Crop Production

Agricultural Land - Legal ways of accessing land
Agricultural Land - Government land allocation and purchase

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain legal ways of accessing land for agricultural use
- Identify different methods of land acquisition
- Appreciate the importance of legal land ownership

- Discuss with resource person legal ways of accessing land (leasing, inheritance/succession, settlement programmes)
- Brainstorm on various land acquisition methods
- Present findings on legal procedures

How can farmers legally access land for agricultural production?

- Resource person
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Video clips on land ownership
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Land documents samples

- Oral assessment - Written assignment - Group presentations

Crop Production

Agricultural Land - Forms and utilities of land
Agricultural Land - Assessing land for agricultural production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify different forms of land
- Assess land for various agricultural purposes
- Develop interest in land evaluation

- Take excursion in the community to study different forms of land
- Discuss possible utilities of land
- Observe and record land characteristics

Why is land put to different agricultural uses?

- Local environment
- Cameras
- Notebooks
- Observation sheets
- Assessment tools
- Manila papers
- Photographs from excursion
- Projector

- Field reports - Observation - Oral presentations

Crop Production

Agricultural Land - Climate and altitude factors
Agricultural Land - Soil factors and topography

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how climate affects land productivity
- Describe the influence of altitude on agricultural production
- Show interest in environmental factors

- Use digital devices to search information on climate factors
- Discuss rainfall, temperature and their effects
- Analyze altitude influence on crop production

How is land productivity determined for agriculture?

- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Climate maps
- Charts on climatic zones
- Soil samples
- Topographic maps
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Written test - Oral questions - Digital presentations

Crop Production

Agricultural Land - Biotic factors
Agricultural Land - Importance of tenure security
Properties of Soil - Mineral particles and organic matter

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify biotic factors affecting land productivity
- Analyze the impact of living organisms on agriculture
- Develop awareness of ecological relationships
- Identify the four components of soil
- Describe mineral particles in soil
- Show interest in soil composition

- Discuss biotic factors (pests, diseases, beneficial organisms)
- Use digital resources to research ecological interactions
- Make presentations on biotic influences
- Discuss components of soil (mineral particles, organic matter, water, air)
- Examine soil samples for different components
- Separate soil components practically

How do living organisms affect agricultural land productivity?
How do soil properties influence crop production?

- Video clips
- Pictures of organisms
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Sample title deeds
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Resource person
- Soil samples
- Containers
- Water
- Sieves
- Hand lens

- Oral presentations - Written reports - Group discussions
- Practical assessment - Observation - Lab reports

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Water and air in soil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the role of water in soil
- Describe the importance of air in soil
- Appreciate the importance of soil components

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate water and air in soil
- Discuss importance of each component
- Record observations and findings

Why are water and air important components of agricultural soil?

- Soil testing equipment
- Beakers
- Water
- Test tubes
- Observation sheets

- Lab reports - Practical observation - Written test

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Soil texture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define soil texture
- Determine soil texture by feel method
- Develop interest in soil analysis

- Discuss soil texture (sand, silt, clay proportions)
- Practice feel method for texture determination
- Classify soil samples by texture

How can we investigate various properties of soil?

- Varied soil samples
- Water
- Containers
- Soil texture chart
- Gloves

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Soil structure and porosity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain soil structure and its types
- Describe soil porosity
- Appreciate the importance of soil structure

- Examine different soil structures
- Discuss factors affecting structure
- Investigate porosity in various soils

What is the relationship between soil structure and crop growth?

- Soil samples
- Photographs
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Written test - Practical observation - Class presentations

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Permeability
Properties of Soil - Soil pH

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define soil permeability
- Conduct experiments to test permeability
- Show interest in soil water movement
- Explain the concept of soil pH
- Test soil pH using indicators
- Appreciate the importance of soil pH

- Discuss soil permeability and factors affecting it
- Carry out permeability experiments
- Compare permeability in different soils
- Discuss soil pH and its importance
- Carry out soil pH testing experiments
- Record and interpret pH results

How does soil permeability affect agricultural production?
Why is soil pH important in crop production?

- Soil samples
- Funnels
- Filter paper
- Water
- Stop watch
- Measuring cylinders
- Soil testing kits
- pH indicators
- pH meters
- Soil samples
- Safety equipment

- Lab reports - Practical assessment - Written assignment
- Practical assessment - Lab reports - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Biological properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify living organisms in soil
- Explain the role of soil organisms
- Develop appreciation for soil biodiversity

- Discuss biological properties of soil
- Examine soil samples for organisms
- Present findings on soil organisms' roles

How do living organisms contribute to soil fertility?

- Soil samples
- Hand lens
- Microscope
- Petri dishes
- Charts

- Observation - Practical reports - Class presentations

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Horizons in soil profile

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define soil profile
- Identify soil horizons
- Show interest in soil formation

- Take field excursion to observe soil profile
- Identify and describe different horizons
- Sketch and label soil profile

What is the importance of studying soil profiles?

- Field sites (roadsides, excavations)
- Cameras
- Notebooks
- Sketch books
- Measuring tape

- Field reports - Sketches - Observation - Oral presentations

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Importance of soil profile

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of soil profile in crop production
- Relate soil horizons to agricultural practices
- Appreciate soil profile knowledge

- Discuss importance of soil profile observations
- Analyze data from field excursion
- Present findings on profile importance

How does soil profile information help farmers?

- Field data
- Photographs
- Manila papers
- Digital resources

- Written reports - Group presentations - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Testing soil texture
Properties of Soil - Water holding capacity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Conduct soil texture tests
- Record and interpret texture results
- Develop practical skills in soil analysis
- Test water holding capacity of different soils
- Compare water retention in various soil types
- Appreciate the importance of water holding capacity

- Carry out soil texture experiments
- Use ribbon and ball tests
- Compare results from different samples
- Carry out water holding capacity experiments
- Record observations and measurements
- Analyze results and make conclusions

How can we accurately determine soil texture?
Why is water holding capacity important for crop production?

- Varied soil samples
- Water
- Containers
- Testing sheets
- Towels
- Soil samples
- Funnels
- Filter paper
- Measuring cylinders
- Water
- Balance

- Practical assessment - Lab reports - Performance evaluation
- Practical observation - Lab reports - Written test

Crop Production

Properties of Soil - Soil capillarity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain soil capillarity
- Conduct capillarity experiments
- Show interest in soil water movement

- Discuss soil capillarity concept
- Carry out capillarity experiments using tubes
- Compare capillarity in different soil types

How does capillarity help plants access water?

- Glass tubes
- Soil samples
- Water
- Dye/coloring
- Stands
- Rulers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written reports

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Land clearing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe land clearing activities
- Identify tools used for land clearing
- Appreciate the importance of proper land clearing

- Discuss land clearing methods (slashing, uprooting, burning)
- Observe demonstration of land clearing
- Identify appropriate tools for clearing

How does proper land preparation contribute to crop production?

- School farm
- Slasher
- Panga
- Video clips
- Safety equipment

- Oral assessment - Observation - Written notes

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Primary cultivation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain primary cultivation methods
- Demonstrate ploughing or digging
- Show interest in land preparation

- Discuss primary cultivation (ploughing, digging)
- Observe farm machinery or manual tools in action
- Practice digging on school farm

What is the purpose of primary cultivation?

- School farm
- Jembe
- Fork jembe
- Tractor (if available)
- Charts

- Practical observation - Performance assessment - Oral questions

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Practical primary cultivation
Land Preparation - Secondary cultivation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Carry out primary cultivation
- Use tools safely and effectively
- Develop confidence in practical skills
- Describe secondary cultivation methods
- Explain the purpose of harrowing
- Appreciate the importance of seedbed preparation

- Practice primary cultivation on designated plot
- Work in groups to complete tasks
- Observe safety precautions
- Discuss secondary cultivation (harrowing, breaking clods)
- Observe demonstration of secondary cultivation
- Identify tools used

How do we safely carry out primary cultivation?
Why is secondary cultivation necessary after ploughing?

- School farm
- Jembe
- Fork jembe
- Gloves
- First aid kit
- School farm
- Rake
- Hand hoe
- Fork jembe
- Video clips

- Practical assessment - Safety observation - Peer assessment
- Oral assessment - Written test - Observation

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Practical secondary cultivation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Carry out secondary cultivation
- Break clods and level land
- Show commitment to quality work

- Practice harrowing and breaking clods
- Level the seedbed
- Work collaboratively in groups

How do we prepare a proper seedbed?

- School farm
- Rake
- Hand hoe
- Leveling boards
- Measuring tools

- Practical observation - Performance evaluation - Group assessment

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Tertiary operations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain tertiary cultivation operations
- Demonstrate making ridges and furrows
- Appreciate proper seedbed preparation

- Discuss tertiary operations (ridging, furrowing, making holes)
- Practice making ridges and furrows
- Prepare planting stations

What are tertiary operations and when are they done?

- School farm
- Hoe
- String
- Pegs
- Measuring tape

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Practical tertiary operations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Complete tertiary operations on prepared land
- Apply appropriate spacing
- Develop practical skills

- Mark out planting stations
- Make holes at correct spacing
- Apply farmyard manure if needed

How do we ensure proper spacing during tertiary operations?

- School farm
- Garden trowel
- String
- Pegs
- Manure
- Containers

- Practical observation - Performance assessment - Quality of work

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Zero tillage
Land Preparation - Minimum tillage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain zero tillage concept
- Describe advantages of zero tillage
- Appreciate conservation farming methods
- Describe minimum tillage practices
- Justify adoption of conservation tillage
- Show interest in sustainable farming

- Discuss zero tillage principles
- Use digital resources to research zero tillage
- Compare with conventional tillage
- Discuss minimum tillage methods
- Analyze benefits and challenges
- Present findings on conservation tillage adoption

How does zero tillage conserve the environment?
Why should farmers adopt conservation tillage practices?

- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Video clips
- Pictures
- Reference materials
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Manila papers
- Marker pens

- Written assignment - Oral presentations - Class discussions
- Group presentations - Written reports - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Land Preparation - Comparing tillage methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Compare different tillage methods
- Evaluate suitability of tillage for different situations
- Appreciate diversity in farming practices

- Compare conventional and conservation tillage
- Discuss contexts for each method
- Make presentations on tillage comparisons

Which tillage method is most appropriate for different farming contexts?

- Comparative charts
- Pictures
- Video clips
- Reference materials
- Projector

- Written test - Class presentations - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Pruning capsicum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the concept of pruning
- Demonstrate pruning of capsicum
- Appreciate the importance of pruning

- Search for information on vegetable pruning
- Observe demonstration of capsicum pruning
- Discuss reasons for pruning vegetables

How do field management practices influence crop production?

- Digital devices
- Capsicum plants
- Pruning tools
- Video clips
- Safety gloves

- Observation - Written notes - Oral questions

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Pruning tomatoes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify parts to prune on tomatoes
- Carry out tomato pruning
- Show interest in crop management

- Study tomato plant structure
- Practice pruning suckers and lower leaves
- Observe proper timing for pruning

Why is pruning important for tomato production?

- Tomato plants
- Secateurs
- Pruning knife
- Disinfectant
- School garden

- Practical assessment - Performance evaluation - Observation

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Practical vegetable pruning
Field Management Practices - Pruning bananas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prune vegetable crops correctly
- Use pruning tools safely
- Develop confidence in pruning skills
- Describe pruning of banana plants
- Explain desuckering process
- Appreciate perennial crop management

- Carry out pruning on available vegetable crops
- Dispose of pruned materials properly
- Apply safety precautions
- Study banana pruning through field trip
- Discuss desuckering and leaf pruning
- Observe demonstration of banana pruning

How do we ensure quality when pruning vegetables?
What parts of banana plants need pruning?

- Vegetable crops
- Pruning tools
- Safety equipment
- Disposal bags
- First aid kit
- Field trip site
- Banana plants
- Panga
- Video clips
- Reference materials

- Practical observation - Safety assessment - Quality of work
- Field reports - Observation - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Pruning coffee and tea

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain pruning methods for coffee
- Describe tea pruning techniques
- Show interest in cash crop management

- Research on coffee and tea pruning
- Watch video demonstrations
- Discuss pruning cycles and methods

How does pruning affect coffee and tea yields?

- Digital resources
- Video clips
- Pictures
- Charts
- Reference books

- Written assignment - Oral presentations - Class discussions

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Pruning pyrethrum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe pyrethrum pruning practices
- Explain timing for pyrethrum pruning
- Appreciate importance of proper pruning

- Discuss pyrethrum pruning methods
- Analyze effects of pruning on yield
- Make presentations on perennial crop pruning

Why is timing important in perennial crop pruning?

- Reference materials
- Pictures
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital devices

- Class presentations - Written reports - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Methods of top-dressing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify methods of top-dressing
- Explain broadcasting method
- Show interest in fertilizer application

- Explore methods of top-dressing (broadcasting, side dressing, foliar)
- Observe demonstrations of each method
- Discuss advantages of each method

What are the different methods of applying top-dressing fertilizers?

- Fertilizer samples
- Containers
- Charts
- Video clips
- Safety equipment

- Oral assessment - Written notes - Observation

Crop Production

Field Management Practices - Methods of top-dressing
Field Management Practices - Factors in top-dressing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify methods of top-dressing
- Explain broadcasting method
- Show interest in fertilizer application
- Explain factors considered in top-dressing
- Determine correct fertilizer amounts
- Appreciate proper fertilizer management

- Explore methods of top-dressing (broadcasting, side dressing, foliar)
- Observe demonstrations of each method
- Discuss advantages of each method
- Discuss factors (timing, type, form, method, amount, crop stage)
- Calculate fertilizer requirements
- Analyze effects of improper application

What are the different methods of applying top-dressing fertilizers?
How do we determine the right amount of fertilizer to apply?

- Fertilizer samples
- Containers
- Charts
- Video clips
- Safety equipment
- Fertilizer samples
- Calculator
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Knapsack sprayer

- Oral assessment - Written notes - Observation
- Written test - Calculations - Oral questions

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Site selection for nursery

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify suitable sites for nursery establishment
- Explain factors considered in site selection
- Show interest in crop establishment

- Brainstorm crops established through nursery
- Survey school compound for suitable nursery sites
- Discuss site selection factors

How do we establish a crop from a nursery?

- School farm
- Survey tools
- Measuring tape
- Notebooks
- Site assessment forms

- Observation - Site reports - Oral assessment

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Preparing nursery site

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare nursery site appropriately
- Clear and level the nursery area
- Develop practical skills in site preparation

- Clear selected nursery site
- Level the ground
- Mark out nursery bed dimensions

What makes a good nursery site?

- School farm
- Slasher
- Panga
- Rake
- Pegs
- String
- Measuring tape

- Practical observation - Performance assessment - Quality of work

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Making nursery bed

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Construct a nursery bed
- Mix appropriate nursery media
- Appreciate quality nursery preparation

- Mix nursery media (soil, manure, sand)
- Fill nursery bed or containers
- Level and firm the bed

How do we prepare the right nursery media?

- Soil
- Farmyard manure
- Sand
- Containers
- Garden trowel
- Wheelbarrow

- Practical assessment - Observation - Media quality check

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Sowing seeds in nursery
Growing Selected Crop - Watering nursery

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Sow seeds at correct depth and spacing
- Cover and water seeds appropriately
- Show commitment to proper establishment
- Determine appropriate watering frequency
- Water nursery beds properly
- Appreciate importance of moisture management

- Make drills or holes for sowing
- Sow selected seeds
- Cover and water seeds gently
- Water nursery bed appropriately
- Monitor soil moisture levels
- Adjust watering based on weather

What is the correct depth for sowing different seeds?
How often should we water the nursery?

- Seeds
- Garden trowel
- Watering can
- Labels
- Marker pens
- Watering cans
- Rose heads
- Water source
- Nursery beds
- Moisture meter

- Practical observation - Performance evaluation - Record keeping
- Observation - Practical assessment - Progress monitoring

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Weeding and mulching nursery

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Weed nursery beds carefully
- Apply mulch appropriately
- Show care in handling seedlings

- Identify and remove weeds from nursery
- Apply light mulch around seedlings
- Monitor weed growth

Why must weeding be done carefully in the nursery?

- Hand weeding tools
- Mulching materials
- Nursery beds
- Collection bags

- Practical observation - Technique assessment - Quality of work

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Pest and disease control in nursery

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify common nursery pests and diseases
- Apply control measures
- Develop vigilance in crop protection

- Scout for pests and diseases in nursery
- Apply appropriate control measures
- Keep records of pest occurrences

What are common problems affecting seedlings in the nursery?

- Nursery beds
- Pesticides
- Knapsack sprayer
- Safety equipment
- Record books

- Observation - Record assessment - Safety compliance

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Preparing main field

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare main field for transplanting
- Make planting holes at correct spacing
- Show attention to detail

- Carry out land preparation on main field
- Mark planting positions
- Make transplanting holes

How do management practices influence crop productivity?

- School farm
- Jembe
- String
- Pegs
- Measuring tape
- Garden trowel

- Practical observation - Spacing accuracy - Quality assessment

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Hardening seedlings
Growing Selected Crop - Transplanting seedlings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the hardening process
- Harden seedlings appropriately
- Appreciate importance of hardening
- Transplant seedlings correctly
- Handle seedlings carefully
- Develop practical transplanting skills

- Reduce watering and shade gradually
- Expose seedlings to outdoor conditions
- Monitor seedling response
- Lift seedlings carefully from nursery
- Transplant to main field at correct depth
- Water transplanted seedlings

Why is hardening necessary before transplanting?
What is the best time of day for transplanting?

- Nursery beds
- Shade materials
- Watering cans
- Observation sheets
- Seedlings
- Garden trowel
- Watering cans
- Main field
- Transplanting board

- Observation - Progress monitoring - Oral assessment
- Practical assessment - Performance evaluation - Survival rate check

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Gap filling and thinning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify gaps in the field
- Carry out gap filling
- Show responsibility in crop management

- Identify dead or weak seedlings
- Replace with healthy seedlings
- Thin overcrowded areas if necessary

How soon should gap filling be done after transplanting?

- Spare seedlings
- Garden trowel
- Watering cans
- School farm

- Observation - Practical assessment - Field uniformity check

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Watering and irrigation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine crop water requirements
- Apply water efficiently
- Appreciate water conservation

- Water crops at appropriate intervals
- Use efficient watering methods
- Monitor soil moisture

How much water do different crops need?

- Watering equipment
- Water source
- Irrigation system (if available)
- School farm

- Practical observation - Water use efficiency - Crop response

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Weeding and mulching

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Carry out weeding in crop field
- Apply mulch around crops
- Show diligence in field maintenance

- Identify and remove weeds
- Apply organic mulch
- Maintain weed-free environment

Why is regular weeding important for crop growth?

- Hand hoe
- Panga
- Mulching materials
- School farm
- Wheelbarrow

- Practical assessment - Quality of weeding - Observation

Crop Production

Growing Selected Crop - Staking and supporting
Growing Selected Crop - Pest and disease management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Install stakes for crops
- Tie plants to supports correctly
- Develop skills in crop support
- Scout for pests and diseases
- Apply integrated pest management
- Show commitment to crop health

- Install stakes beside plants
- Tie plants using appropriate materials
- Ensure plants grow upright
- Identify common pests and diseases
- Apply control measures (cultural, biological, chemical)
- Keep management records

Which crops require staking and why?
How can we manage pests without harming the environment?

- Stakes
- String/raffia
- Hammer
- Scissors
- School farm
- Scouting tools
- Pesticides
- Knapsack sprayer
- Safety equipment
- Record books

- Practical observation - Staking quality - Plant support adequacy
- Observation - Record assessment - Effectiveness evaluation