Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Balancing Chemical Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State the law of conservation of mass
- Balance simple chemical equations
- Show accuracy in balancing equations

- Discuss the law of conservation of mass
- Practise balancing chemical equations
- Verify balanced equations by counting atoms

Why must chemical equations be balanced?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Worksheets on balancing equations
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Problem-solving tasks - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Balancing Equations (Practice)
Chemical Bonding - Why Atoms Bond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Balance equations involving various types of reactions
- Write balanced equations from word descriptions
- Develop confidence in writing chemical equations

- Write balanced chemical equations for simple reactions
- Convert word equations to balanced symbol equations
- Present solutions to peers for verification

How do we balance different types of chemical equations?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Worksheets
- Periodic table
- Periodic table
- Charts showing atomic stability

- Written exercises - Peer assessment - Problem-solving tasks

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Types of Chemical Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Formation of Ionic Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify different types of chemical bonds
- Distinguish between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds
- Appreciate the diversity of chemical bonding

- Brainstorm on different types of chemical bonds
- Watch videos on types of chemical bonds
- Create a comparison chart of bond types

What are the different types of chemical bonds?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on chemical bonding
- Internet access
- Animations on ionic bonding
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Sodium Chloride
Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Magnesium Oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe ionic bond formation in sodium chloride
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for NaCl
- Show accuracy in representing ionic compounds

- Discuss ionic bond formation in NaCl
- Draw dot and cross diagrams showing electron transfer
- Present diagrams to peers for discussion

How is the ionic bond in sodium chloride formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing NaCl formation
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Calcium Chloride
Chemical Bonding - Properties of Ionic Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe ionic bond formation in calcium chloride
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for CaCl₂
- Demonstrate understanding of bonding ratios

- Discuss ionic bond formation in CaCl₂
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for calcium chloride
- Explain why the ratio is 1:2 in CaCl₂

Why does calcium chloride have the formula CaCl₂?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing CaCl₂ formation
- Samples of ionic compounds
- Laboratory equipment

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Electrical Conductivity of Ionic Compounds
Chemical Bonding - Giant Ionic Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain electrical conductivity of ionic compounds
- Distinguish conductivity in solid and molten states
- Show interest in investigating ionic properties

- Carry out experiments to test conductivity of ionic compounds
- Compare conductivity in solid, molten, and aqueous states
- Record and discuss observations

Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Sodium chloride
- Conductivity apparatus
- Digital devices
- Animations on ionic structures
- Models of ionic crystals

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Modelling Ionic Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Construct models of ionic structures
- Use locally available materials to represent ionic crystals
- Show creativity in modelling chemical structures

- Use locally available materials to model NaCl structure
- Construct 3D models showing ion arrangement
- Display and explain models to peers

How can we represent the structure of ionic compounds using models?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Locally available materials
- Modelling clay
- Beads of different colours

- Practical assessment - Project work - Peer assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Formation of Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define covalent bonding
- Explain how covalent bonds are formed
- Relate covalent bonding to electron sharing

- Discuss the formation of covalent bonds
- Research on electron sharing between atoms
- Compare covalent and ionic bond formation

How are covalent bonds formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Animations on covalent bonding
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Single Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe single covalent bond formation
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for molecules with single bonds
- Show accuracy in representing covalent molecules

- Discuss single covalent bond formation in H₂, Cl₂, and HCl
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for simple molecules
- Present diagrams to peers for discussion

What is a single covalent bond and how is it represented?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing covalent bonds

- Written exercises - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bonding in Water and Ammonia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe covalent bonding in water and ammonia
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for H₂O and NH₃
- Appreciate molecular shapes in covalent compounds

- Discuss covalent bond formation in water
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for H₂O and NH₃
- Compare bonding in water and ammonia

How are covalent bonds formed in water and ammonia molecules?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Molecular models

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bonding in Methane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe covalent bonding in methane
- Draw dot and cross diagram for CH₄
- Relate bonding to carbon's tetravalency

- Discuss covalent bond formation in methane
- Draw dot and cross diagram for CH₄
- Research on the tetrahedral shape of methane

How is the covalent bonding in methane formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Molecular models

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Double Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe double covalent bond formation
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for molecules with double bonds
- Distinguish between single and double bonds

- Discuss double covalent bond formation in O₂ and CO₂
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for O₂ and CO₂
- Compare single and double covalent bonds

What is a double covalent bond and how does it differ from a single bond?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing double bonds

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Triple Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe triple covalent bond formation
- Draw dot and cross diagram for nitrogen molecule
- Appreciate the strength of multiple bonds

- Discuss triple covalent bond formation in N₂
- Draw dot and cross diagram for N₂
- Compare single, double, and triple covalent bonds

How is the triple bond in nitrogen formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing triple bonds

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Dative (Coordinate) Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define dative or coordinate bonding
- Explain how dative bonds are formed
- Draw diagrams showing dative bond formation

- Discuss the formation of dative bonds
- Research on examples of dative bonding
- Draw diagrams showing dative bond in ammonium ion

What is a dative bond and how is it formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Physical Properties of Simple Covalent Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe physical properties of simple covalent compounds
- Explain low melting and boiling points of covalent compounds
- Relate properties to weak intermolecular forces

- Research on properties of covalent compounds
- Compare properties of ionic and covalent compounds
- Investigate physical states of covalent substances

Why do simple covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of covalent compounds
- Laboratory equipment

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Practical assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Electrical Conductivity of Covalent Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain electrical conductivity of covalent compounds
- Describe why most covalent compounds do not conduct electricity
- Show interest in comparing ionic and covalent properties

- Carry out experiments to test conductivity of covalent compounds
- Compare conductivity of ionic and covalent substances
- Record and discuss observations

Why do most covalent compounds not conduct electricity?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Covalent compounds (sugar, ethanol)
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Introduction to Giant Covalent Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define giant covalent structures
- Distinguish between simple and giant covalent structures
- Appreciate the unique properties of giant covalent substances

- Discuss with peers the meaning of giant covalent structures
- Research on examples of giant covalent substances
- Compare simple molecular and giant covalent structures

What are giant covalent structures?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of diamond and graphite
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Diamond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the structure of diamond
- Explain the properties of diamond based on its structure
- Relate diamond's hardness to its bonding

- Research on the structure of diamond
- Watch animations on diamond's tetrahedral structure
- Discuss why diamond is extremely hard

Why is diamond the hardest natural substance?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Diamond samples or models
- Animations on diamond structure

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Graphite

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the structure of graphite
- Explain the properties of graphite based on its structure
- Compare structures of diamond and graphite

- Research on the layered structure of graphite
- Watch animations on graphite structure
- Discuss why graphite is soft and conducts electricity

Why does graphite conduct electricity while diamond does not?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Graphite samples (pencil lead)
- Animations on graphite structure

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Silicon(IV) Oxide
Chemical Bonding - Modelling Giant Covalent Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide
- Explain properties of SiO₂ based on its structure
- Appreciate the applications of silicon dioxide

- Research on the structure of silicon(IV) oxide
- Discuss the tetrahedral arrangement in SiO₂
- Investigate uses of silicon dioxide

What is the structure of silicon(IV) oxide and what are its properties?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Sand samples
- Internet access
- Locally available materials
- Modelling clay
- Toothpicks and balls

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Formation of Metallic Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define metallic bonding
- Explain how metallic bonds are formed
- Relate metallic bonding to properties of metals

- Discuss the formation of metallic bonds
- Research on the sea of electrons model
- Watch animations on metallic bonding

How are metallic bonds formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Animations on metallic bonding
- Metal samples

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Atomic Size (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Ionic Size (Groups I and II)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the trend in atomic size down Group I and II
- Explain why atomic radius increases down a group
- Show interest in understanding periodic trends

- Discuss in groups the trends in atomic size
- Research on factors affecting atomic radius
- Plot graphs showing atomic radius trends

How does atomic size vary down Groups I and II?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Charts showing ionic radii
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Ionisation Energy (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Melting and Boiling Points (Groups I and II)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define ionisation energy
- Describe the trend in ionisation energy down Groups I and II
- Relate ionisation energy to atomic radius

- Discuss the meaning of ionisation energy
- Research on trends in ionisation energy
- Plot graphs showing ionisation energy trends

Why does ionisation energy decrease down Groups I and II?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Data tables

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group I Elements
Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group II Elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe physical properties of alkali metals
- Carry out experiments to investigate properties of Group I elements
- Observe safety when handling reactive metals

- Carry out experiments to investigate physical properties of Group I elements
- Observe and record appearance, density, and hardness
- Discuss why alkali metals are stored under oil

What are the physical properties of alkali metals?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of lithium, sodium, potassium
- Safety equipment
- Samples of magnesium, calcium

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Oxygen
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with oxygen
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with oxygen
- Observe safety precautions during experiments

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group I metals with oxygen
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkali metals react with oxygen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Sodium, potassium samples
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with chlorine
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with chlorine
- Relate reactivity to position in the group

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group I metals with chlorine
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkali metals react with chlorine?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Dilute Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with dilute acids
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with acids
- Appreciate the high reactivity of alkali metals

- Discuss reaction of alkali metals with dilute acids
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Research on safety concerns with this reaction

Why is the reaction of alkali metals with acids dangerous?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on reactions
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with oxygen
- Write equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with oxygen
- Compare reactivity with Group I metals

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with oxygen
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with oxygen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Magnesium ribbon
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with water
- Compare reactions with cold water and steam
- Write equations for reactions of Group II metals with water

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with cold water
- Investigate reaction of magnesium with steam
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with water and steam?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Magnesium, calcium samples
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Chlorine
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Dilute Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with chlorine
- Write equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with chlorine
- Show awareness of safety when handling chlorine

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with chlorine
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with chlorine?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)
- Safety equipment
- Dilute HCl and H₂SO₄
- Magnesium ribbon

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical Properties of Halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe physical properties of halogens
- Investigate appearance, smell, and physical states of halogens
- Observe safety when handling halogens

- Prepare chlorine gas and investigate its physical properties
- Observe physical properties of chlorine, bromine, and iodine
- Record appearance, smell, and physical states

What are the physical properties of halogens?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine, bromine, iodine samples
- Fume cupboard

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Physical Properties of Halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe trends in physical properties down Group VII
- Explain the trend in melting and boiling points
- Relate trends to molecular size

- Discuss trends in physical properties of halogens
- Plot graphs showing melting and boiling point trends
- Research on solubility of halogens in water

How do physical properties of halogens change down the group?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of chlorine with water
- Explain the bleaching action of chlorine water
- Write equations for the reaction

- Carry out experiments on reaction of chlorine with water
- Investigate the bleaching action of chlorine water
- Write equations for the reaction

How does chlorine react with water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine water
- Litmus paper

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of chlorine with metals
- Write equations for reactions of chlorine with metals
- Appreciate the reactivity of halogens

- Carry out experiments on reaction of chlorine with metals
- Observe reaction of heated iron with chlorine
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How does chlorine react with metals?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Iron filings, sodium
- Fume cupboard

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Hydrogen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of chlorine with hydrogen
- Write equations for the reaction
- Show awareness of safety with explosive reactions

- Discuss the reaction of chlorine with hydrogen
- Watch videos demonstrating the reaction
- Write balanced equations for the reaction

How does chlorine react with hydrogen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on reactions
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Displacement Reactions of Halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain displacement reactions of halogens
- Carry out experiments on halogen displacement
- Relate displacement to reactivity series

- Carry out displacement reactions of halogens
- Add chlorine water to potassium bromide and iodide solutions
- Record colour changes and write equations

Why can chlorine displace bromine and iodine from their salts?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Halogen solutions
- Potassium halide solutions

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Bleaching Action of Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the bleaching action of chlorine
- Carry out experiments to demonstrate bleaching
- Compare bleaching by chlorine and sulphur dioxide

- Carry out experiments to investigate bleaching action of chlorine
- Test bleaching on moist and dry litmus paper
- Discuss the mechanism of bleaching

How does chlorine act as a bleaching agent?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine water
- Coloured fabric/litmus paper

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical Properties Across Period 3

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe trends in physical properties across Period 3
- Explain trends in atomic size and ionisation energy
- Appreciate periodic trends

- Discuss trends in physical properties across Period 3
- Plot graphs showing atomic radius and ionisation energy trends
- Research on electronegativity trends

How do physical properties change across Period 3?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Melting and Boiling Points Across Period 3

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe trends in melting and boiling points across Period 3
- Explain variations in terms of structure and bonding
- Relate properties to bonding types

- Research on melting and boiling points of Period 3 elements
- Plot graphs showing trends
- Discuss reasons for the observed pattern

Why do melting and boiling points vary across Period 3?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reactions of Period 3 Elements with Oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe reactions of Period 3 elements with oxygen
- Write equations for the reactions
- Compare the oxides formed

- Carry out experiments on reactions of Period 3 elements with oxygen
- Burn magnesium, sulphur, and phosphorus in oxygen
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do Period 3 elements react with oxygen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Period 3 element samples
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry

Periodicity - Applications of Group I, II, VII, and VIII Elements
Acids and Bases - Definition and Examples of Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Outline uses of selected elements in Groups I, II, VII, and VIII
- Relate properties to applications
- Appreciate the importance of elements in daily life

- Search for information on uses of selected elements
- Discuss applications of sodium, calcium, chlorine, and argon
- Present findings on element applications

How are elements of Groups I, II, VII, and VIII used in daily life?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing element uses
- Internet access
- Samples of common acids
- Charts showing acids

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Dissociation of Acids in Water
Acids and Bases - Physical Properties of Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the dissociation of acids in water
- Write dissociation equations for common acids
- Relate acidity to hydrogen ion concentration

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate dissociation of acids in water
- Discuss the role of hydrogen ions in acidity
- Write dissociation equations for HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃

How do acids behave when dissolved in water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Conductivity apparatus
- Digital devices
- Charts showing acid properties
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Metals
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Carbonates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of acids with metals
- Write equations for reactions of acids with metals
- Collect and test for hydrogen gas

- Carry out experiments on reactions of acids with metals
- Collect and test for the gas produced
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do acids react with metals?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Metal samples (Mg, Zn, Fe)
- Sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Hydrogen Carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Metal Oxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of acids with hydrogen carbonates
- Write equations for reactions of acids with hydrogen carbonates
- Compare reactions of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates

- Carry out experiments on reactions of acids with hydrogen carbonates
- Collect and test for the gas produced
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do acids react with hydrogen carbonates?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Metal oxides (CuO, MgO)

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Hydroxides
Acids and Bases - Definition and Examples of Bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of acids with hydroxides
- Write equations for neutralisation reactions
- Appreciate the importance of neutralisation

- Perform experiments to investigate reactions of acids and bases with metal hydroxides
- Carry out neutralisation reactions
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do acids react with metal hydroxides?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Digital devices
- Samples of common bases
- Charts showing bases

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Dissociation of Bases in Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the dissociation of bases in water
- Write dissociation equations for common bases
- Relate basicity to hydroxide ion concentration

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate dissociation of bases in water
- Discuss the role of hydroxide ions in basicity
- Write dissociation equations for NaOH, KOH, and NH₃

How do bases behave when dissolved in water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Alkali solutions
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Acid-Base Indicators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define indicators
- Identify common acid-base indicators
- Use indicators to test for acids and bases

- Conduct experiments to determine strength of acids and bases using indicators
- Test solutions with litmus, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange
- Record colour changes in different solutions

What are indicators and how do they work?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Various indicators
- Acid and base solutions

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Universal Indicator and pH Scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the pH scale
- Use universal indicator to determine pH
- Relate pH values to acidity and basicity

- Discuss the pH scale and its range
- Use universal indicator to test various solutions
- Match pH values with colours on the pH chart

What is the pH scale and how is it used?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Universal indicator
- pH chart
- Various solutions

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Strong and Weak Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Distinguish between strong and weak acids
- Compare pH values of strong and weak acids
- Relate strength to degree of dissociation

- Compare pH values of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid of same concentration
- Carry out activities to compare electrical conductivity
- Discuss the degree of dissociation in strong and weak acids

What is the difference between strong and weak acids?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- HCl and CH₃COOH solutions
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Strong and Weak Bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Distinguish between strong and weak bases
- Compare pH values of strong and weak bases
- Relate strength to degree of dissociation

- Compare pH values of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution of same concentration
- Carry out activities to compare electrical conductivity
- Discuss the degree of dissociation in strong and weak bases

What is the difference between strong and weak bases?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- NaOH and NH₃ solutions
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions