describe a simple experiment to demonstrate thermionic emission
State factors affecting thermionic emission

Review of power and energy concepts
Introduction to kilowatt-hour unit
Worked examples on energy calculations
Practice problems on electricity billing
Analysis of electricity bills
Q&A on electron structure and energy
Demonstration of thermionic emission using simple circuit
Discussion on work function of different metals
Explanation of electron emission process
Identification of materials used in cathodes

Calculators
Sample electricity bills
Electrical appliances with ratings
Stop watches
Energy meter model
Formula charts
Problem sheets
Past examination questions
Real electricity bills
Energy conservation charts
Simple thermionic emission apparatus
Low voltage power supply (6V)
Milliammeter
Evacuated glass bulb
Heated filament
Charts showing electron emission
Cathode ray tube (simple)
High voltage supply (EHT)
Fluorescent screen
Maltese cross or opaque object
Bar magnets
Charged plates
CRO (demonstration model)
Charts showing CRO structure
Diagrams of electron gun
Models of deflection plates
High voltage power supply

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 125-128
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 131-132

Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube

CRO Controls and Operation
CRO as a Voltmeter
Frequency Measurement using CRO

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the function of brightness and focus controls
Describe vertical and horizontal deflection systems
Explain the time base operation
Demonstrate basic CRO operation

Review of CRO structure
Demonstration of CRO controls
Explanation of time base voltage
Practice with focus and brightness adjustment
Observation of spot movement across screen

Working CRO
Signal generator
Connecting leads
Various input signals
Time base control charts
Oscilloscope manual
DC power supplies
AC signal sources
Digital voltmeter
Graph paper
Calculators
Working CRO with time base
Audio frequency generator
Graph paper for measurements
Stop watch

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 135-137

Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube

The Television Tube
Problem Solving and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe the structure of a TV tube
Explain differences between CRO and TV tube
Describe magnetic deflection in TV tubes
Explain image formation in television

Q&A on CRO applications
Comparison of TV tube with CRO
Explanation of magnetic deflection coils
Description of signal processing in TV
Discussion on color TV operation

TV tube (demonstration model)
Deflection coils
TV receiver (old CRT type)
Charts comparing TV and CRO
Color TV tube diagram
Calculators
Problem-solving worksheets
Sample CRO traces
Past examination questions
Graph paper
Reference materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 141-142

X-Rays

Production of X-Rays
Properties of X-Rays and Energy Concepts
Hard and Soft X-Rays

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe the structure of an X-ray tube
Explain how X-rays are produced
State the conditions necessary for X-ray production
Identify the components of an X-ray tube and their functions

Q&A on cathode rays and electron beams
Drawing and labeling X-ray tube structure
Explanation of electron acceleration and collision process
Description of anode and cathode materials
Discussion on cooling systems in X-ray tubes

Charts showing X-ray tube structure
Diagram of X-ray production process
Models of rotating anode
Pictures of medical X-ray equipment
Video clips of X-ray tube operation
Calculators
Electromagnetic spectrum chart
Energy calculation worksheets
Constants and formulae charts
Sample X-ray images
Comparison charts of hard vs soft X-rays
Penetration demonstration materials
Voltage control diagrams
Medical X-ray examples
Industrial X-ray applications

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 144-145

X-Rays
Radioactivity

Uses of X-Rays in Medicine and Industry
Dangers of X-Rays and Safety Precautions
Problem Solving and Applications Review
Atomic Structure and Nuclear Notation
Nuclear Stability and Discovery of Radioactivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe medical uses of X-rays (radiography and radiotherapy)
Explain industrial applications of X-rays
Describe use in crystallography and security
Analyze the importance of point source X-rays

Describe the structure of atoms
Define atomic number and mass number
Use nuclear notation to represent atoms
Explain isotopes and their significance

Review of hard and soft X-rays
Discussion on medical imaging techniques
Explanation of CT scans and their advantages
Description of industrial flaw detection
Analysis of airport security applications
Q&A on atomic theory and electron structure
Drawing atomic structures of hydrogen, helium, and neon
Practice with nuclear notation and symbol writing
Discussion on isotopes and their properties
Identification of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Medical X-ray images
CT scan pictures
Industrial radiography examples
Crystal diffraction patterns
Airport security equipment photos
Charts of various X-ray applications
Safety equipment samples (lead aprons)
Radiation warning signs
Pictures of X-ray protection facilities
Dosimeter badges
Charts showing radiation effects
Safety protocol posters
Calculators
Problem-solving worksheets
Past examination questions
Real X-ray case studies
Modern X-ray technology articles
Assessment materials
Atomic structure models
Periodic table
Nuclear notation examples
Isotope charts
Atomic structure diagrams
Element samples (safe)
Historical pictures of scientists
Stability curve graph
Nuclear stability charts
Uranium compound samples (pictures)
Photographic plate demonstrations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 148-149
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 166-167

Radioactivity

Types of Radiations
Alpha and Beta Decay Processes
Penetrating Power of Radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiations
Describe the nature and properties of each radiation type
Explain deflection of radiations in magnetic fields
Use nuclear equations to represent radiation emission

Q&A on nuclear instability
Demonstration of radiation deflection using diagrams
Comparison of alpha, beta, and gamma properties
Practice writing nuclear decay equations
Application of Fleming's left-hand rule to radiation deflection

Magnetic field demonstration setup
Radiation source (simulation)
Lead box model
Nuclear equation examples
Property comparison charts
Deflection diagrams
Nuclear equation worksheets
Decay chain diagrams
Calculators
Periodic table
Practice problem sets
Worked examples
Absorber materials (paper, aluminum, lead)
Radiation detector simulation
Absorption curve graphs
Range measurement diagrams
Safety equipment models
Penetration demonstration setup

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 167-168

Radioactivity

Ionising Effects of Radiations
Radiation Detectors - Photographic Emulsions and Cloud Chambers
Geiger-Muller Tube and Background Radiation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain how radiations cause ionization
Compare ionizing abilities of different radiations
Relate ionization to radiation energy and speed
Describe applications of ionization effects

Review of penetrating power concepts
Explanation of ionization process
Comparison of ionizing powers of alpha, beta, and gamma
Discussion on relationship between ionization and energy loss
Analysis of ionization applications

Ionization chamber models
Ion formation diagrams
Comparison charts of ionizing power
Air molecule models
Energy transfer illustrations
Ionization applications examples
Photographic film samples
Cloud chamber diagrams
Track pattern examples
Dry ice demonstration setup
Alcohol vapor materials
Detection comparison charts
G-M tube model/diagram
High voltage supply diagrams
Pulse amplification illustrations
Background radiation source charts
Count rate measurement examples
Cosmic ray detection materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 172

Radioactivity

Decay Law and Mathematical Treatment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State the radioactive decay law
Explain the random nature of radioactive decay
Use the decay equation N = N₀e^(-λt)
Define and calculate decay constant

Q&A on radiation detection methods
Explanation of spontaneous and random decay
Derivation of decay law equation
Introduction to decay constant concept
Mathematical treatment of decay processes

Mathematical formula charts
Decay curve examples
Calculators
Exponential function graphs
Statistical concepts illustrations
Decay constant calculations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 176-178

Radioactivity

Half-life Calculations and Applications
Applications of Radioactivity - Carbon Dating and Medicine
Industrial and Agricultural Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define half-life of radioactive materials
Calculate half-life from experimental data
Use half-life in decay calculations
Plot and interpret decay graphs

Describe industrial uses of radioactivity
Explain thickness gauging and flaw detection
Analyze agricultural applications with tracers
Evaluate leak detection methods

Review of decay law and mathematical concepts
Explanation of half-life concept with examples
Practice calculations using half-life formula
Graph plotting and interpretation exercises
Problem-solving with half-life applications
Review of medical applications
Explanation of industrial thickness measurement
Description of weld testing and flaw detection
Discussion on radioactive tracers in agriculture
Analysis of pipe leak detection methods

Graph paper
Calculators
Half-life data tables
Decay curve examples
Sample calculation problems
Radioactive material half-life charts
Carbon dating examples
Archaeological samples (pictures)
Medical radioisotope charts
Gamma ray therapy illustrations
Dating calculation worksheets
Medical application diagrams
Industrial thickness gauge models
Flaw detection examples
Tracer experiment diagrams
Agricultural application charts
Leak detection illustrations
Industrial radiography samples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 178-181
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 181-182

Radioactivity

Hazards of Radiation and Safety Precautions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain biological effects of radiation exposure
Describe acute and chronic radiation effects
State safety precautions for handling radioactive materials
Analyze radiation protection principles

Q&A on radioactivity applications
Discussion on radiation damage to living cells
Explanation of radiation sickness and cancer risks
Description of safety equipment and procedures
Analysis of radiation protection in hospitals and labs

Safety equipment samples
Radiation warning signs
Protective clothing examples
Lead shielding materials
Dosimeter badges
Safety protocol posters

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 182-183

Radioactivity

Nuclear Fission Process and Chain Reactions
Nuclear Fusion and Energy Applications
Comprehensive Review and Problem Solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define nuclear fission
Describe the fission of uranium-235
Explain chain reactions and critical mass
Analyze energy release in nuclear fission

Review of radiation safety concepts
Explanation of nuclear fission mechanism
Description of uranium-235 bombardment and splitting
Analysis of chain reaction development
Discussion on controlled vs uncontrolled reactions

Nuclear fission diagrams
Chain reaction illustrations
Uranium nucleus models
Neutron bombardment demonstrations
Energy release calculations
Nuclear reactor pictures
Nuclear fusion reaction diagrams
Stellar fusion illustrations
Fusion reactor concepts
Energy comparison charts
Temperature and pressure requirement data
Fusion research pictures
Calculators
Comprehensive problem sets
Past examination questions
Nuclear data tables
Assessment materials
Reference books

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 183-184