Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - General structure.
Structure of the atom - Meaning of an atom

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the general structure of an atom
- Identify the subatomic particles in an atom
- Show interest in exploring the structure of atoms

- Observe a diagram showing the structure of an atom
- Discuss in groups the general structure of atoms
- Identify the particles shown in the atom

How is the structure of the atom important?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 1)
- Charts showing structure of an atom
- Digital resources
- Models of atoms
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 2)
- Charts showing structure of atoms

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Atomic number
Structure of the atom - Mass number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define atomic number of elements
- Determine the atomic number of given elements
- Appreciate the significance of atomic number in classifying elements

- Complete a table showing atomic numbers of elements
- Compare atomic numbers of different elements
- Discuss the significance of atomic numbers

How is the structure of the atom important?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 3)
- Periodic table
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 4)
- Charts showing atomic structure

- Observation - Written work - Peer assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Representation of elements
Structure of the atom - Energy levels

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write chemical symbols with atomic and mass numbers
- Interpret chemical symbols with atomic and mass numbers
- Appreciate the importance of standard atomic notation

- Complete a table showing representation of elements
- Practice writing chemical symbols with atomic and mass numbers
- Interpret given chemical symbols

How is the structure of the atom important?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 5)
- Periodic table
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 6)
- Charts showing energy levels
- Models

- Observation - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Electron arrangement
Structure of the atom - Electron arrangements of elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe electron arrangement in atoms
- Draw electron arrangement diagrams for different elements
- Show interest in understanding electron configurations

- Search for information on electron arrangement of elements
- Discuss the organization of electrons in energy levels
- Draw electron arrangement diagrams for various elements

How is the structure of the atom important?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 6)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing electron arrangements
- Models
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 7)

- Observation - Practical work - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Energy level diagrams
Structure of the atom - Electron arrangement practice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Interpret energy level diagrams
- Draw energy level diagrams for different elements
- Show interest in representing atomic structures

- Study energy level diagrams in the course book
- Practice drawing energy level diagrams
- Discuss the meaning of energy level diagrams

How is the structure of the atom important?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 7)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing energy level diagrams
- Models
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 8)
- Periodic table
- Exercise sheets

- Observation - Practical work - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Modelling structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create models of atomic structures
- Identify suitable materials for modelling atomic structures
- Show creativity in making models of atomic structures

- Observe different models of atomic structures
- Identify materials for modelling atoms
- Create models of atomic structures in groups

How is the structure of the atom important?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 8)
- Locally available materials
- Digital resources
- Sample models

- Observation - Project work - Peer assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Metals and non-metals identification
Structure of the atom - Metals and non-metals classification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify metals and non-metals using electron arrangement
- Explain the relationship between outer electrons and metallic properties
- Show interest in classifying elements

- Study examples of elements with their electron arrangements
- Identify patterns in electron arrangements of metals and non-metals
- Classify given elements as metals or non-metals

How is the structure of the atom important?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 9)
- Digital resources
- Periodic table
- Charts showing electron arrangements
- Charts showing classification of elements

- Observation - Written work - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Assessment
Metals and Alloys - Identifying metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw atomic structures accurately
- Solve problems related to atomic structure
- Show confidence in applying knowledge of atomic structure

- Answer assessment questions on atomic structure
- Complete model drawing activities
- Solve problems related to electron arrangement

How is the structure of the atom important?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 10)
- Assessment items
- Digital resources
- Models
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 15)
- Samples of metallic and non-metallic items
- Pictures

- Written tests - Practical assessment - Observation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Classification of materials
Metals and Alloys - Physical properties (state)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify different materials into metals and non-metals
- Explain reasons for classification based on observable properties
- Show interest in materials in the environment

- Walk around the school compound to observe materials
- Classify observed materials as metallic or non-metallic
- Record findings and share with classmates

How are alloys important in day-to-day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 15)
- Samples of different materials
- Digital resources
- Worksheets
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 16)
- Samples of different metals
- Charts

- Observation - Field activity - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Malleability
Metals and Alloys - Ductility

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the malleability of different metals
- Explain the property of malleability in metals
- Observe safety measures when investigating metal properties

- Carry out an investigation on malleability of different metals
- Record observations when metals are hammered
- Compare the malleability of different metals

How are alloys important in day-to-day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 17)
- Samples of different metals
- Hammer or mallet
- Safety equipment
- Metal wires
- Pliers

- Observation - Practical work - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Electrical conductivity
Metals and Alloys - Thermal conductivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the electrical conductivity of different metals
- Explain why metals conduct electricity
- Show interest in investigating electrical properties of metals

- Set up simple circuits to test electrical conductivity
- Record observations on how different metals conduct electricity
- Compare the electrical conductivity of different metals

How are alloys important in day-to-day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 18)
- Simple circuit components
- Metal samples
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 19)
- Heat source
- Candle wax or cooking fat

- Observation - Practical work - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Causes of rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate causes of rusting in iron
- Explain conditions necessary for rusting to occur
- Appreciate the importance of understanding rusting

- Set up experiments to investigate rusting
- Record observations on rusting under different conditions
- Discuss factors that cause rusting

How are alloys important in day-to-day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 20)
- Iron nails
- Test tubes
- Water and oil
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical work - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Effects of rusting
Metals and Alloys - Control of rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify effects of rusting on metal items
- Explain how rusting affects the usefulness of metals
- Show concern about effects of rusting in the environment

- Observe pictures of rusted items
- Discuss effects of rusting on different items
- Walk around to observe effects of rusting on items

How are alloys important in day-to-day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 21)
- Pictures of rusted items
- Actual rusted items
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 22)
- Items with rust prevention
- Pictures

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Investigating rusting
Metals and Alloys - Uses of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Carry out an investigation on rusting in the environment
- Record observations on rusted items
- Show concern about the effects of rusting

- Walk around the school or neighborhood to observe rusted items
- Record observations on rusted items
- Write a report on effects of rusting

How are alloys important in day-to-day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 22)
- Camera (if available)
- Observation sheets
- Rusted items
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 23)
- Digital resources
- Pictures showing uses of metals
- Charts

- Observation - Field activity - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Identifying alloys
Metals and Alloys - Alloys in locality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify items made from alloys in the locality
- Explain why certain items are made from alloys
- Show interest in exploring uses of alloys

- Observe pictures of items made from alloys
- Discuss why certain items are made from alloys
- Identify items made from alloys in the school

How are alloys important in day-to-day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 24)
- Samples of items made from alloys
- Digital resources
- Pictures
- Items made from alloys
- Camera (if available)

- Observation - Oral questions - Project work

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Composition of alloys
Metals and Alloys - Uses of alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the composition of common alloys
- Identify metals used to make different alloys
- Show interest in understanding alloy composition

- Observe pictures of different alloys
- Search for information on composition of common alloys
- Present findings on alloy composition

How are alloys important in day-to-day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 25)
- Digital resources
- Pictures of different alloys
- Charts
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 26)
- Pictures showing uses of alloys

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Observing alloy uses
Metals and Alloys - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe uses of alloys in the locality
- Explain advantages of using alloys for specific purposes
- Show interest in applications of alloys

- Walk around the school or locality to observe uses of alloys
- Record observations on uses of alloys
- Discuss findings with classmates

How are alloys important in day-to-day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 27)
- Observation sheets
- Items made from alloys
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 32)
- Assessment items
- Samples of metals and alloys

- Observation - Field activity - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Physical properties
Water hardness - Water sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Collect water samples from different sources
- Compare water from different sources
- Appreciate the variety of water sources in the locality

- Tour the locality to observe water sources
- Collect water samples from different sources
- Compare water samples in terms of appearance, odor, taste and boiling point

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 33)
- Water samples from different sources
- Containers for samples
- Charts
- Water samples
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical work - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Colour and odour

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the colour and odour of clean water
- Distinguish between clean and dirty water
- Show interest in water quality

- Discuss the colour and odour of water from different sources
- Observe the colour of water in a clear container
- Compare the colour and odour of different water samples

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 34)
- Water samples
- Clear containers
- White paper

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Investigating color and odor
Water hardness - Boiling point

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the color and odor of different water samples
- Record observations on water characteristics
- Appreciate the importance of clean water

- Carry out experiments to test color and odor of water samples
- Record observations in a table
- Draw conclusions about water quality based on observations

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 34)
- Water samples
- Clear containers
- White paper
- Worksheets
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 35)
- Thermometer
- Heat source
- Beaker
- Water

- Observation - Practical work - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Hard and soft water
Water hardness - Differences

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between hard and soft water
- Explain the difference in lathering ability
- Show interest in investigating water properties

- Compare lathering of soap in different water samples
- Distinguish between hard and soft water based on lathering
- Discuss differences between hard and soft water

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 36)
- Soap
- Water samples
- Beakers
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 37)
- Charts

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Advantages of soft water
Water hardness - Hard water advantages

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify advantages of soft water
- Debate on uses of soft water
- Appreciate the value of soft water in certain applications

- Debate on advantages of soft water
- Discuss benefits of using soft water for cleaning
- Research advantages of soft water

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 38)
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Debate materials
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 39)
- Research materials

- Observation - Debate assessment - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Methods of softening
Water hardness - Boiling method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify methods of softening hard water
- Explain different water softening processes
- Show interest in water treatment methods

- Search for information on methods of softening hard water
- Discuss different methods of water softening
- Summarize findings on water softening methods

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 40)
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Water samples
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 41)
- Hard water samples
- Heat source
- Beakers
- Soap

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Chemical method
Water hardness - Distillation method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate how to soften hard water using chemicals
- Explain how chemicals remove hardness
- Show care when handling chemicals

- Carry out experiment to soften hard water using chemicals
- Test lathering ability before and after treatment
- Explain observations from the experiment

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 42)
- Hard water samples
- Washing soda
- Beakers
- Soap
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 44)
- Distillation apparatus
- Heat source

- Observation - Practical work - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of hard and soft water in daily life
- Match water types to their appropriate uses
- Appreciate the different uses of water based on hardness

- Search for information on applications of hard and soft water
- Discuss practical uses of different water types
- Match water types to specific applications

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 45)
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Pictures of water applications

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments