ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.

text book

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36

ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.
- Predation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.
Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.
Teacher exposes new concepts.
Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.
Q/A: Deductions from graphs.
Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c

text book
Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.
text book

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38
KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.

Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.
Detailed discussion.
Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.
Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.

Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
text book
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 53

ECOLOGY

Trophic levels.
Food chains.
Food webs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.
To interpret food webs.

Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.
Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart
charts

KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43

ECOLOGY

Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.
Inverted pyramid of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.
To construct pyramid of numbers from given data.
To interpret constructed pyramid of numbers from given data.
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.

Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.
Q/A: Identifying trophic levels of organisms.
Use given date to construct pyramid of numbers.
Supervised Exercise.
Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.

chart
text book
Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.

KLB BK III. PP 41-42. CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Pyramid of Biomass.
Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.
Belt transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.
To describe the quadrat method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
To estimate population using quadrat method.
To describe the line transect method of population.
To suggest limitations of line transect method of population.
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.
Students construct biomass from given data.
Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.
Teacher explains use of quadrat method of estimating population.
Q/A: limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
Project- students to make quadrats.
Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.
Teacher explains procedure of line transect method of population.
Q/A: Students suggest limitations of line transect method of population.
Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

chart
text book
Standard quadrats.
text book
Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c

KLB BK III. PP 44-45. CERTIFICATE PG 50
KLB BK III. PP
46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.
Mesophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.
To state characteristics of dry habitats.
To identify adaptations of xerophytes to their habitats.
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.
To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Detailed discussion and explanations.
Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.
Worked examples.
Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of xerophytes to dry habitats.
Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.
Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.
Specimens of mesophytes.

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 61

ECOLOGY

Hydrophytes.
Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of hydrophytes.
To explain adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where hydrophytes.
thrive.
Discussion: Adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.
Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.

Specimens of hydrophytes.
Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 66

ECOLOGY

Adaptive features of plants.
Pollution and its effects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollution, pollutants.
To explain effects of pollution on human beings and other organisms.

Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.
Discussion punctuated with Q/A.

Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.
text book

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Air pollution.
Water pollution.
Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.


To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.
To identify causes and effects of soil pollution.
To suggest control measures of soil pollution.
To identify effects of radioactive emissions.
To state uses of nuclear energy.

Detailed discussion & probing questions.
Detailed discussion & Q/A.
Brief discussion on radioactive emissions and nuclear energy

topic related video
video of water pollution
text book

KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70
KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.
Protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.
To identify causal agents, symptoms, prevention and treatment of amoebic dysentery and malaria.

Detailed discussion with probing questions.
Detailed discussion, Q/A.

text book
magazine

KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82

ECOLOGY

Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.
Ascaris lumbricoides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.
Detailed discussion.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.

CERTIFICATE PG  83

ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Bilharzia.
Introduction
Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal and transmission agents of bilharzia.
To describe effects of the parasite on its host.
To identify adaptive features of schistosoma.
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.
To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.

Brief discussion
Q/A: Effects on host and control measures.
Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.
Detailed discussion.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. P 69. CERTIFICATE PG 86

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.
Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.
To describe an experiment to show mitosis in a young root tip.
To explain significance of mitosis.
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.
Group experiments: Observing different stages of mitosis. Drawing cells showing stages of mitosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.
Detailed discussion.
Explanations

charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.
text book

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100
KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.
To identify various stages of meiosis.
To explain significance of meiosis.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.
Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.
Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.
Spore formation.
Budding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Exposition and discussion.
Drawing diagrams/ discussion.
Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba
Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 87.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding in yeast.
Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.
To draw and label a flower.

Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.
Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope
Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.
Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.
Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117
KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.
To define fertilisation.
To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.

Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Exposition and detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.

Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.
Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Detailed discussion.
Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

text book
A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.
To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.
Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.
Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c
text book
charts

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130
KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.
Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.
To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.
Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.
Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Strands of eggs of frogs.
Wall charts-Reproduction system.

KLB BK III.
P 105 CERTIFICATE PG 147

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the male reproduction system.
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

Detailed discussion.
To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.

Drawing and labeling.
Detailed discussion.
Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.

chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.
Implantation.
The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.
To explain the fertilisation process.
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.
To describe the formation of the placenta and the structure of the placenta.
To state and explain the role of the placenta.
To identify substances allowed / not allowed to pass through the placenta
To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.

Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.
Discussion
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.
Exposition and discussion.
Exposition and discussion. Drawing diagrams showing placental exchanges.
Detailed discussion.
Tabulate functional differences.

text book
chart
Chart- The placenta.
text book

KLB BK III. PP.
112-113 CERTIFICATE PG 151
KLB BK III. P. 115 CERTIFICATE PG 159

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.
To explain the role of oxytocin in milk let down.
To draw and label mammary glands.
To state secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.

Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.
Discussion
Drawing and labelling mammary glands.
Detailed discussion.

text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.

KLB BK III. PP.
117-119 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.
To represent hormonal levels on a 28-day chart.

Detailed discussion.
Open discussion.
Interpreting illustrative charts.

Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 121 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.
To identify the symptoms of STIs.
To explain the mode of transmission of STIs / AIDS and discuss methods of control.
To differentiate between HIV and AIDS.

Open discussion.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Distinction and relationship between HIV and AIDS.

text book
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.

KLB BK III. P. 123 

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

The concepts of growth and development.
Measurement of growth.
Growth phases.
Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish growth from development.
To identify aspects that indicate growth of an organism.
Sketch a growth curve.
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.
Explain growth curve showing intermittent growth.
To draw and label a typical seed.
To state the functions of the parts of a seed.

Q/A: Aspects that occur during growth.
Detailed discussion of growth and development.
Discuss growth aspects-height, weight and volume.
Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.
Q/A: life cycles of insects.
Exposition and detailed discussion.
Students examine external structure of bean seeds and maize seeds.
Teacher assists them to identify the parts of the seeds.
Drawing and labeling the seeds.

text book
Shoots of known ages.
chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178
KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.
Dormancy in seeds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify structural differences between monocots and dicots.
To define seed dormancy.
To explain factors that cause dormancy and ways of breaking dormancy.

Obtain longitudinal section of the seeds.
Identify structural differences of the specimens.
Carry out iodine tests.
Explain the observations.
Detailed discussion.

Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.
video

KLB BK III. P. 136  CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Seed germination.
Epigeal germination.
Hypogeal germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.
To differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
To describe epigeal germination.
To describe hypogeal germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.
Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing comparative diagrams.
Drawing diagrams.

Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.
Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.
Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Primary growth of a seedling.
Region of growth in a root.
Apical meristems.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe primary growth of a seedling.
To determine the region of growth in a root.
To draw and label longitudinal and transverse sections of apical meristems.

Brief discussion.
Group experiments- Observe previously prepared specimens to determine regions of growth.
Discuss observations made.
Draw relevant diagrams.
Drawing and labelling transverse sections of apical meristems.

Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.
Charts- Apical meristems.

KLB BK III. P 143 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GENETICS

Secondary growth.
Growth hormones.
Apical dominance.
Growth and development in insects.
Role of hormones in insect growth.
The concept of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe secondary growth of plants.
To explain role of hormones in growth of plants.
To explain the role of auxins in apical dominance.
To differentiate between complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.
Define Genetics.
Define variation.

Detailed discussion.
Discuss the role of IAA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid e.t.c, in plant growth.
Probing questions leading to definition and explanation of apical dominance.
Q/A: Features of complete and incomplete metamorphosis of insects.
Exposition and explanations.
Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions on some variations in human beings.
Observe some variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, finger prints, students? heights, etc.
Discussion on the concept of variation.

text book
Shoot with lateral growth.
chart
text book
Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.

KLB BK III. PP. 145-146 CERTIFICATE PG 187
KLB BK III. PP.148-14.9 CERTIFICATE PG 194

GENETICS

Discontinuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous variation.

Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.

text book

KLB BK IV.
P 3.

GENETICS

Continuous variation.
Causes of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.
Discuss causes of variation.

Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.
Exposition of new concepts.

Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers
text book

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4

GENETICS

The chromosome.
Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes.
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.
Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

text book
Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 4-5.

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
Genes and DNA.
DNA replication.
First law of heredity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Expository approach.
Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.
Exposition with explanations.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.
Chart- the double helix DNA.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 6-7
KLB BK IV. PP 7-8

GENETICS

Monohybrid inheritance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.

Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 12-14

GENETICS

Genetic crosses using a punnet square.
Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.

Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.
Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.

text book
Beans of two different colours, beakers.

KLB BK IV. PP 14-15

GENETICS

Incomplete dominance.
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.

Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.

GENETICS

Inheritance of Rhesus factor.
Determining unknown genotypes.
Sex determination in man.
Sex-linked genes and traits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe inheritance of Rhesus factor.
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.
Describe sex determination in man.
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.

Exposition;
Discussion.
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Exposition;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.
Probing questions;

chart
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 21-22
KLB BK IV. PP 23-24

GENETICS

Non-disjunction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 30-33

GENETICS

Gene mutation.
Disorders due to gene mutations.
Applications of genetics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.

Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.
Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.

Models to show Chromosomal mutations.
chart
text book,video

KLB BK IV. PP 33-35