Current Electricity (II)

Resistors in Series - Theory and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for resistors in series
-Calculate total resistance for series combination
-Understand current and voltage in series circuits
-Solve problems involving series resistors
-Apply series resistance in circuit analysis

Q/A on resistance measurement methods
-Derivation of Rs = R₁ + R₂ + R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of series combination
-Analysis of current (same) and voltage (divided) in series
-Worked examples on series resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session

Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Series circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 144-147

Current Electricity (II)

Resistors in Parallel - Theory and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for resistors in parallel
-Calculate total resistance for parallel combination
-Understand current and voltage in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving parallel resistors
-Apply parallel resistance in circuit analysis

Review series resistance through Q/A
-Derivation of 1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of parallel combination
-Analysis of voltage (same) and current (divided) in parallel
-Worked examples on parallel resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session

Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Parallel circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 147-150

Current Electricity (II)

Mixed Circuits - Series-Parallel Combinations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze circuits with series-parallel combinations
-Apply reduction techniques to complex circuits
-Calculate total resistance of mixed circuits
-Determine current and voltage in different branches
-Solve complex circuit problems

Q/A on parallel resistance
-Introduction to mixed circuit analysis techniques
-Step-by-step reduction of complex circuits
-Worked examples on series-parallel combinations
-Problem-solving on mixed circuits
-Discussion on circuit analysis strategies

Various resistors
-Circuit boards
-Connecting wires
-Multimeter
-Calculator
-Complex circuit diagrams
-Step-by-step analysis charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-153

Current Electricity (II)

Electromotive Force (EMF) and Terminal Voltage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electromotive force (EMF)
-Distinguish between EMF and terminal voltage
-Understand the concept of lost voltage
-Relate EMF to work done by the cell
-Measure EMF using high resistance voltmeter

Review mixed circuits through Q/A
-Definition of EMF as work done per unit charge
-Demonstration: measuring EMF with open circuit
-Comparison of EMF and terminal voltage under load
-Discussion on energy conversion in cells
-Measurement techniques for EMF

High resistance voltmeter
-Various cells
-Switches
-Resistors
-Connecting wires
-EMF measurement setup
-Energy conversion charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-152

Current Electricity (II)

Internal Resistance of Cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define internal resistance
-Understand the relationship E = V + Ir
-Calculate internal resistance experimentally
-Understand factors affecting internal resistance
-Apply internal resistance in circuit calculations

Q/A on EMF concepts
-Introduction to internal resistance concept
-Derivation of E = V + Ir relationship
-Experiment: measuring internal resistance using different loads
-Plotting E vs R graph to find internal resistance
-Discussion on factors affecting internal resistance

Various cells
-Resistors of different values
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Connecting wires
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Internal resistance apparatus

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-153

Current Electricity (II)

Cells in Series and Parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze cells connected in series
-Analyze cells connected in parallel
-Calculate total EMF and internal resistance
-Understand advantages of different connections
-Solve problems involving cell combinations

Review internal resistance through Q/A
-Analysis of identical cells in series connection
-Analysis of identical cells in parallel connection
-Calculation of equivalent EMF and internal resistance
-Discussion on practical applications and advantages
-Problem-solving on cell combinations

Multiple identical cells
-Connecting wires
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Resistors
-Calculator
-Cell combination diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 152-153

Current Electricity (II)

Advanced Circuit Analysis and Problem Solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply Kirchhoff's laws to complex circuits
-Solve circuits with multiple sources
-Analyze circuits with internal resistance
-Use systematic approaches to circuit problems
-Integrate all electricity concepts

Q/A on cell combinations
-Application of Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws
-Systematic approach to complex circuit analysis
-Worked examples with multiple EMF sources
-Problem-solving session covering all electricity topics
-Discussion on practical circuit applications

Complex circuit examples
-Calculator
-Circuit analysis worksheets
-Multiple EMF sources
-Various resistors
-Comprehensive problem sets
-Kirchhoff's law charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-153

Waves II

Properties of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define wavelength, frequency, amplitude and wavefront
- Explain rectilinear propagation of waves
- Describe wave production in ripple tank
- Calculate wave speed using v=fλ

Q/A on wave basics from Form 2
- Demonstration of wave production using ripple tank
- Observation of rectilinear propagation
- Calculations on wave speed

Ripple tank, Straight vibrator, Water, Rulers, Stroboscope, Charts on wave properties

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 156-158

Waves II

Reflection of waves
Refraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State laws of reflection for waves
- Describe experiments showing reflection
- Sketch reflected wave patterns
- Explain behavior at different reflectors

Review of reflection principles
- Experiment showing plane waves on straight reflector
- Observation of circular waves on concave and convex reflectors
- Drawing wavefront diagrams

Ripple tank, Plane wave generator, Curved and straight reflectors, Graph paper, Pencils
Ripple tank, Glass plates, Water, Rulers for measurement, Frequency generator

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 158-161

Waves II

Diffraction of waves
Interference patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define diffraction
- Explain factors affecting extent of diffraction
- Describe experiments showing diffraction
- Compare diffraction through different gap sizes

Demonstration of diffraction using various gap sizes
- Observation of spreading effect
- Investigation of relationship between gap size and wavelength
- Practical measurements

Ripple tank, Barriers with gaps, Various gap sizes, Measuring instruments, Wave generator
Two-point sources, Graph paper, Compass, Rulers, Ripple tank setup, Audio frequency generator

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 163-165

Waves II

Constructive and destructive interference
Stationary waves formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between constructive and destructive interference
- Explain conditions for each type
- Demonstrate using sound waves
- Calculate amplitudes in interference

Experiment with two loudspeakers
- Observation of loud and quiet regions
- Mathematical analysis of amplitude addition
- Problem solving on wave interference

Two loudspeakers, Audio generator, Microphone, Sound level meter, Connecting wires
Tuning fork, String, Pulley, Weights, Stroboscope, Measuring tape, Retort stands

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 167-169

Waves II

Modes of vibration in strings
Vibrating air columns - closed pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive expressions for fundamental frequency
- Explain harmonics and overtones
- Calculate frequencies of overtones
- Demonstrate different modes

Discussion on fundamental and overtone frequencies
- Mathematical derivation of frequency formulas
- Practical demonstration of string vibrations
- Problem solving

Sonometer, Tuning forks, Weights, Measuring instruments, Calculator, Formula charts
Closed pipes of various lengths, Tuning forks, Water, Measuring cylinders, Resonance tubes

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 170-172

Waves II

Vibrating air columns - open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare open and closed pipe resonance
- Derive frequency formulas for open pipes
- Explain harmonic series differences
- Solve numerical problems

Experiment with open pipe resonance
- Comparison with closed pipe results
- Mathematical problem solving
- Summary of all wave phenomena

Open pipes, Tuning forks, Sound level meters, Calculators, Summary charts, Past papers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 174-176

Electrostatics II

Electric field patterns and charge distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electric field and electric field lines
- Demonstrate field patterns using chalk dust method
- Describe charge distribution on spherical and pear-shaped conductors
- Use proof-plane and electroscope to test charge distribution

Q/A on electrostatics basics from Form 2
- Experiment using chalk dust in castor oil to show field patterns
- Investigation of charge distribution using proof-plane
- Observation of electroscope deflections at different conductor points

High voltage source, Wire electrodes, Petri-dish, Castor oil, Chalk dust, Spherical and pear-shaped conductors, Proof-plane, Gold-leaf electroscope

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 177-181

Electrostatics II

Lightning arrestor and capacitance introduction
Factors affecting capacitance and types of capacitors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain working principle of lightning arrestor
- Describe charge concentration at sharp points
- Define capacitance and state SI units
- Describe parallel-plate capacitor structure

Demonstration of charge concentration at points using wind-mill experiment
- Discussion on lightning protection applications
- Introduction to capacitance concept
- Demonstration of capacitor charging process

Wind-mill model, Point charges, Lightning arrestor photos, Parallel-plate capacitors, Battery, Voltmeter, Milliammeter
Aluminium plates, Various dielectric materials, Electroscope, Paper capacitors, Electrolytic capacitors, Variable air capacitors, Measuring instruments

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 181-185

Electrostatics II

Capacitors in series and parallel
Energy stored in capacitors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive effective capacitance for series combination
- Derive effective capacitance for parallel combination
- Explain charge and voltage relationships
- Calculate individual charges and voltages

Mathematical derivation of series formula (1/C = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂)
- Mathematical derivation of parallel formula (C = C₁ + C₂)
- Problem solving with capacitor combinations
- Practical verification using circuits

Capacitors of different values, Voltmeters, Ammeters, Battery, Connecting wires, Calculators, Circuit boards
Charged capacitors, Energy calculation worksheets, Graphing materials, Calculators, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 188-191

Electrostatics II

Complex capacitor problems
Applications of capacitors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve problems involving mixed series and parallel combinations
- Calculate charges, voltages and energies in complex circuits
- Apply energy conservation principles
- Analyze capacitor charging and discharging

Problem solving with complex capacitor networks
- Analysis of charging and discharging processes
- Energy transfer calculations
- Graph interpretation of charging curves

Complex circuit diagrams, Advanced problem worksheets, Graphing materials, Calculators, Past examination papers
Circuit diagrams, Smoothing circuit demo, Radio tuning circuits, Camera flash unit, Revision charts, Past examination papers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 188-193

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Introduction to heating effect
Factors affecting heat produced - current and time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define heating effect of electric current
- Explain mechanism of heat production in conductors
- Investigate effect of current on resistance wire
- Observe temperature changes in conductors

Q/A on electric current from previous units
- Experiment investigating effect of current on coil temperature
- Observation of heating in different parts of circuit
- Discussion on electron collision mechanism

Battery, Resistance wire coils, Ammeter, Variable resistor, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Connecting wires
Resistance coils, Variable resistor, Ammeter, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Graph paper, Different current values

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 195-197

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Factors affecting heat produced - resistance
Joule's law and electrical energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate relationship between heat produced and resistance
- Compare heating in different resistance wires
- State H ∝ R relationship
- Derive complete heating formula H = I²Rt

Experiment using coils of different resistance
- Temperature measurements with constant current
- Comparison of heating rates
- Mathematical derivation of heating law

Coils of different resistance, Ammeter, Thermometer, Measuring instruments, Stopwatch, Calculation worksheets
Formula charts, Calculators, Problem worksheets, Electrical devices for analysis

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 199-200

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Electrical power and energy calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electrical power P = VI = I²R = V²/R
- Calculate electrical energy W = Pt
- Convert between different units (J, kWh)
- Solve complex power problems

Derivation of electrical power formulas
- Energy unit conversions
- Problem solving on household appliances
- Cost calculations for electrical consumption

Calculators, Unit conversion charts, Household appliance ratings, Electricity bills, Problem sets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 201-202

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Applications - electrical lighting and heating devices
Electrical safety - fuses and circuit protection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe working of filament lamp
- Explain choice of tungsten for filaments
- Describe working of electric iron, kettle and heaters
- Compare energy saving bulbs

Discussion on filament lamp construction
- Analysis of heating device designs
- Examination of actual heating appliances
- Efficiency comparisons

Filament lamps, Electric iron, Electric kettle, Heating elements, Energy saving bulbs, Appliance diagrams
Various fuses, Fuse holders, Circuit diagrams, Safety equipment demonstrations, Rating calculations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 202-203

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Efficiency calculations and motor problems
Series and parallel heating circuits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate efficiency of electrical devices
- Solve problems involving motors and mechanical work
- Analyze power input vs power output
- Calculate overall efficiency in systems

Problem solving on device efficiency
- Motor efficiency calculations
- Analysis of energy conversions
- Real-world efficiency problems

Motor specifications, Efficiency calculation worksheets, Power meters, Mechanical loading systems
Resistors in circuits, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Power calculation sheets, Circuit boards

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 201-204

Thin Lenses

Types of Lenses and Effects on Light
Definition of Terms and Ray Diagrams

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a lens and distinguish between convex and concave lenses; Describe the effect of lenses on parallel rays of light; Explain convergence and divergence of light rays; Identify practical examples of different lens types

Q/A on refraction concepts; Experiment 1.1 - investigating effects of lenses on parallel rays using sunlight and ray box; Demonstration of convergence and divergence; Group identification of lens types in everyday objects; Drawing and analysis of ray diagrams

Ray box; Various convex and concave lenses; White screen; Plane mirror; Card with parallel slits; Sunlight or strong lamp
Various lenses; Rulers; Graph paper; Ray boxes; Charts showing lens terminology; Drawing materials; Laser pointers (if available)

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 1-6

Thin Lenses

Image Formation by Converging Lenses
Image Formation by Diverging Lenses and Linear Magnification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Locate images for different object positions using ray diagrams; Describe image characteristics (real/virtual, erect/inverted, magnified/diminished); Explain applications in telescope, camera, projector and magnifying glass; Understand relationship between object position and image properties

Review of ray construction rules; Systematic ray diagram construction for objects at infinity, beyond 2F, at 2F, between F and 2F, at F, and between F and lens; Analysis of image characteristics for each position; Discussion of practical applications; Demonstration using lens, object and screen

Converging lenses; Objects; White screen; Metre rule; Candle; Graph paper; Charts showing applications; Camera (if available)
Diverging lenses; Graph paper; Rulers; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of known heights; Measuring equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 8-12

Thin Lenses

The Lens Formula
Determination of Focal Length I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive the lens formula using similar triangles; Understand and apply the Real-is-positive sign convention; Use the lens formula to solve problems involving object distance, image distance and focal length; Solve Examples 4, 5, 6, and 7 from textbook

Review of magnification concepts; Mathematical derivation of lens formula from similar triangles; Introduction to sign convention rules; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4-7; Practice problems applying lens formula to various situations; Group work on formula applications

Mathematical instruments; Charts showing derivation; Calculators; Worked examples; Sign convention chart; Practice worksheets
Converging lenses; Lens holders; Metre rule; White screen; Distant objects; Plane mirror; Pins; Cork; Glass rod; Light source; Cardboard with cross-wires

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 14-20

Thin Lenses

Determination of Focal Length II
Power of Lens and Simple Microscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine focal length using lens formula method (Experiment 1.4); Plot and analyze 1/u vs 1/v graphs; Determine focal length from displacement method (Experiment 1.5); Solve Examples 8, 9, and 10 involving graphical methods

Review of previous focal length methods; Setup and performance of Experiment 1.4; Data collection and graph plotting; Analysis of Examples 8-10; Introduction to displacement method and conjugate points; Practical work with different graphical approaches

Experimental setup materials; Graph paper; Calculators; Data tables; Examples 8-10 from textbook; Materials for displacement method
Various lenses of different focal lengths; Magnifying glasses; Small objects; Calculators; Power calculation charts; Small print materials; Biological specimens

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 19-25

Thin Lenses

Compound Microscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure and working of compound microscope; Explain functions of objective lens and eyepiece; Calculate total magnification; Solve Example 11 involving lens separation; Understand normal adjustment of compound microscope

Review of simple microscope; Introduction to compound microscope structure; Ray tracing through objective and eyepiece; Mathematical analysis of total magnification; Step-by-step solution of Example 11; Practical demonstration with microscope parts

Compound microscope; Charts showing microscope structure; Lenses representing objective and eyepiece; Calculators; Example 11 from textbook; Ray tracing materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 28-30

Thin Lenses

The Human Eye

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure of human eye and functions of each part; Explain accommodation process and role of ciliary muscles; Define near point and far point; Understand how eye focuses at different distances; Compare eye structure with camera

Introduction to human eye as natural optical instrument; Detailed study of eye structure using charts/models; Demonstration of accommodation using flexible lens model; Practical measurement of near and far points; Comparison table of eye vs camera similarities and differences

Charts/models of human eye; Torch for demonstrations; Eye model with flexible lens; Objects at various distances; Measuring equipment; Camera comparison charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 30-32

Thin Lenses

Defects of Vision

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe short sight (myopia) and its causes; Explain correction of myopia using diverging lenses; Describe long sight (hypermetropia) and its causes; Explain correction of hypermetropia using converging lenses; Draw ray diagrams showing defects and their corrections

Q/A on normal vision and accommodation; Analysis of myopia - causes, effects, and correction; Ray diagrams for uncorrected and corrected myopia; Study of hypermetropia - causes, effects, and correction; Ray diagrams for uncorrected and corrected hypermetropia; Demonstration using appropriate lenses

Charts showing vision defects; Converging and diverging lenses; Eye models; Spectacles with different lenses; Vision test materials; Ray diagram materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 32-33

Thin Lenses

The Camera and Applications Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe camera structure and working principles; Explain functions of camera lens, shutter, aperture, and film; Compare camera with human eye highlighting similarities and differences; Review all applications of lenses in optical instruments

Review of optical instruments studied; Analysis of camera components and their functions; Detailed comparison of camera and eye; Discussion of focusing mechanisms; Comprehensive review of lens applications in telescope, microscope, camera, spectacles, and magnifying glass

Camera (if available); Charts showing camera structure; Comparison tables; Review charts of all applications; Summary materials; Demonstration equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 33-35

Uniform Circular Motion

Introduction and Angular Displacement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define uniform circular motion and give examples; Define angular displacement and its unit (radian); Convert between degrees and radians; Derive the relationship s = rθ; Solve Example 1 from textbook

Q/A on linear motion concepts; Introduction to circular motion using real-life examples (merry-go-round, wheels, planets); Definition and demonstration of angular displacement; Mathematical relationship between arc length, radius and angle; Practical measurement of angles in radians; Solution of Example 1

Merry-go-round model or pictures; String and objects for circular motion; Protractors; Calculators; Charts showing degree-radian conversion; Measuring wheels

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 37-39

Uniform Circular Motion

Angular Velocity and Linear Velocity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define angular velocity (ω) and its units; Derive the relationship v = rω; Calculate period (T) and frequency (f) of circular motion; Solve Examples 2(a) and 2(b) from textbook; Relate linear and angular quantities

Review of angular displacement through Q/A; Introduction to angular velocity concept; Mathematical derivation of v = rω relationship; Exploration of period and frequency relationships; Step-by-step solution of Examples 2(a) and 2(b); Practical demonstration using rotating objects; Group calculations involving different circular motions

Stopwatch; Rotating objects (turntables, wheels); String and masses; Calculators; Formula charts; Examples from textbook; Measuring equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 38-40

Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Acceleration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain why circular motion involves acceleration despite constant speed; Derive centripetal acceleration formula a = v²/r = rω²; Understand direction of centripetal acceleration; Solve Example 3 from textbook; Apply acceleration concepts to circular motion problems

Q/A review of velocity and acceleration concepts; Explanation of acceleration in circular motion using vector analysis; Mathematical derivation of centripetal acceleration; Discussion of acceleration direction (toward center); Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Practical demonstration of centripetal acceleration effects

Vector diagrams; Rotating objects; Calculators; Charts showing acceleration derivation; Example 3 materials; Demonstration of circular motion with varying speeds

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 40-42

Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Acceleration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain why circular motion involves acceleration despite constant speed; Derive centripetal acceleration formula a = v²/r = rω²; Understand direction of centripetal acceleration; Solve Example 3 from textbook; Apply acceleration concepts to circular motion problems

Q/A review of velocity and acceleration concepts; Explanation of acceleration in circular motion using vector analysis; Mathematical derivation of centripetal acceleration; Discussion of acceleration direction (toward center); Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Practical demonstration of centripetal acceleration effects

Vector diagrams; Rotating objects; Calculators; Charts showing acceleration derivation; Example 3 materials; Demonstration of circular motion with varying speeds

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 40-42

Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Force and Factors Affecting It

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the need for centripetal force in circular motion; State factors affecting centripetal force (mass, speed, radius); Derive centripetal force formula F = mv²/r = mrω²; Perform Experiment 2.1 investigating F vs ω²; Solve Example 4 from textbook

Review of Newton's laws and centripetal acceleration; Introduction to centripetal force concept; Experimental investigation of factors affecting centripetal force; Performance of Experiment 2.1 - relationship between F and ω²; Data collection and analysis; Solution of Example 4; Discussion of practical implications

Metal pegs; Turntable and motor; Variable resistor; Dry cell; Metal ball and string; Spring balance; Clock; Graph paper; Calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 42-47

Uniform Circular Motion

Experimental Investigation of Centripetal Force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 2.2 investigating speed vs radius relationship; Plot graphs of F vs ω² and v² vs r; Analyze experimental results and draw conclusions; Understand the relationship F ∝ mv²/r; Apply experimental findings to solve problems

Q/A on previous experiment results; Setup and performance of Experiment 2.2 - variation of speed with radius; Data collection for different radii; Graph plotting and analysis; Verification of theoretical relationships; Group analysis of experimental errors and improvements; Application of results to problem solving

Same apparatus as Experiment 2.1; Graph paper; Additional measuring equipment; Data recording tables; Calculators; Analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 44-47

Uniform Circular Motion

Case Examples - Cars and Banking

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain circular motion of cars on level roads; Understand role of friction in providing centripetal force; Describe banking of roads and its advantages; Derive critical speed for banked tracks; Explain aircraft banking principles

Review of centripetal force concepts; Analysis of car motion on circular bends; Discussion of friction as centripetal force; Introduction to banked roads and critical speed; Mathematical analysis of banking angles; Explanation of aircraft banking mechanisms; Problem-solving involving banking situations

Model cars and tracks; Inclined plane demonstrations; Charts showing banking principles; Calculators; Friction demonstration materials; Pictures of banked roads and aircraft

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 47-50

Uniform Circular Motion

Case Examples - Cyclists and Conical Pendulum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze forces on cyclists moving in circular tracks; Explain cyclist leaning and conditions for no skidding; Describe conical pendulum motion; Derive equations for conical pendulum; Solve Example 5 from textbook

Q/A on banking concepts; Analysis of cyclist motion on circular tracks; Force analysis and conditions for stability; Introduction to conical pendulum; Mathematical analysis of pendulum motion; Step-by-step solution of Example 5; Practical demonstration of conical pendulum

Model cyclists; Pendulum apparatus; String and masses; Force diagrams; Calculators; Example 5 materials; Protractors for angle measurement

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 50-52

Uniform Circular Motion

Motion in Vertical Circle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze forces in vertical circular motion; Understand variation of tension at different positions; Derive expressions for tension at top and bottom positions; Calculate minimum speed for vertical circular motion; Apply concepts to practical examples (bucket of water, loop-the-loop)

Review of circular motion in horizontal plane; Introduction to vertical circular motion; Force analysis at different positions in vertical circle; Mathematical derivation of tension variations; Discussion of minimum speed requirements; Practical examples and safety considerations; Problem-solving involving vertical motion

String and masses for vertical motion; Bucket and water (demonstration); Model loop-the-loop track; Force analysis charts; Safety equipment; Calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 52-54

Uniform Circular Motion

Applications - Centrifuges and Satellites

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain working principles of centrifuges; Describe separation of particles using centripetal force; Understand satellite motion and gravitational force; Apply Newton's law of gravitation to satellite orbits; Explain parking orbits and their applications

Q/A on centripetal force applications; Detailed study of centrifuge operation; Analysis of particle separation mechanisms; Introduction to satellite motion; Application of universal gravitation law; Discussion of geostationary satellites; Analysis of satellite velocities and orbital periods

Centrifuge model or pictures; Separation demonstration materials; Satellite orbit charts; Calculators; Newton's gravitation materials; Model solar system

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 54-55