LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Composition of an egg

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify parts of an egg. Describe the parts of an egg. Explain the functions of each part of an egg.

Drawing and labeling an egg diagram. Breaking an egg to examine its internal structure. Detailed discussion on each part's function. Group work comparing different egg types. Practical examination of shell thickness and porosity.

Eggs, Chart showing parts of an egg, Drawing materials, Magnifying glass, Rulers for measurement

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 1-2

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Incubation of eggs - Selection characteristics
Egg candling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of eggs for incubation. List factors to consider when selecting eggs for incubation. Examine internal condition of eggs through candling.

Q/A on egg selection criteria. Practical activity - examining eggs for selection. Discussion on weight, size, and shape requirements. Hands-on evaluation of egg quality for incubation. Recording selection criteria observations.

Eggs of various conditions, Weighing scale, Measuring tools, Record sheets, Selection criteria charts
Cardboard boxes, Torch, Electric bulb, Candles, Dark room setup, Observation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 3-4

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Natural incubation
Artificial incubation - Conditions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State merits and demerits of natural incubation. Identify management practices of natural incubation. Describe signs of broodiness in hens. Explain preparation of nesting boxes for broody hens.

Q/A on natural incubation signs and management. Discussion on advantages and disadvantages. Practical demonstration of nesting box preparation. Role-play managing broody hens. Setting up proper nesting environment with appropriate materials. Problem-solving scenarios for natural incubation challenges.

Nesting box, Nesting materials (dry grass, sawdust), Debe containers, Sample nest setups, Broody hen management guides
Artificial incubator model, Thermometer, Water trays, Ventilation materials, Damp cloths, Eggs for turning

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 5-6

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Management of an incubator
Sources of chicks and brooding introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight management practices of an incubator. State merits and demerits of artificial incubation. Explain daily management routines. Identify and solve common incubation problems.

Brain storming on incubator management practices. Practical demonstration of daily management procedures. Setting up incubation schedules and record keeping. Hands-on cleaning and disinfection procedures. Problem-solving common incubation failures and solutions. Cost-benefit analysis of artificial vs natural incubation.

Incubator, Disinfectants, Cleaning materials, Management record sheets, Timer, Cost comparison charts
List of chick suppliers in Kenya, Transport cost charts, Chick quality assessment guides, Presentation materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 8-9

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Artificial brooding - Requirements and preparation
Brooder management and chick care

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify requirements for an artificial brooder. Explain brooder preparation procedures before chicks arrive. Describe equipment needed for brooding. Set up proper brooding environment.

Exposition and probing questions on brooder requirements. Practical demonstration of brooder setup and preparation. Hands-on installation of heat sources (32°C-35°C first week). Setting up feeders, waterers, and proper spacing. Preparation of newspapers and litter materials. Testing all equipment before chick arrival.

Artificial brooder, Heat sources (electric bulbs, charcoal burner), Wire guards, Thermometer, Newspapers, Litter materials, Feeders, Waterers
Chick mash samples, Feeders, Waterers, Vaccination charts, Behavior observation sheets, Feed calculation worksheets, Thermometer

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 7-8

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Rearing of growers, layers and broilers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss rearing of growers, layers and broilers. Compare feeding requirements for different bird categories. Calculate feed consumption and space requirements. Plan transition from brooder to grower stage.

Exposition and probing questions on different rearing stages. Discussion on grower mash (16-17% D.C.P.) vs layer mash (14-16% D.C.P.) vs broiler feeds. Practical calculation of daily feed requirements (120g per layer). Problem-solving feeding program transitions. Creating management schedules for different bird categories. Space calculation exercises.

Feed samples (grower, layer, broiler mash), Calculators, Rearing comparison charts, Feed calculation worksheets, Space requirement guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 10-12

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Free range rearing system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors considered when choosing a rearing system. Identify requirements for free-range system. State merits and demerits of free range system. Calculate stocking density (not exceeding 1000 birds per hectare).

Q/A on system selection factors (land, topography, labor, capital, security, market, knowledge). Discussion on free range requirements - land size, fencing, runs, movable houses. Practical calculation of land needs (100 birds need 0.4 hectare). Cost-benefit analysis comparing with other systems. Problem-solving free range management challenges.

Free range system charts, Measuring tape, Calculators, Fencing materials samples, Land calculation worksheets, Cost comparison sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 12-15

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Fold system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe fold system. State merits and demerits of fold systems. Design fold specifications (3.5m long, 1.5m wide, 1.5m high). Calculate number of birds per fold (10-15 hens per fold).

Q/A and discussion on fold system principles and portability. Practical measurement and design of fold dimensions. Drawing scaled fold designs with roofed and open sections. Calculation exercises for fold numbers needed for given flock size. Discussion on daily movement requirements and labor implications. Problem-solving fold construction and management issues.

Fold design materials, Wire mesh samples, Measuring tools, Construction planning sheets, Calculators, Model building materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 15-16

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Deep litter system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the requirements for deep litter system. State merits and demerits of deep litter systems. Calculate space requirements (1 sq m per 2-3 birds). Plan litter management and house specifications.

Q/A and discussion on deep litter system requirements. Practical demonstration of litter preparation (15-30cm deep) using sawdust, wood shavings. Calculation of space allocation and bird density. Design of house layout with proper ventilation (60-90cm opening above ground). Problem-solving litter management challenges including moisture control and turning.

Deep litter materials (sawdust, wood shavings, crushed maize cobs), House design materials, Calculators, Ventilation planning guides, Moisture control charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 16-18

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Battery cage system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the requirements for battery cage system. Calculate cage specifications and arrangements. Compare battery system with other systems. Design cage layout with proper spacing (0.2 square meter per bird).

Q/A and discussion on battery cage principles and intensive management. Practical measurement and design of cage dimensions (45cm wide, 45cm high, 57.5cm deep). Calculation exercises for tier arrangements (3-6 tiers) and bird capacity. Drawing scaled cage arrangements with feeding and watering systems. Cost analysis comparing initial investment with returns. Problem-solving cage management and mechanization issues.

Battery cage models, Wire mesh samples, Measuring equipment, Calculators, Cage design worksheets, Cost analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 18-19

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Factors affecting egg production - Stress

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State causes of stress in birds. Outline stress management practices. Identify effects of stress on egg production. Plan stress reduction strategies for poultry farms.

Discussion on stress causes (sudden changes, strangers, handling, noise, weather, diseases, lack of feed/water). Practical identification of stress symptoms in birds. Problem-solving stress management scenarios. Group work on creating stress-free environments. Planning daily routines to minimize stress. Development of emergency procedures for stress situations.

Stress identification charts, Case study materials, Management planning sheets, Emergency procedure guides, Poultry behavior observation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 19-20

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Vices in poultry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify causes of vices such as egg eating and cannibalism. Explain measures taken to control vices. Demonstrate debeaking procedures. Plan vice prevention programs.

Discussion on causes and control of egg eating (broken eggs, bright lights, idleness, inadequate nests, mineral deficiency). Analysis of cannibalism causes (parasites, overcrowding, bright light, prolapse, mineral deficiency, new birds). Demonstration of debeaking procedures using models. Problem-solving vice prevention strategies. Creating management plans to eliminate vice-causing conditions.

Charts showing poultry vices and symptoms, Debeaking equipment models, Vice prevention planning sheets, Case study examples, Control measure guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 20-22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Culling birds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term culling. Give reasons for culling of birds. Identify characteristics of good and poor layers. Demonstrate proper culling procedures and record keeping.

Brain storming on culling importance and economic benefits. Practical observation and identification of characteristics of good layers vs poor layers. Discussion on culling criteria (production records, physical examination, behavior). Record keeping for culling decisions and flock improvement. Problem-solving culling schedules and replacement planning. Cost-benefit analysis of culling programs.

Live birds for observation (if available), Culling record sheets, Production record examples, Culling criteria charts, Cost-benefit calculation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Marketing eggs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors considered in sorting and grading eggs for fresh markets. Explain egg packing procedures with broad end upward. Calculate marketing costs, profits and pricing strategies.

Teacher's demonstrations on egg sorting by cleanliness, size (small, medium, large), and candling quality. Practical exercise in egg classification and grading. Hands-on egg packing using proper techniques (30 eggs per tray, 10 trays per box). Discussion on marketing channels and pricing strategies. Cost-benefit calculations including transport and packaging costs. Problem-solving marketing challenges and seasonal price variations.

Eggs of various sizes and quality, Egg trays (30-egg capacity), Egg boxes, Grading equipment, Calculators, Market price analysis sheets, Packaging cost worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 22-23

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Processing chicken meat

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline methods of killing a bird (neck dislocation, sharp knife). Describe dressing of a bird's carcass. Explain proper slaughtering procedures with 12-hour starvation. Demonstrate packaging for market sale.

Topic review and teacher's demonstrations of humane killing methods. Practical demonstration of neck dislocation and knife cutting techniques using models. Step-by-step carcass dressing procedures (plucking, singeing, removing neck and crop, organ removal). Discussion on food safety, hygiene standards, and packaging in polythene bags. Problem-solving processing challenges and quality control. Cost calculation for processing operations and profit margins.

Demonstration models, Processing equipment models, Sharp knives (demonstration only), Safety and hygiene materials, Packaging materials, Processing cost calculation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 23-25

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Raising of the young stock - Colostrum
Methods of calf rearing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the importance of feeding calves on colostrum. Prepare artificial colostrum. State qualities of colostrum.

Q/A on colostrum qualities and importance. Practical demonstration of artificial colostrum preparation using fresh egg, warm water, cod liver oil, and castor oil. Discussion on feeding schedules and problem-solving feeding challenges.

Artificial colostrum materials, Mixing equipment, Feeding bottles, Record sheets
Rearing method charts, Clean buckets, Training demonstration materials, Cost analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Weaning of calves
Calf housing and replacement stock

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe early and late weaning of calves. Calculate feed requirements using weaning guides.

Study of early and late weaning guides (Tables 2.1 & 2.2). Practical calculations using weaning tables. Problem-solving feed transition challenges and planning weaning schedules.

Weaning guide charts (Tables 2.1 & 2.2), Feed samples, Calculators, Planning worksheets
Calf house models, Design materials, Measuring tools, Management planning sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 24-26

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Routine management practices
Factors affecting milk composition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze routine management practices in calf rearing. Plan parasite and disease control programs. Explain vaccination schedules.

Q/A on routine practices including parasite control, disease prevention, castration, identification, and dehorning. Practical planning of management schedules and vaccination programs.

Management demonstration materials, Vaccination charts, Identification tools, Practice schedules
Milk composition charts, Breed comparison tables, Analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 27-28

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milk secretion and let-down
Clean milk production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of the mammary gland. Describe milk flow from alveoli to teat canal. Explain milk let-down process.

Drawing and labeling udder structure diagrams. Exposition on lactogenesis and hormone control. Discussion on let-down process, oxytocin effects, and factors affecting milk release.

Udder structure charts, Anatomical models, Drawing materials, Hormone function diagrams
Clean milk checklists, Hygiene demonstration materials, Quality standards charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 30-32

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milking materials and equipment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List down necessary milking materials and equipment. State purposes of milking equipment. Demonstrate proper use and maintenance.

Brain storming on milking equipment and materials. Practical demonstration of equipment use, cleaning, and maintenance. Cost analysis of equipment investment.

Milking equipment (strip cup, buckets, udder cloths, milking jelly), Maintenance guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 34-36

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milking procedure and technique

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Carry out milking using correct procedure and technique. Outline rules observed when milking.

Practical demonstration of proper hand milking technique. Discussion on milking rules and timing. Post-milking practices including weighing, recording, and cleaning.

Live cow (if available), Milking equipment, Stopwatch, Record sheets, Technique guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 36-37

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dry cow therapy and milk processing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of dry cow therapy. Name various milk products. Describe basic processing methods.

Explanations on dry cow therapy procedures and importance. Discussion on milk products and value addition. Economic analysis of processing vs fresh milk sales.

Dry cow therapy materials, Milk product samples, Processing demonstration equipment

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 37-38

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Marketing of milk and beef

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe marketing of milk, beef and their by-products in Kenya. Identify marketing channels. Calculate marketing costs.

Discussion on milk marketing through cooperatives and processors. Analysis of beef marketing channels (KMC, LMD, local slaughter houses). Cost-benefit calculations for different marketing options.

Marketing channel charts, Processor information, Cost analysis worksheets, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milk handling and quality control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe proper milk filtration, cooling and storage. Explain prevention of milk flavors.

Practical demonstration of milk filtration and cooling to 5°C. Discussion on avoiding bad flavors from feeds and oxidation. Planning quality control systems.

Filters, Cooling equipment, Thermometers, Feed samples, Quality control materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 33-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dairy enterprise planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plan complete dairy enterprise operations. Calculate costs and returns for dairy systems.

Integrated planning covering calf rearing, housing, feeding, health, and marketing. Comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. Development of dairy business plans.

Enterprise planning templates, Cost worksheets, Business plan formats, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Record keeping and management
Household-firm relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Design record keeping systems for dairy operations. Analyze production records for decision making.

Discussion on record importance. Practical design of breeding, production, health, and financial records. Analysis of sample data for management decisions.

Record forms, Sample data, Analysis worksheets, Filing systems
Household-firm relationship charts, Economic flow diagrams, Case study materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)
Per capita income and contribution of agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms GDP and GNP. Define the term Gross National Income (GNI). Calculate GDP, GNP and GNI using given data.

Exposition on GDP and GNP definitions and differences. Discussion on income inflow and outflow effects. Study of GNP calculation: GDP + (income inflow - outflow). Practical calculations using economic data. Problem-solving comparison scenarios.

GDP/GNP calculation worksheets, Economic data samples, Calculators
Per capita income calculation sheets, Development indicator charts, Country comparison data

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 76-77

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Land as a factor of production
Labour as a factor of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the economic value of production of crops and livestock. List methods of land acquisition. Explain land productivity factors and improvement methods.

Brain storming on land importance in production. Study of land acquisition methods: inheritance, government settlement, buying, compensation. Analysis of productivity factors (soil fertility, climate) and improvement methods. Case studies of high vs low potential areas. Problem-solving land utilization challenges.

Land acquisition method charts, Soil fertility maps, Productivity demonstration materials, Case study examples
Labour type charts, Productivity improvement guides, Training examples, Measurement tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 78-80

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Capital and management as factors of production
Production function concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term capital. Identify types of capital. List sources of capital. State functions of a manager in a farm. Identify good qualities of a manager.

Exposition on capital definition and types: liquid (money), working (raw materials), fixed/durable (assets). Study of capital sources: savings, credit, grants. Discussion on management functions: planning, information gathering, decision making. Analysis of good manager qualities and skills.

Capital type examples, Sources of capital charts, Management function guides, Quality assessment materials
Production function charts, Input classification worksheets, Farm input examples, Cost analysis materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 82-85

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Production function curves
Increasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate and interpret input-output relationship graphically. Calculate marginal and average products. Analyze production data using tables and graphs.

Worked examples using Tables 4.1 and 4.2 (maize yields with seed rates and CAN fertilizer). Supervised practice in plotting production function graphs. Calculation exercises for marginal product and average product. Graph interpretation and trend analysis. Problem-solving using production data.

Graph papers, Production function tables (4.1, 4.2), Calculators, Plotting materials, Analysis worksheets
Increasing returns charts, Table 4.3 data, Graph plotting materials, Figure 4.3

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 87-89

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Constant and decreasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate constant and decreasing returns production functions. Give empirical examples of each type. Compare all three types of production functions.

Study of Table 4.4 (bread production - constant returns) showing straight line graph and constant marginal product. Analysis of Table 4.5 (maize with NPK - decreasing returns). Explanation using Figures 4.4 and 4.5. Discussion on decreasing returns as commonest type in agriculture. Comparison of the three production function types.

Production function comparison charts, Tables 4.4 and 4.5, Figures 4.4 and 4.5, Graph materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 90-94

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Law of diminishing returns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the law of diminishing returns. Analyze production data showing diminishing returns. Calculate marginal and average products.

Exposition of the law using Table 4.6 (maize production with NPK fertilizer). Calculation of marginal product (additional output) and average product (total ÷ input units). Graphical analysis showing point where diminishing returns begin. Discussion on practical applications in farming. Problem-solving scenarios demonstrating the law.

Law of diminishing returns charts, Table 4.6 data, Calculation worksheets, Graph plotting materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 94-96

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Zones of a production function curve

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Divide a production function into three zones. Identify rational zones of production. Explain characteristics of each zone.

Guided discovery of three zones using Figure 4.7. Analysis of Zone I (irrational - under-utilization), Zone II (rational - optimal use), Zone III (irrational - over-utilization). Discussion on MP and AP relationships in each zone. Practical determination of optimal production levels. Economic decision-making based on zones.

Zone identification charts, Figure 4.7, Production curve examples, Decision-making guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 96-98

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principles of substitution and input-input relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principles of substitution. Give examples illustrating principles of substitution. Identify ways of combining inputs.

Exposition on substitution law: profitable to substitute cheaper input for expensive one while maintaining constant output. Study of input-input relationships: fixed proportions, constant rate substitution, varying rate substitution. Examples from textbook: maize and sorghum as livestock feeds, homemade vs commercial feeds, hay and grain, poultry manure vs nitrogenous fertilizers.

Substitution principle charts, Input combination examples, Cost comparison worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 98-99

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Product-product relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples of product-product relationship. Explain joint, competitive, supplementary and complementary products.

Study of product-product relationships from textbook. Analysis of joint products: mutton/skin, cotton lint/seed, milk/butter, beef/hides, honey/wax. Discussion on competitive products: wheat vs maize, dairy vs beef cattle. Study of supplementary products: poultry enterprise, beans in coconut field. Analysis of complementary products: pig enterprise on grain by-products.

Product relationship charts, Enterprise examples from textbook, Farm planning scenarios

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 99-100

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principle of equi-marginal returns and concept of cost

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principle of equi-marginal returns. Define the concept of cost. Identify the role of costs in production. List types of costs.

Discussion on equi-marginal returns: limited resources allocated where marginal returns equal in all uses. Study of cost concept: Cost = Q × P × X. Analysis of cost roles from textbook. Classification of costs: fixed costs (rent, depreciation, salaries), variable costs (feeds, fertilizers, fuel), total cost (FC + VC), average costs, marginal cost.

Cost calculation worksheets, Cost type classification charts, Formula applications

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 100-102

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Types of revenue and profit maximization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compute total revenue, net revenue and marginal revenue. Determine the cost of production. Apply profit maximization principles.

Study of revenue types: Total Revenue (TR = quantity × price), Net Revenue (NR = TR - TC), Marginal Revenue. Analysis of Table 4.7 (maize production profit example with DSP fertilizer). Exposition on profit maximization: occurs when MR = MC and NR is maximum. Calculations using textbook example with Ksh 280 fertilizer cost and Ksh 200 maize price.

Revenue calculation worksheets, Table 4.7, Profit maximization examples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 102-105

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors to consider when drawing a farm plan. Outline steps followed in making a farm plan. Develop farm planning scenarios.

Exposition on farm planning importance. Study of planning factors from textbook: farm size, environmental factors, labour market trends, farmer objectives, possible enterprises, market conditions, input availability, government regulations, security, communication/transport. Analysis of 10-step planning process from site determination to plan evaluation and implementation.

Farm planning templates, Factor consideration checklists, Planning process flowcharts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 105-108

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a farm budget. Analyze importance of farm budgeting. Describe types of farm budgets. Draw a partial budget.

Study of budgeting definition and importance from textbook. Analysis of partial vs complete budgets. Practical partial budget exercise using Mr Mutua's example (Table 4.8): 0.3 hectare maize to potatoes change. Study of complete budget example (Table 4.9): 2 hectares mixed farm with gross margins. Four guiding questions for partial budgeting.

Budget templates, Table 4.8 (Mr Mutua's partial budget), Table 4.9 (complete budget), Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 108-112

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Agricultural support services
Risks, uncertainties and adjustment strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe extension, training and banking as support services. Explain different types of credit and their sources. Describe AI services and agricultural research.

Study of support services from textbook: extension (field officers, training centers, demonstrations), banking (current vs savings accounts, overdraft). Analysis of credit types: short-term (<1 year), medium-term (2-5 years), long-term (15 years). Study of credit sources: cooperatives, AFC, commercial banks, crop boards. Discussion on AI services and research stations listed in textbook.

Support service charts, Credit type tables, Research station lists from textbook, Banking guides
Risk identification charts from textbook, Uncertainty management guides, Adjustment strategy examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 112-118