LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Composition of an egg
Incubation of eggs - Selection characteristics
Egg candling
Natural incubation
Artificial incubation - Conditions
Management of an incubator

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify parts of an egg. Describe the parts of an egg. Explain the functions of each part of an egg.
Describe candling of eggs. Explain the procedure of candling. Identify abnormalities through candling. Observe internal structure of eggs through candling.

Drawing and labeling an egg diagram. Breaking an egg to examine its internal structure. Detailed discussion on each part's function. Group work comparing different egg types. Practical examination of shell thickness and porosity.
Practical activity - candling eggs using different light sources. Observing internal structure of eggs in dark room. Making deductions from candling observations. Recording abnormalities found. Discussion on candling at different stages of incubation.

Eggs, Chart showing parts of an egg, Drawing materials, Magnifying glass, Rulers for measurement
Eggs of various conditions, Weighing scale, Measuring tools, Record sheets, Selection criteria charts
Cardboard boxes, Torch, Electric bulb, Candles, Dark room setup, Observation sheets
Nesting box, Nesting materials (dry grass, sawdust), Debe containers, Sample nest setups, Broody hen management guides
Artificial incubator model, Thermometer, Water trays, Ventilation materials, Damp cloths, Eggs for turning
Incubator, Disinfectants, Cleaning materials, Management record sheets, Timer, Cost comparison charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 1-2
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 4

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Sources of chicks and brooding introduction
Artificial brooding - Requirements and preparation
Brooder management and chick care

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify reputable sources of day-old chicks in Kenya. List factors to consider when sourcing chicks. Define the term brooding. Explain the importance of proper brooding.

Research activity on chick suppliers (Muguku, Lake Chicks, Kenchick, Stockplan, Sigma). Group presentations on sourcing factors (reputation, time, breed, size, health). Discussion on brooding as critical period in poultry management. Problem-solving chick sourcing challenges. Creating sourcing checklist for farmers.

List of chick suppliers in Kenya, Transport cost charts, Chick quality assessment guides, Presentation materials
Artificial brooder, Heat sources (electric bulbs, charcoal burner), Wire guards, Thermometer, Newspapers, Litter materials, Feeders, Waterers
Chick mash samples, Feeders, Waterers, Vaccination charts, Behavior observation sheets, Feed calculation worksheets, Thermometer

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 6-7

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Rearing of growers, layers and broilers
Free range rearing system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss rearing of growers, layers and broilers. Compare feeding requirements for different bird categories. Calculate feed consumption and space requirements. Plan transition from brooder to grower stage.

Exposition and probing questions on different rearing stages. Discussion on grower mash (16-17% D.C.P.) vs layer mash (14-16% D.C.P.) vs broiler feeds. Practical calculation of daily feed requirements (120g per layer). Problem-solving feeding program transitions. Creating management schedules for different bird categories. Space calculation exercises.

Feed samples (grower, layer, broiler mash), Calculators, Rearing comparison charts, Feed calculation worksheets, Space requirement guides
Free range system charts, Measuring tape, Calculators, Fencing materials samples, Land calculation worksheets, Cost comparison sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 10-12

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Fold system
Deep litter system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe fold system. State merits and demerits of fold systems. Design fold specifications (3.5m long, 1.5m wide, 1.5m high). Calculate number of birds per fold (10-15 hens per fold).

Q/A and discussion on fold system principles and portability. Practical measurement and design of fold dimensions. Drawing scaled fold designs with roofed and open sections. Calculation exercises for fold numbers needed for given flock size. Discussion on daily movement requirements and labor implications. Problem-solving fold construction and management issues.

Fold design materials, Wire mesh samples, Measuring tools, Construction planning sheets, Calculators, Model building materials
Deep litter materials (sawdust, wood shavings, crushed maize cobs), House design materials, Calculators, Ventilation planning guides, Moisture control charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 15-16

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Battery cage system
Factors affecting egg production - Stress
Vices in poultry
Culling birds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the requirements for battery cage system. Calculate cage specifications and arrangements. Compare battery system with other systems. Design cage layout with proper spacing (0.2 square meter per bird).
Identify causes of vices such as egg eating and cannibalism. Explain measures taken to control vices. Demonstrate debeaking procedures. Plan vice prevention programs.

Q/A and discussion on battery cage principles and intensive management. Practical measurement and design of cage dimensions (45cm wide, 45cm high, 57.5cm deep). Calculation exercises for tier arrangements (3-6 tiers) and bird capacity. Drawing scaled cage arrangements with feeding and watering systems. Cost analysis comparing initial investment with returns. Problem-solving cage management and mechanization issues.
Discussion on causes and control of egg eating (broken eggs, bright lights, idleness, inadequate nests, mineral deficiency). Analysis of cannibalism causes (parasites, overcrowding, bright light, prolapse, mineral deficiency, new birds). Demonstration of debeaking procedures using models. Problem-solving vice prevention strategies. Creating management plans to eliminate vice-causing conditions.

Battery cage models, Wire mesh samples, Measuring equipment, Calculators, Cage design worksheets, Cost analysis sheets
Stress identification charts, Case study materials, Management planning sheets, Emergency procedure guides, Poultry behavior observation sheets
Charts showing poultry vices and symptoms, Debeaking equipment models, Vice prevention planning sheets, Case study examples, Control measure guides
Live birds for observation (if available), Culling record sheets, Production record examples, Culling criteria charts, Cost-benefit calculation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 18-19
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 20-22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Marketing eggs
Processing chicken meat
Raising of the young stock - Colostrum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors considered in sorting and grading eggs for fresh markets. Explain egg packing procedures with broad end upward. Calculate marketing costs, profits and pricing strategies.

Teacher's demonstrations on egg sorting by cleanliness, size (small, medium, large), and candling quality. Practical exercise in egg classification and grading. Hands-on egg packing using proper techniques (30 eggs per tray, 10 trays per box). Discussion on marketing channels and pricing strategies. Cost-benefit calculations including transport and packaging costs. Problem-solving marketing challenges and seasonal price variations.

Eggs of various sizes and quality, Egg trays (30-egg capacity), Egg boxes, Grading equipment, Calculators, Market price analysis sheets, Packaging cost worksheets
Demonstration models, Processing equipment models, Sharp knives (demonstration only), Safety and hygiene materials, Packaging materials, Processing cost calculation sheets
Artificial colostrum materials, Mixing equipment, Feeding bottles, Record sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 22-23

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Methods of calf rearing
Weaning of calves
Calf housing and replacement stock
Routine management practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State merits and demerits of natural and artificial methods of calf rearing. Demonstrate bucket feeding training procedures.

Q/A comparing natural vs artificial calf rearing methods. Practical demonstration of bucket feeding training procedure. Cost-benefit analysis and problem-solving for method selection.

Rearing method charts, Clean buckets, Training demonstration materials, Cost analysis sheets
Weaning guide charts (Tables 2.1 & 2.2), Feed samples, Calculators, Planning worksheets
Calf house models, Design materials, Measuring tools, Management planning sheets
Management demonstration materials, Vaccination charts, Identification tools, Practice schedules

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 22-24

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Factors affecting milk composition
Milk secretion and let-down
Clean milk production
Milking materials and equipment
Milking procedure and technique
Dry cow therapy and milk processing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight factors affecting milk composition. Analyze breed differences in milk composition.
Carry out milking using correct procedure and technique. Outline rules observed when milking.

Brain storming on composition factors. Study of milk composition tables (Tables 2.3 & 2.4). Analysis of breed differences and problem-solving quality improvement strategies.
Practical demonstration of proper hand milking technique. Discussion on milking rules and timing. Post-milking practices including weighing, recording, and cleaning.

Milk composition charts, Breed comparison tables, Analysis worksheets
Udder structure charts, Anatomical models, Drawing materials, Hormone function diagrams
Clean milk checklists, Hygiene demonstration materials, Quality standards charts
Milking equipment (strip cup, buckets, udder cloths, milking jelly), Maintenance guides
Live cow (if available), Milking equipment, Stopwatch, Record sheets, Technique guides
Dry cow therapy materials, Milk product samples, Processing demonstration equipment

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 28-30
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 36-37

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Marketing of milk and beef
Milk handling and quality control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe marketing of milk, beef and their by-products in Kenya. Identify marketing channels. Calculate marketing costs.

Discussion on milk marketing through cooperatives and processors. Analysis of beef marketing channels (KMC, LMD, local slaughter houses). Cost-benefit calculations for different marketing options.

Marketing channel charts, Processor information, Cost analysis worksheets, Calculators
Filters, Cooling equipment, Thermometers, Feed samples, Quality control materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dairy enterprise planning
Record keeping and management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plan complete dairy enterprise operations. Calculate costs and returns for dairy systems.

Integrated planning covering calf rearing, housing, feeding, health, and marketing. Comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. Development of dairy business plans.

Enterprise planning templates, Cost worksheets, Business plan formats, Calculators
Record forms, Sample data, Analysis worksheets, Filing systems

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY
FARM POWER AND MACHINERY
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Sources of power in the farm - Human and animal power
Wind power, water power and biomass
Solar radiation, electrical power and fossil fuels
The tractor - Petrol and diesel engines
The four-stroke cycle engine
Household-firm relationships
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)
Per capita income and contribution of agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe various sources of power that can be used on farms. State advantages and disadvantages of animal power. Explain the use of yokes for harnessing animals.
Describe the four strokes in an engine cycle. State advantages and disadvantages of four-stroke engines.

Q/A on farm power definition and sources. Discussion on human power limitations (0.07-0.1 kw capacity). Analysis of animal power advantages and disadvantages. Practical demonstration of yoke construction and use for oxen and donkeys.
Detailed exposition of four-stroke cycle: induction, compression, power, exhaust. Practical demonstration using engine models. Analysis of advantages and disadvantages. Problem-solving stroke cycle operations.

Charts showing power sources, Yoke models, Animal power demonstration materials, Power calculation worksheets
Wind mill models, Water power diagrams, Biogas plant charts, Biomass samples
Solar heating system models, Battery demonstration materials, Fossil fuel samples, Energy conversion charts
Engine diagrams, Comparison tables, Engine parts models, Drawing materials
Four-stroke cycle diagrams, Engine stroke models, Demonstration materials, Cycle sequence charts
Household-firm relationship charts, Economic flow diagrams, Case study materials
GDP/GNP calculation worksheets, Economic data samples, Calculators
Per capita income calculation sheets, Development indicator charts, Country comparison data

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 50-53

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Land as a factor of production
Labour as a factor of production
Capital and management as factors of production
Production function concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the economic value of production of crops and livestock. List methods of land acquisition. Explain land productivity factors and improvement methods.

Brain storming on land importance in production. Study of land acquisition methods: inheritance, government settlement, buying, compensation. Analysis of productivity factors (soil fertility, climate) and improvement methods. Case studies of high vs low potential areas. Problem-solving land utilization challenges.

Land acquisition method charts, Soil fertility maps, Productivity demonstration materials, Case study examples
Labour type charts, Productivity improvement guides, Training examples, Measurement tools
Capital type examples, Sources of capital charts, Management function guides, Quality assessment materials
Production function charts, Input classification worksheets, Farm input examples, Cost analysis materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 78-80

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Production function curves
Increasing returns production functions
Constant and decreasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate and interpret input-output relationship graphically. Calculate marginal and average products. Analyze production data using tables and graphs.

Worked examples using Tables 4.1 and 4.2 (maize yields with seed rates and CAN fertilizer). Supervised practice in plotting production function graphs. Calculation exercises for marginal product and average product. Graph interpretation and trend analysis. Problem-solving using production data.

Graph papers, Production function tables (4.1, 4.2), Calculators, Plotting materials, Analysis worksheets
Increasing returns charts, Table 4.3 data, Graph plotting materials, Figure 4.3
Production function comparison charts, Tables 4.4 and 4.5, Figures 4.4 and 4.5, Graph materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 87-89

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Law of diminishing returns
Zones of a production function curve
Principles of substitution and input-input relationships
Product-product relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the law of diminishing returns. Analyze production data showing diminishing returns. Calculate marginal and average products.
State the principles of substitution. Give examples illustrating principles of substitution. Identify ways of combining inputs.

Exposition of the law using Table 4.6 (maize production with NPK fertilizer). Calculation of marginal product (additional output) and average product (total ÷ input units). Graphical analysis showing point where diminishing returns begin. Discussion on practical applications in farming. Problem-solving scenarios demonstrating the law.
Exposition on substitution law: profitable to substitute cheaper input for expensive one while maintaining constant output. Study of input-input relationships: fixed proportions, constant rate substitution, varying rate substitution. Examples from textbook: maize and sorghum as livestock feeds, homemade vs commercial feeds, hay and grain, poultry manure vs nitrogenous fertilizers.

Law of diminishing returns charts, Table 4.6 data, Calculation worksheets, Graph plotting materials
Zone identification charts, Figure 4.7, Production curve examples, Decision-making guides
Substitution principle charts, Input combination examples, Cost comparison worksheets
Product relationship charts, Enterprise examples from textbook, Farm planning scenarios

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 94-96
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 98-99

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principle of equi-marginal returns and concept of cost

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principle of equi-marginal returns. Define the concept of cost. Identify the role of costs in production. List types of costs.

Discussion on equi-marginal returns: limited resources allocated where marginal returns equal in all uses. Study of cost concept: Cost = Q × P × X. Analysis of cost roles from textbook. Classification of costs: fixed costs (rent, depreciation, salaries), variable costs (feeds, fertilizers, fuel), total cost (FC + VC), average costs, marginal cost.

Cost calculation worksheets, Cost type classification charts, Formula applications

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 100-102

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Types of revenue and profit maximization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compute total revenue, net revenue and marginal revenue. Determine the cost of production. Apply profit maximization principles.

Study of revenue types: Total Revenue (TR = quantity × price), Net Revenue (NR = TR - TC), Marginal Revenue. Analysis of Table 4.7 (maize production profit example with DSP fertilizer). Exposition on profit maximization: occurs when MR = MC and NR is maximum. Calculations using textbook example with Ksh 280 fertilizer cost and Ksh 200 maize price.

Revenue calculation worksheets, Table 4.7, Profit maximization examples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 102-105

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm planning
Farm budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors to consider when drawing a farm plan. Outline steps followed in making a farm plan. Develop farm planning scenarios.

Exposition on farm planning importance. Study of planning factors from textbook: farm size, environmental factors, labour market trends, farmer objectives, possible enterprises, market conditions, input availability, government regulations, security, communication/transport. Analysis of 10-step planning process from site determination to plan evaluation and implementation.

Farm planning templates, Factor consideration checklists, Planning process flowcharts
Budget templates, Table 4.8 (Mr Mutua's partial budget), Table 4.9 (complete budget), Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 105-108

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)
Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Agricultural support services
Risks, uncertainties and adjustment strategies
Importance of Keeping Farm Accounts
Invoice
Receipt
Delivery Note and Purchase Order

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe extension, training and banking as support services. Explain different types of credit and their sources. Describe AI services and agricultural research.
State the importance of keeping farm accounts. Explain how farm accounts help secure loans. Describe how financial records assist in making sound management decisions.

Study of support services from textbook: extension (field officers, training centers, demonstrations), banking (current vs savings accounts, overdraft). Analysis of credit types: short-term (<1 year), medium-term (2-5 years), long-term (15 years). Study of credit sources: cooperatives, AFC, commercial banks, crop boards. Discussion on AI services and research stations listed in textbook.
Q/A on business records. Teacher explains farming as business requiring assessment. Discussion on six importance: securing loans, management decisions, profit determination, budget preparation, asset evaluation, tax assessment. Students summarize benefits.

Support service charts, Credit type tables, Research station lists from textbook, Banking guides
Risk identification charts from textbook, Uncertainty management guides, Adjustment strategy examples
Flipchart, sample loan forms, calculator
Table 5.1 from textbook, blank invoice forms, calculator
Tables 5.2a and 5.2b from textbook, sample receipts, revenue stamps
Tables 5.3 and 5.4 from textbook, blank forms

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 112-118
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 106

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Ledger
Inventory
Cash Book and Journal
Balance Sheet
Profit and Loss Account
Cash Analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the ledger. Describe features of an account.

Study Table 5.5 Dairy Cattle account showing T-account structure. Practice using DR and CR sides, folio system, and column entries for farm enterprises.

Table 5.5 from textbook, T-account charts, rulers
Tables 5.6a, 5.6b, 5.6c from textbook, inventory forms, calculators
Tables 5.7, 5.8, 5.9 from textbook, cash books, calculators
Tables 5.10 and 5.11 from textbook, balance sheet templates, calculators
Tables 5.12 and 5.13 from textbook, templates, calculators
Cash analysis table from textbook, analysis forms, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 111-113