Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Dative (Coordinate) Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Physical Properties of Simple Covalent Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define dative or coordinate bonding
- Explain how dative bonds are formed
- Draw diagrams showing dative bond formation
- Describe physical properties of simple covalent compounds
- Explain low melting and boiling points of covalent compounds
- Relate properties to weak intermolecular forces

- Discuss the formation of dative bonds
- Research on examples of dative bonding
- Draw diagrams showing dative bond in ammonium ion
- Research on properties of covalent compounds
- Compare properties of ionic and covalent compounds
- Investigate physical states of covalent substances

What is a dative bond and how is it formed?
Why do simple covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Internet access
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of covalent compounds
- Laboratory equipment

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Practical assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Electrical Conductivity of Covalent Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain electrical conductivity of covalent compounds
- Describe why most covalent compounds do not conduct electricity
- Show interest in comparing ionic and covalent properties

- Carry out experiments to test conductivity of covalent compounds
- Compare conductivity of ionic and covalent substances
- Record and discuss observations

Why do most covalent compounds not conduct electricity?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Covalent compounds (sugar, ethanol)
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Electrical Conductivity of Covalent Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain electrical conductivity of covalent compounds
- Describe why most covalent compounds do not conduct electricity
- Show interest in comparing ionic and covalent properties

- Carry out experiments to test conductivity of covalent compounds
- Compare conductivity of ionic and covalent substances
- Record and discuss observations

Why do most covalent compounds not conduct electricity?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Covalent compounds (sugar, ethanol)
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Introduction to Giant Covalent Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define giant covalent structures
- Distinguish between simple and giant covalent structures
- Appreciate the unique properties of giant covalent substances

- Discuss with peers the meaning of giant covalent structures
- Research on examples of giant covalent substances
- Compare simple molecular and giant covalent structures

What are giant covalent structures?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of diamond and graphite
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Diamond
Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Graphite

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the structure of diamond
- Explain the properties of diamond based on its structure
- Relate diamond's hardness to its bonding
- Describe the structure of graphite
- Explain the properties of graphite based on its structure
- Compare structures of diamond and graphite

- Research on the structure of diamond
- Watch animations on diamond's tetrahedral structure
- Discuss why diamond is extremely hard
- Research on the layered structure of graphite
- Watch animations on graphite structure
- Discuss why graphite is soft and conducts electricity

Why is diamond the hardest natural substance?
Why does graphite conduct electricity while diamond does not?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Diamond samples or models
- Animations on diamond structure
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Graphite samples (pencil lead)
- Animations on graphite structure

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Silicon(IV) Oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide
- Explain properties of SiO₂ based on its structure
- Appreciate the applications of silicon dioxide

- Research on the structure of silicon(IV) oxide
- Discuss the tetrahedral arrangement in SiO₂
- Investigate uses of silicon dioxide

What is the structure of silicon(IV) oxide and what are its properties?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Sand samples
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Silicon(IV) Oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide
- Explain properties of SiO₂ based on its structure
- Appreciate the applications of silicon dioxide

- Research on the structure of silicon(IV) oxide
- Discuss the tetrahedral arrangement in SiO₂
- Investigate uses of silicon dioxide

What is the structure of silicon(IV) oxide and what are its properties?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Sand samples
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Modelling Giant Covalent Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Construct models of giant covalent structures
- Use locally available materials to model diamond and graphite
- Show creativity in representing molecular structures

- Use locally available materials to model diamond structure
- Construct models showing graphite layers
- Display and compare models of different structures

How can we represent giant covalent structures using models?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Locally available materials
- Modelling clay
- Toothpicks and balls

- Practical assessment - Project work - Peer assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Formation of Metallic Bonds
Periodicity - Trends in Atomic Size (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Ionic Size (Groups I and II)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define metallic bonding
- Explain how metallic bonds are formed
- Relate metallic bonding to properties of metals
- Describe the trend in atomic size down Group I and II
- Explain why atomic radius increases down a group
- Show interest in understanding periodic trends

- Discuss the formation of metallic bonds
- Research on the sea of electrons model
- Watch animations on metallic bonding
- Discuss in groups the trends in atomic size
- Research on factors affecting atomic radius
- Plot graphs showing atomic radius trends

How are metallic bonds formed?
How does atomic size vary down Groups I and II?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Animations on metallic bonding
- Metal samples
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Charts showing ionic radii
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Ionisation Energy (Groups I and II)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define ionisation energy
- Describe the trend in ionisation energy down Groups I and II
- Relate ionisation energy to atomic radius

- Discuss the meaning of ionisation energy
- Research on trends in ionisation energy
- Plot graphs showing ionisation energy trends

Why does ionisation energy decrease down Groups I and II?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Graph paper

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Melting and Boiling Points (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group I Elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe trends in melting and boiling points down Groups I and II
- Explain factors affecting melting points of metals
- Appreciate patterns in physical properties

- Research on melting and boiling points of Group I and II elements
- Plot graphs showing melting point trends
- Discuss factors affecting melting points

How do melting and boiling points vary down Groups I and II?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of lithium, sodium, potassium
- Safety equipment

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group II Elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe physical properties of alkaline earth metals
- Carry out experiments to investigate properties of Group II elements
- Compare properties of Groups I and II elements

- Carry out experiments to investigate physical properties of Group II elements
- Observe and record appearance, density, and hardness
- Compare physical properties of Groups I and II

How do physical properties of Group II elements compare to Group I?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of magnesium, calcium
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Oxygen
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Water
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with oxygen
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with oxygen
- Observe safety precautions during experiments
- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with chlorine
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with chlorine
- Relate reactivity to position in the group

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group I metals with oxygen
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group I metals with chlorine
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkali metals react with oxygen?
How do alkali metals react with chlorine?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Sodium, potassium samples
- Safety equipment
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Dilute Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with dilute acids
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with acids
- Appreciate the high reactivity of alkali metals

- Discuss reaction of alkali metals with dilute acids
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Research on safety concerns with this reaction

Why is the reaction of alkali metals with acids dangerous?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on reactions
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with oxygen
- Write equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with oxygen
- Compare reactivity with Group I metals

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with oxygen
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with oxygen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Magnesium ribbon
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with water
- Compare reactions with cold water and steam
- Write equations for reactions of Group II metals with water

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with cold water
- Investigate reaction of magnesium with steam
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with water and steam?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Magnesium, calcium samples
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with chlorine
- Write equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with chlorine
- Show awareness of safety when handling chlorine

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with chlorine
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with chlorine?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Dilute Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with dilute acids
- Write equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with acids
- Collect and test the gas produced

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with dilute acids
- Collect and test for hydrogen gas
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with dilute acids?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute HCl and H₂SO₄
- Magnesium ribbon

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Definition and Examples of Acids
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of Acids in Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define acids
- Identify common acids and their sources
- Show interest in learning about acids

- Discuss with peers the meaning of acids
- Identify common acids found at home and in the laboratory
- Research on natural sources of acids

What are acids and where are they found?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of common acids
- Charts showing acids
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Conductivity apparatus

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Physical Properties of Acids
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe physical properties of acids
- Identify acids by their taste (sour)
- Observe safety when handling acids

- Discuss physical properties of acids
- Research on why acids taste sour
- Investigate the corrosive nature of acids

What are the physical properties of acids?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing acid properties
- Safety equipment
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Metal samples (Mg, Zn, Fe)

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Hydrogen Carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Metal Oxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of acids with carbonates
- Write equations for reactions of acids with carbonates
- Collect and test for carbon dioxide gas
- Describe the reaction of acids with hydrogen carbonates
- Write equations for reactions of acids with hydrogen carbonates
- Compare reactions of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates

- Carry out experiments on reactions of acids with carbonates
- Collect and test for the gas produced using lime water
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Carry out experiments on reactions of acids with hydrogen carbonates
- Collect and test for the gas produced
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do acids react with carbonates?
How do acids react with hydrogen carbonates?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Metal oxides (CuO, MgO)

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Hydroxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the reaction of acids with hydroxides
- Write equations for neutralisation reactions
- Appreciate the importance of neutralisation

- Perform experiments to investigate reactions of acids and bases with metal hydroxides
- Carry out neutralisation reactions
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do acids react with metal hydroxides?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Sodium hydroxide solution

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Definition and Examples of Bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define bases and alkalis
- Distinguish between bases and alkalis
- Identify common bases and their sources

- Discuss with peers the meaning of bases and alkalis
- Identify common bases found at home and in the laboratory
- Research on natural sources of bases

What are bases and how do they differ from alkalis?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of common bases
- Charts showing bases

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Dissociation of Bases in Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the dissociation of bases in water
- Write dissociation equations for common bases
- Relate basicity to hydroxide ion concentration

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate dissociation of bases in water
- Discuss the role of hydroxide ions in basicity
- Write dissociation equations for NaOH, KOH, and NH₃

How do bases behave when dissolved in water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Alkali solutions
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Acid-Base Indicators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define indicators
- Identify common acid-base indicators
- Use indicators to test for acids and bases

- Conduct experiments to determine strength of acids and bases using indicators
- Test solutions with litmus, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange
- Record colour changes in different solutions

What are indicators and how do they work?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Various indicators
- Acid and base solutions

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Universal Indicator and pH Scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the pH scale
- Use universal indicator to determine pH
- Relate pH values to acidity and basicity

- Discuss the pH scale and its range
- Use universal indicator to test various solutions
- Match pH values with colours on the pH chart

What is the pH scale and how is it used?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Universal indicator
- pH chart
- Various solutions

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Strong and Weak Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Distinguish between strong and weak acids
- Compare pH values of strong and weak acids
- Relate strength to degree of dissociation

- Compare pH values of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid of same concentration
- Carry out activities to compare electrical conductivity
- Discuss the degree of dissociation in strong and weak acids

What is the difference between strong and weak acids?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- HCl and CH₃COOH solutions
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Strong and Weak Bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Distinguish between strong and weak bases
- Compare pH values of strong and weak bases
- Relate strength to degree of dissociation

- Compare pH values of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution of same concentration
- Carry out activities to compare electrical conductivity
- Discuss the degree of dissociation in strong and weak bases

What is the difference between strong and weak bases?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- NaOH and NH₃ solutions
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Uses of Acids and Bases in Daily Life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Outline uses of acids and bases in daily life
- Relate properties of acids and bases to their applications
- Appreciate the importance of acids and bases

- Search for information on applications of acids and bases
- Discuss uses in food, medicine, cleaning, and industry
- Properly dispose of waste after experiments

How are acids and bases used in daily life?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing applications
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Meaning and Examples of Salts
Introduction to Salts - Normal Salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the term salt
- Identify examples of salts
- Show interest in learning about salts

- Brainstorm and carry out activities to establish the meaning of salt
- Identify samples of salts at home and in the laboratory
- Discuss common examples of salts

What are salts and where are they found?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Samples of salts (table salt, fertilisers)
- Digital devices
- Charts showing salts
- Samples of normal salts
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Acidic Salts
Introduction to Salts - Basic and Double Salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define acidic salts
- Give examples of acidic salts
- Explain the formation of acidic salts

- Discuss with peers the meaning of acidic salts
- Identify examples of acidic salts
- Write equations showing formation of acidic salts

What are acidic salts and how are they formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing salt types
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Solubility of Chlorides and Nitrates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine solubility of chlorides and nitrates in water
- Classify chlorides and nitrates as soluble or insoluble
- Show interest in investigating salt properties

- Carry out experiments to determine solubility of chlorides in water
- Test solubility of various nitrates
- Record and classify results

Are all chlorides and nitrates soluble in water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Various chlorides and nitrates
- Distilled water

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Solubility of Sulphates and Carbonates
Introduction to Salts - Direct Synthesis
Introduction to Salts - Reaction of Acids with Metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine solubility of sulphates and carbonates in water
- Classify sulphates and carbonates as soluble or insoluble
- Apply solubility rules to predict salt solubility
- Prepare salts by reacting acids with metals
- Write equations for the reactions
- Observe safety when handling acids

- Carry out experiments to determine solubility of sulphates in water
- Test solubility of various carbonates
- Create a solubility table for common salts
- Carry out experiments to prepare salts by reacting acids with metals
- React zinc with dilute sulphuric acid
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

Which sulphates and carbonates are soluble in water?
How are salts prepared from acids and metals?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Various sulphates and carbonates
- Distilled water
- Iron filings
- Chlorine gas
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Metal samples (Zn, Mg)

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Reaction of Acids with Bases (Neutralisation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare salts by neutralisation
- Write equations for neutralisation reactions
- Apply titration technique in salt preparation

- Carry out experiments to prepare salts by neutralisation
- React dilute acid with alkali using indicator
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How are salts prepared by neutralisation?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Alkali solutions

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Reaction of Acids with Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare salts by reacting acids with carbonates
- Write equations for the reactions
- Collect and identify products formed

- Carry out experiments to prepare salts from carbonates
- React dilute acid with sodium carbonate
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How are salts prepared from carbonates and hydrogen carbonates?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Precipitation Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare insoluble salts by precipitation
- Write ionic equations for precipitation reactions
- Apply solubility rules in precipitation

- Carry out experiments to prepare insoluble salts by precipitation
- Mix solutions to form precipitates
- Write balanced ionic equations for precipitation reactions

How are insoluble salts prepared by precipitation?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Soluble salt solutions
- Filter paper and funnel

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Hygroscopic Salts
Introduction to Salts - Deliquescent Salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define hygroscopic salts
- Identify examples of hygroscopic salts
- Explain the behaviour of hygroscopic salts in air
- Define deliquescent salts
- Identify examples of deliquescent salts
- Distinguish between hygroscopic and deliquescent salts

- Carry out experiments to investigate behaviour of salts in air
- Expose different salts to atmosphere and observe changes
- Record observations on hygroscopic behaviour
- Carry out experiments to investigate deliquescent behaviour
- Expose calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide to air
- Compare hygroscopic and deliquescent salts

What are hygroscopic salts and how do they behave in air?
What are deliquescent salts and how do they differ from hygroscopic salts?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of hygroscopic salts
- Watch glasses
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of deliquescent salts
- Watch glasses

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Deliquescent Salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define deliquescent salts
- Identify examples of deliquescent salts
- Distinguish between hygroscopic and deliquescent salts

- Carry out experiments to investigate deliquescent behaviour
- Expose calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide to air
- Compare hygroscopic and deliquescent salts

What are deliquescent salts and how do they differ from hygroscopic salts?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of deliquescent salts
- Watch glasses

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Efflorescent Salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define efflorescent salts
- Identify examples of efflorescent salts
- Explain the loss of water of crystallisation

- Carry out experiments to investigate efflorescent behaviour
- Expose washing soda to air and observe changes
- Discuss the concept of water of crystallisation

What are efflorescent salts and why do they lose water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Washing soda crystals
- Watch glasses

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Applications of Salts in Daily Life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Outline uses of salts in various industries
- Discuss effects of excessive use of inorganic fertilisers
- Appreciate the importance of salts in daily life

- Discuss with peers applications of salts in agriculture, food, medicine, and industry
- Search for information on effects of inorganic fertilisers on environment
- Discuss mitigation measures for environmental challenges

How are salts used in daily life and what are the environmental concerns?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing salt applications
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations