LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Composition of an egg

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify parts of an egg. Describe the parts of an egg. Explain the functions of each part of an egg.

Drawing and labeling an egg diagram. Breaking an egg to examine its internal structure. Detailed discussion on each part's function. Group work comparing different egg types. Practical examination of shell thickness and porosity.

Eggs, Chart showing parts of an egg, Drawing materials, Magnifying glass, Rulers for measurement

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 1-2

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Incubation of eggs - Selection characteristics
Egg candling
Natural incubation
Artificial incubation - Conditions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of eggs for incubation. List factors to consider when selecting eggs for incubation. Examine internal condition of eggs through candling.

Q/A on egg selection criteria. Practical activity - examining eggs for selection. Discussion on weight, size, and shape requirements. Hands-on evaluation of egg quality for incubation. Recording selection criteria observations.

Eggs of various conditions, Weighing scale, Measuring tools, Record sheets, Selection criteria charts
Cardboard boxes, Torch, Electric bulb, Candles, Dark room setup, Observation sheets
Nesting box, Nesting materials (dry grass, sawdust), Debe containers, Sample nest setups, Broody hen management guides
Artificial incubator model, Thermometer, Water trays, Ventilation materials, Damp cloths, Eggs for turning

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 3-4

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Management of an incubator
Sources of chicks and brooding introduction
Artificial brooding - Requirements and preparation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight management practices of an incubator. State merits and demerits of artificial incubation. Explain daily management routines. Identify and solve common incubation problems.

Brain storming on incubator management practices. Practical demonstration of daily management procedures. Setting up incubation schedules and record keeping. Hands-on cleaning and disinfection procedures. Problem-solving common incubation failures and solutions. Cost-benefit analysis of artificial vs natural incubation.

Incubator, Disinfectants, Cleaning materials, Management record sheets, Timer, Cost comparison charts
List of chick suppliers in Kenya, Transport cost charts, Chick quality assessment guides, Presentation materials
Artificial brooder, Heat sources (electric bulbs, charcoal burner), Wire guards, Thermometer, Newspapers, Litter materials, Feeders, Waterers

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 8-9

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Brooder management and chick care
Rearing of growers, layers and broilers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline management practices of a brooder. Describe feeding program for chicks (chick mash 20-22% D.C.P.). Explain vaccination schedule and health management. Monitor chick behavior for temperature assessment.

Exposition and explanations of daily management practices. Practical demonstration of chick feeding procedures and feed calculations. Setting up vaccination schedules (Gumboro-2 weeks, Newcastle-3-4 weeks, Fowl typhoid-7 weeks). Observing chick behavior patterns for temperature regulation. Hands-on temperature adjustment based on chick distribution. Record keeping for brooder management.

Chick mash samples, Feeders, Waterers, Vaccination charts, Behavior observation sheets, Feed calculation worksheets, Thermometer
Feed samples (grower, layer, broiler mash), Calculators, Rearing comparison charts, Feed calculation worksheets, Space requirement guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 8-10

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Free range rearing system
Fold system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors considered when choosing a rearing system. Identify requirements for free-range system. State merits and demerits of free range system. Calculate stocking density (not exceeding 1000 birds per hectare).

Q/A on system selection factors (land, topography, labor, capital, security, market, knowledge). Discussion on free range requirements - land size, fencing, runs, movable houses. Practical calculation of land needs (100 birds need 0.4 hectare). Cost-benefit analysis comparing with other systems. Problem-solving free range management challenges.

Free range system charts, Measuring tape, Calculators, Fencing materials samples, Land calculation worksheets, Cost comparison sheets
Fold design materials, Wire mesh samples, Measuring tools, Construction planning sheets, Calculators, Model building materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 12-15

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Deep litter system
Battery cage system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the requirements for deep litter system. State merits and demerits of deep litter systems. Calculate space requirements (1 sq m per 2-3 birds). Plan litter management and house specifications.

Q/A and discussion on deep litter system requirements. Practical demonstration of litter preparation (15-30cm deep) using sawdust, wood shavings. Calculation of space allocation and bird density. Design of house layout with proper ventilation (60-90cm opening above ground). Problem-solving litter management challenges including moisture control and turning.

Deep litter materials (sawdust, wood shavings, crushed maize cobs), House design materials, Calculators, Ventilation planning guides, Moisture control charts
Battery cage models, Wire mesh samples, Measuring equipment, Calculators, Cage design worksheets, Cost analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 16-18

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Factors affecting egg production - Stress

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State causes of stress in birds. Outline stress management practices. Identify effects of stress on egg production. Plan stress reduction strategies for poultry farms.

Discussion on stress causes (sudden changes, strangers, handling, noise, weather, diseases, lack of feed/water). Practical identification of stress symptoms in birds. Problem-solving stress management scenarios. Group work on creating stress-free environments. Planning daily routines to minimize stress. Development of emergency procedures for stress situations.

Stress identification charts, Case study materials, Management planning sheets, Emergency procedure guides, Poultry behavior observation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 19-20

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Vices in poultry
Culling birds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify causes of vices such as egg eating and cannibalism. Explain measures taken to control vices. Demonstrate debeaking procedures. Plan vice prevention programs.

Discussion on causes and control of egg eating (broken eggs, bright lights, idleness, inadequate nests, mineral deficiency). Analysis of cannibalism causes (parasites, overcrowding, bright light, prolapse, mineral deficiency, new birds). Demonstration of debeaking procedures using models. Problem-solving vice prevention strategies. Creating management plans to eliminate vice-causing conditions.

Charts showing poultry vices and symptoms, Debeaking equipment models, Vice prevention planning sheets, Case study examples, Control measure guides
Live birds for observation (if available), Culling record sheets, Production record examples, Culling criteria charts, Cost-benefit calculation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 20-22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Marketing eggs
Processing chicken meat

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors considered in sorting and grading eggs for fresh markets. Explain egg packing procedures with broad end upward. Calculate marketing costs, profits and pricing strategies.

Teacher's demonstrations on egg sorting by cleanliness, size (small, medium, large), and candling quality. Practical exercise in egg classification and grading. Hands-on egg packing using proper techniques (30 eggs per tray, 10 trays per box). Discussion on marketing channels and pricing strategies. Cost-benefit calculations including transport and packaging costs. Problem-solving marketing challenges and seasonal price variations.

Eggs of various sizes and quality, Egg trays (30-egg capacity), Egg boxes, Grading equipment, Calculators, Market price analysis sheets, Packaging cost worksheets
Demonstration models, Processing equipment models, Sharp knives (demonstration only), Safety and hygiene materials, Packaging materials, Processing cost calculation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 22-23

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Raising of the young stock - Colostrum
Methods of calf rearing
Weaning of calves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the importance of feeding calves on colostrum. Prepare artificial colostrum. State qualities of colostrum.

Q/A on colostrum qualities and importance. Practical demonstration of artificial colostrum preparation using fresh egg, warm water, cod liver oil, and castor oil. Discussion on feeding schedules and problem-solving feeding challenges.

Artificial colostrum materials, Mixing equipment, Feeding bottles, Record sheets
Rearing method charts, Clean buckets, Training demonstration materials, Cost analysis sheets
Weaning guide charts (Tables 2.1 & 2.2), Feed samples, Calculators, Planning worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Calf housing and replacement stock
Routine management practices
Factors affecting milk composition
Milk secretion and let-down

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of calf pens. Outline requirements for calf pens. Describe management of replacement stock.

Exposition on calf pen types and requirements. Practical design exercises for housing layouts. Discussion on replacement stock feeding and management. Planning comprehensive housing and feeding programs.

Calf house models, Design materials, Measuring tools, Management planning sheets
Management demonstration materials, Vaccination charts, Identification tools, Practice schedules
Milk composition charts, Breed comparison tables, Analysis worksheets
Udder structure charts, Anatomical models, Drawing materials, Hormone function diagrams

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 26-27

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Clean milk production
Milking materials and equipment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of clean milk. Outline essentials of clean milk production.

Q/A on clean milk characteristics. Detailed exposition on production essentials: healthy herd, clean cows, clean milkman, clean facilities, clean utensils. Planning comprehensive quality programs.

Clean milk checklists, Hygiene demonstration materials, Quality standards charts
Milking equipment (strip cup, buckets, udder cloths, milking jelly), Maintenance guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 32-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milking procedure and technique
Dry cow therapy and milk processing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Carry out milking using correct procedure and technique. Outline rules observed when milking.

Practical demonstration of proper hand milking technique. Discussion on milking rules and timing. Post-milking practices including weighing, recording, and cleaning.

Live cow (if available), Milking equipment, Stopwatch, Record sheets, Technique guides
Dry cow therapy materials, Milk product samples, Processing demonstration equipment

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 36-37

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Marketing of milk and beef
Milk handling and quality control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe marketing of milk, beef and their by-products in Kenya. Identify marketing channels. Calculate marketing costs.

Discussion on milk marketing through cooperatives and processors. Analysis of beef marketing channels (KMC, LMD, local slaughter houses). Cost-benefit calculations for different marketing options.

Marketing channel charts, Processor information, Cost analysis worksheets, Calculators
Filters, Cooling equipment, Thermometers, Feed samples, Quality control materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dairy enterprise planning
Record keeping and management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plan complete dairy enterprise operations. Calculate costs and returns for dairy systems.

Integrated planning covering calf rearing, housing, feeding, health, and marketing. Comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. Development of dairy business plans.

Enterprise planning templates, Cost worksheets, Business plan formats, Calculators
Record forms, Sample data, Analysis worksheets, Filing systems

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Sources of power in the farm - Human and animal power
Wind power, water power and biomass
Solar radiation, electrical power and fossil fuels

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe various sources of power that can be used on farms. State advantages and disadvantages of animal power. Explain the use of yokes for harnessing animals.

Q/A on farm power definition and sources. Discussion on human power limitations (0.07-0.1 kw capacity). Analysis of animal power advantages and disadvantages. Practical demonstration of yoke construction and use for oxen and donkeys.

Charts showing power sources, Yoke models, Animal power demonstration materials, Power calculation worksheets
Wind mill models, Water power diagrams, Biogas plant charts, Biomass samples
Solar heating system models, Battery demonstration materials, Fossil fuel samples, Energy conversion charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

The tractor - Petrol and diesel engines
The four-stroke cycle engine
Household-firm relationships
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major parts of tractor petrol and diesel engines. State structural and functional differences between petrol and diesel engines.

Drawing and labeling diagrams of petrol and diesel engines. Comparative analysis using comparison table. Problem-solving engine selection for different applications. Study of engine characteristics and applications.

Engine diagrams, Comparison tables, Engine parts models, Drawing materials
Four-stroke cycle diagrams, Engine stroke models, Demonstration materials, Cycle sequence charts
Household-firm relationship charts, Economic flow diagrams, Case study materials
GDP/GNP calculation worksheets, Economic data samples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 47-50

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Per capita income and contribution of agriculture
Land as a factor of production
Labour as a factor of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term per capita income. Explain contribution of agriculture to development. Calculate per capita income using population data.

Study of per capita income formula: GNI ÷ population. Discussion on Kenya's 1985 example (US $420). Analysis of development indicators and agriculture's contributions. Practical calculations using different country data. Evaluation of economic development measures.

Per capita income calculation sheets, Development indicator charts, Country comparison data
Land acquisition method charts, Soil fertility maps, Productivity demonstration materials, Case study examples
Labour type charts, Productivity improvement guides, Training examples, Measurement tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 77-78

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Capital and management as factors of production
Production function concepts
Production function curves
Increasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term capital. Identify types of capital. List sources of capital. State functions of a manager in a farm. Identify good qualities of a manager.

Exposition on capital definition and types: liquid (money), working (raw materials), fixed/durable (assets). Study of capital sources: savings, credit, grants. Discussion on management functions: planning, information gathering, decision making. Analysis of good manager qualities and skills.

Capital type examples, Sources of capital charts, Management function guides, Quality assessment materials
Production function charts, Input classification worksheets, Farm input examples, Cost analysis materials
Graph papers, Production function tables (4.1, 4.2), Calculators, Plotting materials, Analysis worksheets
Increasing returns charts, Table 4.3 data, Graph plotting materials, Figure 4.3

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 82-85

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Constant and decreasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate constant and decreasing returns production functions. Give empirical examples of each type. Compare all three types of production functions.

Study of Table 4.4 (bread production - constant returns) showing straight line graph and constant marginal product. Analysis of Table 4.5 (maize with NPK - decreasing returns). Explanation using Figures 4.4 and 4.5. Discussion on decreasing returns as commonest type in agriculture. Comparison of the three production function types.

Production function comparison charts, Tables 4.4 and 4.5, Figures 4.4 and 4.5, Graph materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 90-94

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Law of diminishing returns
Zones of a production function curve

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the law of diminishing returns. Analyze production data showing diminishing returns. Calculate marginal and average products.

Exposition of the law using Table 4.6 (maize production with NPK fertilizer). Calculation of marginal product (additional output) and average product (total ÷ input units). Graphical analysis showing point where diminishing returns begin. Discussion on practical applications in farming. Problem-solving scenarios demonstrating the law.

Law of diminishing returns charts, Table 4.6 data, Calculation worksheets, Graph plotting materials
Zone identification charts, Figure 4.7, Production curve examples, Decision-making guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 94-96

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principles of substitution and input-input relationships
Product-product relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principles of substitution. Give examples illustrating principles of substitution. Identify ways of combining inputs.

Exposition on substitution law: profitable to substitute cheaper input for expensive one while maintaining constant output. Study of input-input relationships: fixed proportions, constant rate substitution, varying rate substitution. Examples from textbook: maize and sorghum as livestock feeds, homemade vs commercial feeds, hay and grain, poultry manure vs nitrogenous fertilizers.

Substitution principle charts, Input combination examples, Cost comparison worksheets
Product relationship charts, Enterprise examples from textbook, Farm planning scenarios

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 98-99

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principle of equi-marginal returns and concept of cost

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principle of equi-marginal returns. Define the concept of cost. Identify the role of costs in production. List types of costs.

Discussion on equi-marginal returns: limited resources allocated where marginal returns equal in all uses. Study of cost concept: Cost = Q × P × X. Analysis of cost roles from textbook. Classification of costs: fixed costs (rent, depreciation, salaries), variable costs (feeds, fertilizers, fuel), total cost (FC + VC), average costs, marginal cost.

Cost calculation worksheets, Cost type classification charts, Formula applications

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 100-102

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Types of revenue and profit maximization
Farm planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compute total revenue, net revenue and marginal revenue. Determine the cost of production. Apply profit maximization principles.

Study of revenue types: Total Revenue (TR = quantity × price), Net Revenue (NR = TR - TC), Marginal Revenue. Analysis of Table 4.7 (maize production profit example with DSP fertilizer). Exposition on profit maximization: occurs when MR = MC and NR is maximum. Calculations using textbook example with Ksh 280 fertilizer cost and Ksh 200 maize price.

Revenue calculation worksheets, Table 4.7, Profit maximization examples, Calculators
Farm planning templates, Factor consideration checklists, Planning process flowcharts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 102-105

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm budgeting
Agricultural support services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a farm budget. Analyze importance of farm budgeting. Describe types of farm budgets. Draw a partial budget.

Study of budgeting definition and importance from textbook. Analysis of partial vs complete budgets. Practical partial budget exercise using Mr Mutua's example (Table 4.8): 0.3 hectare maize to potatoes change. Study of complete budget example (Table 4.9): 2 hectares mixed farm with gross margins. Four guiding questions for partial budgeting.

Budget templates, Table 4.8 (Mr Mutua's partial budget), Table 4.9 (complete budget), Calculators
Support service charts, Credit type tables, Research station lists from textbook, Banking guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 108-112

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)
Agroforestry
Agroforestry

Risks, uncertainties and adjustment strategies
Definition and Forms of Agroforestry
Importance of Agroforestry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms risk and uncertainty. List types of risks and uncertainties. Outline ways of adjusting to uncertainties and risks.

Study of uncertainty (imperfect knowledge of future events) vs risk (divergence between expected and actual outcome). Analysis of risk types from textbook: price fluctuations, physical yield uncertainty, ownership uncertainty, pest/disease outbreaks, sickness/injury, new technology uncertainty, obsolescence, natural catastrophes. Discussion on adjustment strategies: diversification, selecting certain enterprises, contracting, insurance, input rationing, production flexibility, modern methods.

Risk identification charts from textbook, Uncertainty management guides, Adjustment strategy examples
Charts showing agroforestry systems, local examples
Agroforestry products samples, environmental conservation materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 118-121

Agroforestry

Tree Selection Criteria
Nursery Types and Seed Sources
Seed Treatment Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify four growing habits required for agroforestry trees. Evaluate fast growing and deep rooted tree species. Assess nitrogen fixing capacity of leguminous trees.

Study tree characteristics: fast growth, deep roots for reduced competition, nitrogen fixation, good by-products. Examine trees to avoid at specific sites and reasons.

Tree species samples, characteristic comparison charts
Sample containers, polythene bags, seed types
Hot water setup, thermometer, sample seeds, filing tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 153-154

Agroforestry

Nursery Management
Tree Protection and Maintenance
Alley Cropping and Multi-storey Systems
Woodlots and Strategic Tree Placement
Tree Harvesting Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply mulching and watering techniques. Demonstrate root pruning using Figure 7.1. Execute transplanting using Figure 7.3 methodology.

Practice nine management activities: mulching, watering schedules, weed control, pricking out, root pruning, shading, pest control, hardening off, transplanting procedure.

Figures 7.1-7.3 from textbook, watering equipment, mulching materials
Figure 7.5-7.6 from textbook, protection materials, grafting tools
Figures 7.7-7.8 from textbook, measuring equipment, spacing materials
Figure 7.9-7.10 from textbook, site evaluation materials
Figures 7.11-7.15 from textbook, harvesting tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 156-158