Crop Production

Agricultural Land - Legal ways of accessing land

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain legal ways of accessing land for agricultural use
- Identify different methods of land acquisition
- Appreciate the importance of legal land ownership

- Discuss with resource person legal ways of accessing land (leasing, inheritance/succession, settlement programmes)
- Brainstorm on various land acquisition methods
- Present findings on legal procedures

How can farmers legally access land for agricultural production?

- Resource person
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Video clips on land ownership

- Oral assessment - Written assignment - Group presentations

Crop Production

Agricultural Land - Government land allocation and purchase
Agricultural Land - Forms and utilities of land
Agricultural Land - Assessing land for agricultural production
Agricultural Land - Climate and altitude factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe government settlement programmes and land adjudication
- Explain land purchase and donation procedures
- Show interest in understanding land acquisition processes
- Evaluate land suitability for different crops
- Determine appropriate agricultural activities for specific land types
- Appreciate diversity in land use

- Discuss allocation by government and land adjudication
- Examine land purchase (transfer) and donation processes
- Use digital devices to research land acquisition
- Analyze land characteristics observed during excursion
- Present findings on land utility assessment
- Discuss land suitability for various enterprises

What role does government play in land distribution for agriculture?
How do we determine the best agricultural use for a piece of land?

- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Land documents samples
- Resource person
- Local environment
- Cameras
- Notebooks
- Observation sheets
- Assessment tools
- Manila papers
- Photographs from excursion
- Projector
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Climate maps
- Charts on climatic zones

- Observation - Written test - Class discussions
- Written reports - Group presentations - Peer assessment

Crop Production

Agricultural Land - Soil factors and topography
Agricultural Land - Biotic factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe soil factors affecting land productivity
- Explain how topography influences agricultural production
- Appreciate the role of natural factors

- Research on soil factors (depth, texture, fertility)
- Discuss topography (slope, drainage) effects
- Present findings on soil and topography

What soil characteristics make land more productive?

- Soil samples
- Topographic maps
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Video clips
- Pictures of organisms
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Class presentations - Written assignment - Observation

Crop Production

Agricultural Land - Importance of tenure security
Properties of Soil - Mineral particles and organic matter

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the concept of tenure security
- Describe the importance of land ownership security
- Appreciate the value of secure land rights

- Make class presentations on tenure security importance
- Discuss effects of insecure land rights
- Examine land title documents

Why is land ownership security important in agricultural production?

- Sample title deeds
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Resource person
- Soil samples
- Containers
- Water
- Sieves
- Hand lens

- Class presentations - Written reports - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Water and air in soil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the role of water in soil
- Describe the importance of air in soil
- Appreciate the importance of soil components

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate water and air in soil
- Discuss importance of each component
- Record observations and findings

Why are water and air important components of agricultural soil?

- Soil testing equipment
- Beakers
- Water
- Test tubes
- Observation sheets

- Lab reports - Practical observation - Written test

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Soil texture
Properties of Soil - Soil structure and porosity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define soil texture
- Determine soil texture by feel method
- Develop interest in soil analysis
- Explain soil structure and its types
- Describe soil porosity
- Appreciate the importance of soil structure

- Discuss soil texture (sand, silt, clay proportions)
- Practice feel method for texture determination
- Classify soil samples by texture
- Examine different soil structures
- Discuss factors affecting structure
- Investigate porosity in various soils

How can we investigate various properties of soil?
What is the relationship between soil structure and crop growth?

- Varied soil samples
- Water
- Containers
- Soil texture chart
- Gloves
- Soil samples
- Photographs
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Written test - Practical observation - Class presentations

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Permeability

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define soil permeability
- Conduct experiments to test permeability
- Show interest in soil water movement

- Discuss soil permeability and factors affecting it
- Carry out permeability experiments
- Compare permeability in different soils

How does soil permeability affect agricultural production?

- Soil samples
- Funnels
- Filter paper
- Water
- Stop watch
- Measuring cylinders

- Lab reports - Practical assessment - Written assignment

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Soil pH

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the concept of soil pH
- Test soil pH using indicators
- Appreciate the importance of soil pH

- Discuss soil pH and its importance
- Carry out soil pH testing experiments
- Record and interpret pH results

Why is soil pH important in crop production?

- Soil testing kits
- pH indicators
- pH meters
- Soil samples
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Lab reports - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Biological properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify living organisms in soil
- Explain the role of soil organisms
- Develop appreciation for soil biodiversity

- Discuss biological properties of soil
- Examine soil samples for organisms
- Present findings on soil organisms' roles

How do living organisms contribute to soil fertility?

- Soil samples
- Hand lens
- Microscope
- Petri dishes
- Charts

- Observation - Practical reports - Class presentations

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Horizons in soil profile
Properties of Soil - Importance of soil profile

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define soil profile
- Identify soil horizons
- Show interest in soil formation
- Explain the importance of soil profile in crop production
- Relate soil horizons to agricultural practices
- Appreciate soil profile knowledge

- Take field excursion to observe soil profile
- Identify and describe different horizons
- Sketch and label soil profile
- Discuss importance of soil profile observations
- Analyze data from field excursion
- Present findings on profile importance

What is the importance of studying soil profiles?
How does soil profile information help farmers?

- Field sites (roadsides, excavations)
- Cameras
- Notebooks
- Sketch books
- Measuring tape
- Field data
- Photographs
- Manila papers
- Digital resources

- Field reports - Sketches - Observation - Oral presentations
- Written reports - Group presentations - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Testing soil texture
Properties of Soil - Water holding capacity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Conduct soil texture tests
- Record and interpret texture results
- Develop practical skills in soil analysis

- Carry out soil texture experiments
- Use ribbon and ball tests
- Compare results from different samples

How can we accurately determine soil texture?

- Varied soil samples
- Water
- Containers
- Testing sheets
- Towels
- Soil samples
- Funnels
- Filter paper
- Measuring cylinders
- Balance

- Practical assessment - Lab reports - Performance evaluation

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Soil capillarity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain soil capillarity
- Conduct capillarity experiments
- Show interest in soil water movement

- Discuss soil capillarity concept
- Carry out capillarity experiments using tubes
- Compare capillarity in different soil types

How does capillarity help plants access water?

- Glass tubes
- Soil samples
- Water
- Dye/coloring
- Stands
- Rulers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written reports

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Land clearing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe land clearing activities
- Identify tools used for land clearing
- Appreciate the importance of proper land clearing

- Discuss land clearing methods (slashing, uprooting, burning)
- Observe demonstration of land clearing
- Identify appropriate tools for clearing

How does proper land preparation contribute to crop production?

- School farm
- Slasher
- Panga
- Video clips
- Safety equipment

- Oral assessment - Observation - Written notes

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Primary cultivation
Land Preparation - Practical primary cultivation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain primary cultivation methods
- Demonstrate ploughing or digging
- Show interest in land preparation
- Carry out primary cultivation
- Use tools safely and effectively
- Develop confidence in practical skills

- Discuss primary cultivation (ploughing, digging)
- Observe farm machinery or manual tools in action
- Practice digging on school farm
- Practice primary cultivation on designated plot
- Work in groups to complete tasks
- Observe safety precautions

What is the purpose of primary cultivation?
How do we safely carry out primary cultivation?

- School farm
- Jembe
- Fork jembe
- Tractor (if available)
- Charts
- School farm
- Jembe
- Fork jembe
- Gloves
- First aid kit

- Practical observation - Performance assessment - Oral questions
- Practical assessment - Safety observation - Peer assessment

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Secondary cultivation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe secondary cultivation methods
- Explain the purpose of harrowing
- Appreciate the importance of seedbed preparation

- Discuss secondary cultivation (harrowing, breaking clods)
- Observe demonstration of secondary cultivation
- Identify tools used

Why is secondary cultivation necessary after ploughing?

- School farm
- Rake
- Hand hoe
- Fork jembe
- Video clips

- Oral assessment - Written test - Observation

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Practical secondary cultivation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Carry out secondary cultivation
- Break clods and level land
- Show commitment to quality work

- Practice harrowing and breaking clods
- Level the seedbed
- Work collaboratively in groups

How do we prepare a proper seedbed?

- School farm
- Rake
- Hand hoe
- Leveling boards
- Measuring tools

- Practical observation - Performance evaluation - Group assessment

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Tertiary operations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain tertiary cultivation operations
- Demonstrate making ridges and furrows
- Appreciate proper seedbed preparation

- Discuss tertiary operations (ridging, furrowing, making holes)
- Practice making ridges and furrows
- Prepare planting stations

What are tertiary operations and when are they done?

- School farm
- Hoe
- String
- Pegs
- Measuring tape

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Practical tertiary operations
Land Preparation - Zero tillage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Complete tertiary operations on prepared land
- Apply appropriate spacing
- Develop practical skills
- Explain zero tillage concept
- Describe advantages of zero tillage
- Appreciate conservation farming methods

- Mark out planting stations
- Make holes at correct spacing
- Apply farmyard manure if needed
- Discuss zero tillage principles
- Use digital resources to research zero tillage
- Compare with conventional tillage

How do we ensure proper spacing during tertiary operations?
How does zero tillage conserve the environment?

- School farm
- Garden trowel
- String
- Pegs
- Manure
- Containers
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Video clips
- Pictures
- Reference materials

- Practical observation - Performance assessment - Quality of work
- Written assignment - Oral presentations - Class discussions

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Minimum tillage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe minimum tillage practices
- Justify adoption of conservation tillage
- Show interest in sustainable farming

- Discuss minimum tillage methods
- Analyze benefits and challenges
- Present findings on conservation tillage adoption

Why should farmers adopt conservation tillage practices?

- Charts
- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Manila papers
- Marker pens

- Group presentations - Written reports - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Comparing tillage methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Compare different tillage methods
- Evaluate suitability of tillage for different situations
- Appreciate diversity in farming practices

- Compare conventional and conservation tillage
- Discuss contexts for each method
- Make presentations on tillage comparisons

Which tillage method is most appropriate for different farming contexts?

- Comparative charts
- Pictures
- Video clips
- Reference materials
- Projector

- Written test - Class presentations - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Pruning capsicum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the concept of pruning
- Demonstrate pruning of capsicum
- Appreciate the importance of pruning

- Search for information on vegetable pruning
- Observe demonstration of capsicum pruning
- Discuss reasons for pruning vegetables

How do field management practices influence crop production?

- Digital devices
- Capsicum plants
- Pruning tools
- Video clips
- Safety gloves

- Observation - Written notes - Oral questions

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Pruning tomatoes
Field Management Practices - Practical vegetable pruning
Field Management Practices - Pruning bananas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify parts to prune on tomatoes
- Carry out tomato pruning
- Show interest in crop management
- Describe pruning of banana plants
- Explain desuckering process
- Appreciate perennial crop management

- Study tomato plant structure
- Practice pruning suckers and lower leaves
- Observe proper timing for pruning
- Study banana pruning through field trip
- Discuss desuckering and leaf pruning
- Observe demonstration of banana pruning

Why is pruning important for tomato production?
What parts of banana plants need pruning?

- Tomato plants
- Secateurs
- Pruning knife
- Disinfectant
- School garden
- Vegetable crops
- Pruning tools
- Safety equipment
- Disposal bags
- First aid kit
- Field trip site
- Banana plants
- Panga
- Video clips
- Reference materials

- Practical assessment - Performance evaluation - Observation
- Field reports - Observation - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Pruning coffee and tea

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain pruning methods for coffee
- Describe tea pruning techniques
- Show interest in cash crop management

- Research on coffee and tea pruning
- Watch video demonstrations
- Discuss pruning cycles and methods

How does pruning affect coffee and tea yields?

- Digital resources
- Video clips
- Pictures
- Charts
- Reference books

- Written assignment - Oral presentations - Class discussions

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Pruning pyrethrum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe pyrethrum pruning practices
- Explain timing for pyrethrum pruning
- Appreciate importance of proper pruning

- Discuss pyrethrum pruning methods
- Analyze effects of pruning on yield
- Make presentations on perennial crop pruning

Why is timing important in perennial crop pruning?

- Reference materials
- Pictures
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital devices

- Class presentations - Written reports - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Methods of top-dressing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify methods of top-dressing
- Explain broadcasting method
- Show interest in fertilizer application

- Explore methods of top-dressing (broadcasting, side dressing, foliar)
- Observe demonstrations of each method
- Discuss advantages of each method

What are the different methods of applying top-dressing fertilizers?

- Fertilizer samples
- Containers
- Charts
- Video clips
- Safety equipment

- Oral assessment - Written notes - Observation

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Factors in top-dressing
Growing Selected Crop - Site selection for nursery

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain factors considered in top-dressing
- Determine correct fertilizer amounts
- Appreciate proper fertilizer management
- Identify suitable sites for nursery establishment
- Explain factors considered in site selection
- Show interest in crop establishment

- Discuss factors (timing, type, form, method, amount, crop stage)
- Calculate fertilizer requirements
- Analyze effects of improper application
- Brainstorm crops established through nursery
- Survey school compound for suitable nursery sites
- Discuss site selection factors

How do we determine the right amount of fertilizer to apply?
How do we establish a crop from a nursery?

- Fertilizer samples
- Calculator
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Knapsack sprayer
- School farm
- Survey tools
- Measuring tape
- Notebooks
- Site assessment forms

- Written test - Calculations - Oral questions
- Observation - Site reports - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Preparing nursery site

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare nursery site appropriately
- Clear and level the nursery area
- Develop practical skills in site preparation

- Clear selected nursery site
- Level the ground
- Mark out nursery bed dimensions

What makes a good nursery site?

- School farm
- Slasher
- Panga
- Rake
- Pegs
- String
- Measuring tape

- Practical observation - Performance assessment - Quality of work

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Making nursery bed

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Construct a nursery bed
- Mix appropriate nursery media
- Appreciate quality nursery preparation

- Mix nursery media (soil, manure, sand)
- Fill nursery bed or containers
- Level and firm the bed

How do we prepare the right nursery media?

- Soil
- Farmyard manure
- Sand
- Containers
- Garden trowel
- Wheelbarrow

- Practical assessment - Observation - Media quality check

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Sowing seeds in nursery

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Sow seeds at correct depth and spacing
- Cover and water seeds appropriately
- Show commitment to proper establishment

- Make drills or holes for sowing
- Sow selected seeds
- Cover and water seeds gently

What is the correct depth for sowing different seeds?

- Seeds
- Garden trowel
- Watering can
- Labels
- Marker pens

- Practical observation - Performance evaluation - Record keeping

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Watering nursery
Growing Selected Crop - Weeding and mulching nursery

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine appropriate watering frequency
- Water nursery beds properly
- Appreciate importance of moisture management
- Weed nursery beds carefully
- Apply mulch appropriately
- Show care in handling seedlings

- Water nursery bed appropriately
- Monitor soil moisture levels
- Adjust watering based on weather
- Identify and remove weeds from nursery
- Apply light mulch around seedlings
- Monitor weed growth

How often should we water the nursery?
Why must weeding be done carefully in the nursery?

- Watering cans
- Rose heads
- Water source
- Nursery beds
- Moisture meter
- Hand weeding tools
- Mulching materials
- Nursery beds
- Collection bags

- Observation - Practical assessment - Progress monitoring
- Practical observation - Technique assessment - Quality of work

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Pest and disease control in nursery

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify common nursery pests and diseases
- Apply control measures
- Develop vigilance in crop protection

- Scout for pests and diseases in nursery
- Apply appropriate control measures
- Keep records of pest occurrences

What are common problems affecting seedlings in the nursery?

- Nursery beds
- Pesticides
- Knapsack sprayer
- Safety equipment
- Record books

- Observation - Record assessment - Safety compliance

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Preparing main field
Growing Selected Crop - Hardening seedlings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare main field for transplanting
- Make planting holes at correct spacing
- Show attention to detail

- Carry out land preparation on main field
- Mark planting positions
- Make transplanting holes

How do management practices influence crop productivity?

- School farm
- Jembe
- String
- Pegs
- Measuring tape
- Garden trowel
- Nursery beds
- Shade materials
- Watering cans
- Observation sheets

- Practical observation - Spacing accuracy - Quality assessment

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Transplanting seedlings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Transplant seedlings correctly
- Handle seedlings carefully
- Develop practical transplanting skills

- Lift seedlings carefully from nursery
- Transplant to main field at correct depth
- Water transplanted seedlings

What is the best time of day for transplanting?

- Seedlings
- Garden trowel
- Watering cans
- Main field
- Transplanting board

- Practical assessment - Performance evaluation - Survival rate check

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Gap filling and thinning
Growing Selected Crop - Watering and irrigation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify gaps in the field
- Carry out gap filling
- Show responsibility in crop management
- Determine crop water requirements
- Apply water efficiently
- Appreciate water conservation

- Identify dead or weak seedlings
- Replace with healthy seedlings
- Thin overcrowded areas if necessary
- Water crops at appropriate intervals
- Use efficient watering methods
- Monitor soil moisture

How soon should gap filling be done after transplanting?
How much water do different crops need?

- Spare seedlings
- Garden trowel
- Watering cans
- School farm
- Watering equipment
- Water source
- Irrigation system (if available)
- School farm

- Observation - Practical assessment - Field uniformity check
- Practical observation - Water use efficiency - Crop response

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Weeding and mulching

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Carry out weeding in crop field
- Apply mulch around crops
- Show diligence in field maintenance

- Identify and remove weeds
- Apply organic mulch
- Maintain weed-free environment

Why is regular weeding important for crop growth?

- Hand hoe
- Panga
- Mulching materials
- School farm
- Wheelbarrow

- Practical assessment - Quality of weeding - Observation

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Staking and supporting
Growing Selected Crop - Pest and disease management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Install stakes for crops
- Tie plants to supports correctly
- Develop skills in crop support

- Install stakes beside plants
- Tie plants using appropriate materials
- Ensure plants grow upright

Which crops require staking and why?

- Stakes
- String/raffia
- Hammer
- Scissors
- School farm
- Scouting tools
- Pesticides
- Knapsack sprayer
- Safety equipment
- Record books

- Practical observation - Staking quality - Plant support adequacy