Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on Raised Platforms - Types of raised platforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify types of raised platforms used in performing tasks
- Describe the characteristics of different raised platforms
- Appreciate the importance of raised platforms in daily tasks

- Walk around the school to explore types of raised platforms
- Brainstorm on types used in day-to-day life and make freehand sketches
- Study pictures and discuss characteristics of raised platforms
- Match raised platforms to their appropriate uses

What types of raised platforms are commonly used in our locality?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 2
- Chart on raised platforms
- Actual raised platforms
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Sketches

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on Raised Platforms - Risks associated with working on raised platforms
Safety on Raised Platforms - Ways of minimizing risks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify risks associated with working on raised platforms
- Describe common risks including electrocution, falls and injuries
- Show concern for safety when working at heights

- Discuss risks involved in working on raised platforms during rain, under power lines, using old equipment
- Search for information on hazards from print or digital media
- Discuss risks: electrocution, falls from weak/slippery/unstable platforms, accidents from overloading
- Compile list of identified risks

What risks are associated with working on raised platforms?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 5
- Print media (textbooks, safety manuals)
- Digital devices with internet
- Safety charts
- Exercise books and pens
pg. 7
- Marker pens and Manila paper
- Safety guidelines charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Oral tests - Observation - Written tests

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on Raised Platforms - Safety precautions for different scenarios
Safety on Raised Platforms - Regular inspections and appropriate equipment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe safety precautions when working on raised platforms
- Demonstrate proper safety practices
- Show responsibility regarding workplace safety

- Discuss safety precautions for firefighters using ladders, masons on trestles, librarians using steps
- Examine safety measures for electricians on raised platforms
- Role-play safety practices for working on raised platforms
- Write down safety measures discussed

What safety precautions should workers observe when using raised platforms?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 8
- Ladder, workbench, stand, trestle
- Personal protective equipment (PPEs)
- Safety manuals
- Manila paper and marker pens
- Various raised platforms
- Personal protective equipment
- Inspection checklists
- Safety data sheets

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on Raised Platforms - Safe work practices and procedures
Safety on Raised Platforms - Observing safety at the workplace

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate safe work practices when using raised platforms
- Follow safety guidelines correctly
- Value adherence to safety procedures

- Study safety guidelines before using platforms
- Ensure platforms are in good working condition and placed on even surface
- Practice using most appropriate platform for specific tasks
- Demonstrate proper setup and use procedures

How do we ensure safe work practices when using raised platforms?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 9
- Various raised platforms
- PPEs
- Safety guidelines
- Digital resources
- Relevant PPEs
- Exercise books and pens
- Visit to local workplaces
- Digital devices for recording

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on Raised Platforms - Importance of observing safety measures
Handling Hazardous Substances - Hazardous substances in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of observing safety measures
- Relate safety practices to accident prevention
- Appreciate the need for observing safety while working on raised platforms

- Discuss importance of safety compliance in preventing accidents and injuries
- Examine consequences of not observing safety measures
- Study benefits of proper training and use of PPE
- Reflect on safety practices learned

What is the importance of observing safety when working on raised platforms?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 9
- Safety charts
- Case studies on accidents
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
pg. 10
- Pictures of hazardous substances
- Digital devices with internet
- Textbooks or journals
- Safety data sheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests - Self-reflection

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Classifying hazardous substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Classify hazardous substances as poisonous, flammable or corrosive
- Give examples of each category
- Show responsibility in handling hazardous materials

- Discuss and identify poisonous substances (pesticides, microorganisms, aerosols)
- Identify flammable substances (LPG, gasoline, kerosene, paint)
- Recognize corrosive substances (acids and bases)
- Draw table to classify hazardous substances and present

How are hazardous substances classified?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 13
- List of hazardous substances
- Manila paper
- Felt pen, ruler, pencil
- Exercise books

- Written tests - Practical work - Observation

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Properties of poisonous, flammable and corrosive substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain properties of poisonous, flammable and corrosive substances
- Describe how each type affects health and environment
- Appreciate the dangers of hazardous materials

- Study chemical, biological substances and aerosols as poisonous substances
- Examine flammable liquids and gases, and concept of flash point
- Discuss corrosive substances and their effects on materials and tissue
- Give examples of each type from Table 1.1

What makes a substance poisonous, flammable or corrosive?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 14
- Clean, empty containers of hazardous substances
- Safety labels
- Digital devices
- Charts showing hazard symbols

- Oral tests - Written tests - Observation

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Safe handling practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe safe ways of handling hazardous substances
- Explain safety protocols for protection
- Value personal and environmental safety

- Discuss how to protect self, others and environment when handling hazardous substances
- Examine proper storage methods and importance of labeling containers
- Study ventilation requirements and not eating/drinking when handling substances
- Discuss reading safety instructions and reporting concerns

How can hazardous substances be handled safely?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 15
- Exercise books and pens
- Safety data sheets
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Personal protective equipment
Handling Hazardous Substances - Reading and interpreting safety instructions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify appropriate PPE for handling hazardous substances
- Explain the importance of using PPE
- Demonstrate responsible use of safety equipment

- Study various PPEs: overalls, gas masks, gloves, aprons, footwear, glasses, face shields
- Discuss when to use each type of PPE
- Practice wearing appropriate PPE
- Examine importance of marking and labeling containers and storage requirements

What personal protective equipment is needed when handling hazardous substances?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 15
- Various PPEs (overalls, gloves, gas masks, gumboots)
- Safety manuals
- Charts showing PPE usage
- Clean containers
pg. 16
- Clean, empty containers of hazardous substances
- Safety data sheets
- Manuals of electrical equipment
- PPEs

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Practical safe handling demonstrations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate safe handling of hazardous substances
- Practice proper storage and disposal procedures
- Show responsibility in hazardous substance management

- Wear protective equipment and demonstrate safe handling using clean empty containers
- Practice reading and interpreting safety instructions
- Demonstrate closing containers tightly and proper storage methods
- Show proper disposal of empty containers and practice handwashing
- Use checklist to record safe practices

How do we practice safe handling of hazardous substances?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 17
- Safety data sheets
- Personal protective equipment
- Clean, empty containers
- Soap and water
- Checklist

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics - Checklist

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Safe disposal methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe proper disposal methods for hazardous substances
- Explain importance of proper disposal
- Value environmental protection when disposing hazardous materials

- Discuss proper disposal methods for different types of hazardous substances
- Study disposal instructions on safety labels and data sheets
- Practice demonstrating safe disposal procedures
- Examine environmental impacts of improper disposal

What are the proper methods for disposing hazardous substances?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 17
- Safety data sheets
- Clean containers
- Disposal guidelines
- PPEs
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical work

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Importance of safe handling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of safe handling of hazardous substances
- Describe consequences of improper handling
- Appreciate the need for observing safety when handling hazardous substances

- Visit different places (workshop, kitchen, laboratory, farm) with teacher guidance
- Identify hazardous substances and observe safety measures practiced
- Find out harm substances can cause to people and environment
- Discuss proper disposal methods and make notes

Why is it important to practice safe handling of hazardous substances?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 18
- Exercise books and pens
- Appropriate PPEs
- Access to local workplaces
- Digital devices for recording

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-Exploration and Career Development - Ways of nurturing talents and abilities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain ways of nurturing talents and abilities
- Identify personal strengths and interests
- Value the importance of developing talents for self-development

- Let each group member mention their talents and explain how they discovered them
- Discuss people who earn living through talents (athletes, musicians, dancers)
- Examine ways of nurturing talents: identifying strengths, exposure, resources, practice, mentorship
- Display talents through clubs and societies

How can we nurture talents and abilities?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 20
- Exercise books and pens
- Chart on career pathways
- Success stories
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Self assessment - Practical work

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-Exploration and Career Development - Opportunities for talent development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe opportunities for developing talents and abilities
- Explain the role of resources and support systems
- Appreciate support available for talent nurturing

- Discuss providing variety of experiences (co-curricular activities, workshops)
- Examine use of role models and mentors
- Study exploration opportunities (festivals, museums, galleries, concerts) and providing resources
- Discuss fostering positive environment and promoting balance

What opportunities help in nurturing talents and abilities?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 22
- Information on talent development programs
- Digital devices
- Charts showing pathways
- Success stories

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-Exploration and Career Development - Relating talents to career pathways

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Relate talents and abilities to career pathways
- Identify career pathways that match personal talents
- Appreciate the connection between talents and future careers

- Study chart showing different career pathways
- Identify career pathway for learners with specific talents (Arts and Sports Science, STEM, Social Sciences)
- List down personal talents and abilities
- Match talents to appropriate career pathways using Table 1.4

Which career pathway relates to your talents and abilities?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 24
- Chart on career pathways
- Exercise books and pens
- Table showing relationship between talents and careers
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Self assessment

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-Exploration and Career Development - Ethical practices in pursuing careers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Analyze ethical practices related to use of talents and abilities
- Explain how ethics contribute to career success
- Show integrity in pursuing career goals

- Discuss how hard work, discipline, honesty, integrity, self-confidence, respect help career success
- Examine people who succeeded in athletics, music, games due to good ethics
- Study ethical practices that made individuals succeed
- Write notes on how ethical practices lead to success

Why are ethical practices important in career development?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 25
- Exercise books and pens
- Case studies of successful individuals
- Digital resources
- Charts showing ethical practices

- Oral questions - Written tests - Case study analysis

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-Exploration and Career Development - Unethical practices to avoid
Self-Exploration and Career Development - Choosing a career based on talents and abilities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify unethical practices that can ruin careers
- Explain consequences of unethical behavior
- Value ethical behavior in career development

- Mention unethical practices to avoid
- Discuss how doping, indecent dressing, false information, bribing ruin careers
- Study Table 1.5 showing unethical practices for different talents
- Examine specific examples for athletes, musicians, journalists, photographers

What unethical practices should be avoided when pursuing a career?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 26
- Exercise books and pens
- Table 1.5 on unethical practices
- Digital resources
- Case studies
pg. 27
- Career guidance materials
- Table for talents and careers

- Written tests - Observation - Case study analysis

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-Exploration and Career Development - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Review key concepts on self-exploration and career development
- Apply knowledge of talents, ethics and career pathways
- Demonstrate understanding of career planning

- Review ways of nurturing talents and relating talents to career pathways
- Discuss ethical and unethical practices in careers
- Complete assessment exercises
- Reflect on learning and career choices

How does self-exploration help in career development?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 27
- Assessment materials
- Charts and summaries
- Digital resources
- Exercise books

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Characteristics of oblique drawing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the characteristics of oblique drawing in technical fields
- Identify features of oblique projection
- Appreciate the application of oblique drawing in technical communication

- Study images representing oblique drawings and discuss characteristics
- Study a box and discuss faces, edges, corners visible
- Use digital devices or print media to search for characteristics
- Discuss front face, main axes, angle showing depth, cavalier and cabinet projection

What are the characteristics of oblique drawing?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 30
- Writing materials
- Technical drawing magazines/journals
- Digital devices with internet
- Box or cube samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Axes, dimensions and types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the three axes used in oblique projection
- Distinguish between cavalier and cabinet projection
- Show interest in learning technical drawing principles

- Study how oblique drawing emphasizes front face along horizontal plane at 45°
- Examine three axes (OZ at 90°, OX and OY at 135°) of unequal dimensions
- Compare cavalier projection (depth at full scale) with cabinet (depth at half scale)
- Study examples showing differences between types

How are axes arranged and what are the types of oblique projection?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 33
- Drawing papers
- Pencils and erasers
- Set squares and rulers
- Charts showing axes and types

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Sketching in oblique projection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Sketch given drawings in oblique projection
- Apply freehand sketching techniques
- Show creativity in technical drawing

- Sketch horizontal baseline and perpendicular lines to create square face
- Sketch arc across angle and diagonal line at 45° to form depth
- Complete oblique square box sketch
- Sketch rectangular brick in oblique projection

How do we sketch drawings in oblique projection?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 35
- Chart with oblique objects drawn by freehand
- Drawing paper
- Well-sharpened pencils
- Erasers

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Using oblique grid paper and instruments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use oblique grid paper for sketching
- Identify instruments in geometrical set for oblique drawing
- Appreciate tools that facilitate oblique drawing

- Study oblique grid paper features (vertical lines at 90°, horizontal at 180°, diagonal at 45°)
- Practice sketching on oblique grid paper
- Discuss instruments: ruler, set square, compass, protractor
- Examine 45° set square and its predetermined angle

How do oblique grid paper and instruments help in drawing?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 36
- Oblique grid paper
- Geometrical set
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing instruments

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Drawing a square brick in cabinet projection (Part 1)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Draw horizontal and vertical lines accurately
- Use ruler and set square correctly
- Show precision in technical drawing

- Draw horizontal line (AB) and mark centre (O)
- Use 45° set square to draw perpendicular line (OC) 5cm high
- Draw another vertical line (DE) parallel to OC, 5cm apart
- Draw line EC (5cm) to complete square

How do we begin drawing a square brick in cabinet projection?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 38
- Drawing paper
- Ruler, pencil and eraser
- 45° set square
- Examples of completed drawings

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Drawing a square brick in cabinet projection (Part 2)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Draw diagonal lines to show depth
- Complete cabinet projection of square brick
- Demonstrate accuracy in technical drawing

- Use 45° set square to draw diagonal lines (OF, CG, EH) each 5cm long
- Measure and mark midpoints X, Y, Z of lines to create cabinet image
- Join midpoints with horizontal line
- Complete brick and erase construction marks, make main lines bold

How do we complete the cabinet projection of a square brick?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 39
- Drawing paper
- Ruler, pencil and eraser
- 45° set square
- Examples of completed brick

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Drawing a horizontal cylinder
Oblique Projection - Drawing a triangular prism (Part 1)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use compass to draw circles for cylinder
- Draw horizontal cylinder in oblique projection
- Show skill in using drawing instruments

- Draw horizontal line (AB) 6cm long and mark midpoint O
- Use compass with radius 3cm to draw circle at O
- Use 45° set square to draw diagonal line OC (8cm) and mark midpoint X
- Draw another circle at X with radius 3cm, join edges with straight lines
- Delete construction marks and make cylinder lines bolder

How do we draw a horizontal cylinder in oblique projection?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 40
- Drawing paper
- Ruler, pencil and eraser
- Compass
- 45° set square
pg. 41
- Protractor
- Set square

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Drawing a triangular prism (Part 2)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Draw depth of triangular prism
- Complete oblique projection of prism
- Demonstrate accuracy in technical drawing

- Place protractor at point B and measure 45°, draw diagonal line BC 6cm
- Slide set square along vertical line and draw horizontal line EC
- Measure and mark point D 2.5cm from C, draw vertical line DJ 4cm
- Draw lines EJ and CJ, delete construction marks and bold main lines

How do we complete the triangular prism in cavalier projection?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 42
- Drawing paper
- Ruler, pencil and eraser
- Protractor and set square
- Completed examples

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Practice drawing various objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Draw various shaped blocks in oblique projection
- Apply oblique projection techniques independently
- Value the application of oblique projection in drawing

- Practice drawing different shaped blocks using learned techniques
- Draw objects in both cavalier and cabinet projection
- Compare and contrast the two types of projection
- Complete practice exercises

How do we apply oblique projection to draw different objects?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 43
- Drawing paper
- Complete geometrical set
- Pencils and erasers
- Practice worksheets

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics - Portfolio

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Application in technical communication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain applications of oblique projection in technical fields
- Relate oblique projection to various careers
- Appreciate the importance of oblique drawing in technical communication

- Discuss careers where oblique projection is applied (engineering, architecture, design)
- Use digital devices or print media to search for importance
- Study how it shows dimension, proportion, details and helps sketch ideas
- Examine use in explaining complex concepts and project proposals

How is oblique projection used in technical fields?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 46
- Digital devices with internet
- Print media with technical drawings
- Career brochures
- Examples from engineering

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Review key concepts of oblique projection
- Apply oblique projection techniques in assessment
- Demonstrate understanding of oblique drawing

- Review characteristics and types of oblique projection
- Practice drawing matchbox in cavalier and cabinet projection
- Identify projection type from given images
- Complete assessment exercises and reflect on learning

Why is oblique projection important in technical communication?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 47
- Drawing paper
- Complete geometrical set
- Assessment sheets
- Examples of various objects

- Practical work - Written tests - Rubrics - Self-reflection

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Oblique Projection - Advanced practice and portfolio

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create portfolio of oblique drawings
- Demonstrate mastery of oblique projection techniques
- Show creativity and precision in technical drawing

- Create portfolio with various oblique drawings (cavalier and cabinet)
- Draw complex shaped objects in oblique projection
- Label drawings correctly with dimensions
- Present portfolio for assessment

How do we create a comprehensive portfolio of oblique drawings?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 47
- Drawing paper
- Complete geometrical set
- Portfolio folder
- Assessment rubric

- Portfolio - Practical work - Rubrics - Presentation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Materials for Production

Oblique Projection - Final assessment and reflection
Wood - Types of wood

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Complete final assessment on oblique projection
- Evaluate own learning and progress
- Appreciate the value of oblique projection skills

- Complete comprehensive assessment covering all aspects of oblique projection
- Self-evaluate progress in learning oblique drawing
- Reflect on challenges and achievements
- Discuss real-world applications of skills learned

What have we learned about oblique projection?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 47
- Assessment materials
- Self-evaluation forms
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 72
- Digital devices
- Samples of hardwood and softwood
- Charts showing various types of wood

- Written tests - Practical work - Self-assessment - Reflection

Materials for Production

Wood - Classification of wood
Wood - Density and grain patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Classify wood according to physical characteristics
- Use a checklist to sort wood as either softwood or hardwood
- Appreciate the differences between hardwood and softwood

- Use a checklist to sort wood as either softwood or hardwood
- Study photographs showing various types of wood
- Complete a table comparing physical characteristics of wood

How can we classify wood based on its physical characteristics?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 72
- Various pieces of wood
- Checklists
- Photos of hardwood and softwood
- Wood samples with visible grain
- Magnifying glasses
- Reference books

- Practical work - Observation - Written tests

Materials for Production

Wood - Wood preparation: Conversion
Wood - Wood preparation: Seasoning
Wood - Uses of hardwood

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of wood conversion
- Describe how wood is converted into timber using sawmills
- Recognize the importance of wood preparation

- Discuss the process of converting wood into timber
- Use print or digital media to search for information on conversion methods
- Watch videos on sawmill operations

How is wood converted from logs into usable timber?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 74
- Digital devices
- Video clips on sawmills
- Pictures of timber conversion
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 75
- Digital resources
- Charts on wood seasoning
- Samples of seasoned wood
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 76
- Hardwood samples
- Furniture items
- Charts and pictures

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Materials for Production

Wood - Uses of softwood
Wood - Importance of wood in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify uses of softwood in different industries
- Explain why softwood is suitable for construction
- Show appreciation for the versatility of softwood

- Brainstorm on the uses of softwood in different trades
- Visit the locality to explore the uses of wood
- Discuss uses in construction, paper making, and packaging

How is softwood used differently from hardwood?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 77
- Softwood samples
- Construction materials
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 78
- Reference books
- Digital devices
- Charts showing wood uses

- Observation - Practical work - Written tests

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Types of waste materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify waste materials found in the environment
- Categorize waste materials by type (plastic, glass, metal, paper)
- Show awareness of waste in the environment

- Walk around the school compound to identify waste materials
- Study photographs showing various types of waste
- Discuss types of waste found in home and school

What types of waste materials are found in our environment?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 82
- Charts showing waste types
- Gloves and masks
- Waste bins

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Electronic and construction waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify electronic waste and construction waste
- Explain sources of different waste types
- Appreciate the need to properly identify waste

- Identify electronic waste (computers, phones, appliances)
- Discuss construction waste materials
- Visit places around school to identify various types of waste

How do we distinguish between different categories of waste?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of electronic waste
- Construction waste samples
- Digital resources

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Safe handling methods: Composting
Handling Waste Materials - Safe handling methods: The 3Rs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the composting process
- Identify organic waste suitable for composting
- Demonstrate composting techniques

- Use print or digital media to search for information on composting
- Discuss how to convert organic waste into manure
- Practice piling organic waste for composting

What is composting and why is it important?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 84
- Organic waste materials
- Compost pit
- Digital devices
- Gloves and masks
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 85
- Recyclable materials
- Charts on 3Rs
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Incineration and landfills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the incineration process
- Explain how landfills are used for waste disposal
- Understand safety considerations in these methods

- Discuss safe ways of handling waste through controlled burning
- Learn about landfill design and use
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of different methods

When should incineration or landfills be used for waste disposal?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 84
- Pictures of incinerators
- Digital resources
- Charts on waste disposal
- PPEs

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Bio-digestion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the bio-digestion process
- Identify organic materials suitable for bio-digestion
- Appreciate bio-digestion as a sustainable waste solution

- Discuss anaerobic digestion process
- Learn about biogas production
- Visit or observe a biodigester in operation

How does bio-digestion convert waste into useful products?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of biodigesters
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Recycling waste materials
Handling Waste Materials - Importance of proper waste management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Collect recyclable materials from the locality
- Make items from recycled waste materials
- Show creativity in recycling projects

- Collect recyclable waste materials with proper PPEs
- Brainstorm on items to make using waste materials
- Make items such as spirit lamps or flower vases

What useful items can we create from waste materials?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 86
- Recyclable materials
- Tools for making items
- Gloves and aprons
- Waste bins
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 88
- Well-labelled dustbins
- PPEs
- Mop and bucket
- Digital resources

- Practical work - Project - Observation