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SCHEME OF WORK
Biology
Form 4 2025
TERM I
School


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WK LSN TOPIC SUB-TOPIC OBJECTIVES T/L ACTIVITIES T/L AIDS REFERENCE REMARKS
1 1
GENETICS
The concept of variation.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define Genetics.
Define variation.
Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions on some variations in human beings.
Observe some variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, finger prints, students? heights, etc.
Discussion on the concept of variation.


Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.

KLB BK IV.
PP 1-2.
1 2
GENETICS
Discontinuous variation.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous variation.
Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.
text book
KLB BK IV.
P 3.
1 3-4
GENETICS
Discontinuous variation.
Continuous variation.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous variation.
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.
Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.


Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.
text book
Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers
KLB BK IV.
P 3.

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4
1 5
GENETICS
Continuous variation.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.
Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.
Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4
2 1
GENETICS
Causes of variation.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.
Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.
text book
KLB BK IV.
P 4
2 2
GENETICS
Causes of variation.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.
Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.
text book
KLB BK IV.
P 4
2 3-4
GENETICS
Causes of variation.
The chromosome.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.
Describe the structure of chromosomes.
Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.


Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.
text book
KLB BK IV.
P 4
KLB BK IV. PP 4-5.
2 5
GENETICS
The chromosome.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes.
Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 4-5.
3 1
GENETICS
Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.
Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.
Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.
KLB BK IV. PP 5-6
3 2
GENETICS
Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.
Scissors,
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.
KLB BK IV. PP 6-7
3 3-4
GENETICS
Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
Genes and DNA.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.
Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Expository approach.
Scissors,
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.
Chart- the double helix DNA.
KLB BK IV. PP 6-7
KLB BK IV. PP 7-8
3 5
GENETICS
Genes and DNA.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.
Expository approach.
Chart- the double helix DNA.
KLB BK IV. PP 7-8
4 1
GENETICS
DNA replication.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.
Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 9-10
4 2
GENETICS
DNA replication.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.
Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 9-10
4 3-4
GENETICS
First law of heredity.
Monohybrid inheritance.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Exposition with explanations.
Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book
KLB BK IV. PP 11-12
KLB BK IV. PP 12-14
4 5
GENETICS
Monohybrid inheritance.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 12-14
5 1
GENETICS
Genetic crosses using a punnet square.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.
Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 14-15
5 2
GENETICS
Genetic crosses using a punnet square.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.
Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 14-15
5 3-4
GENETICS
Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.
Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.
Beans of two different colours, beakers.
KLB BK IV. PP 15-17
5 5
GENETICS
Incomplete dominance.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.
Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.
chart
KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.
6 1
GENETICS
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.
Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.
chart
KLB BK IV. PP 20-21
6 2
GENETICS
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.
Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.
chart
KLB BK IV. PP 20-21
6 3-4
GENETICS
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.
Inheritance of Rhesus factor.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.

Describe inheritance of Rhesus factor.
Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.
Exposition;
Discussion.
chart
KLB BK IV. PP 20-21
KLB BK IV. PP 21-22
6 5
GENETICS
Determining unknown genotypes.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.
Exposition;
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 22-23
7

Midterm exam and break

8 1
GENETICS
Sex determination in man.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in man.
Exposition;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.
KLB BK IV. PP 23-24
8 2
GENETICS
Sex determination in man.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in man.
Exposition;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.
KLB BK IV. PP 23-24
8 3-4
GENETICS
Sex-linked genes and traits.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 24-27
8 5
GENETICS
Non-disjunction.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.
Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 30-33
9 1
GENETICS
Gene mutation.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.
Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.
Models to show Chromosomal mutations.
KLB BK IV. PP 33-35
9 2
GENETICS
Gene mutation.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.
Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.
Models to show Chromosomal mutations.
KLB BK IV. PP 33-35
9 3-4
GENETICS
Gene mutation.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.
Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.
Models to show Chromosomal mutations.
KLB BK IV. PP 33-35
9 5
GENETICS
Disorders due to gene mutations.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.
Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
chart
KLB BK IV. PP 35-38
10 1
GENETICS
Applications of genetics.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.
Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.
text book,video
KLB BK IV. PP 39-45
10 2
GENETICS
Applications of genetics.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.
Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.
text book,video
KLB BK IV. PP 39-45
10 3-4
GENETICS
EVOLUTION
Applications of genetics.
Meaning of evolution. Theories of origin of life.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.


Define evolution.
Explain the theories of life.
Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.



Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Q/A on creation theory;
Exposition of chemical theory.
text book,video
KLB BK IV. PP 39-45
KLB BK IV. PP 49-51
10 5
EVOLUTION
Evidence for organic evolution.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite evidence for organic evolution.
Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Exposition;
Discussion.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 51-59
11 1
EVOLUTION
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.
Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.
Forelimbs of vertebrates.
KLB BK IV. PP 59-63
11 2
EVOLUTION
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.
Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.
Forelimbs of vertebrates.
KLB BK IV. PP 59-63
11 3-4
EVOLUTION
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures.
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures. (contd)
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.
Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.
Forelimbs of vertebrates.
KLB BK IV. PP 59-63
11 5
EVOLUTION
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures. (contd)
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.
Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.
Forelimbs of vertebrates.
KLB BK IV. PP 59-63
12 1
EVOLUTION
Convergent evolution and analogous structures.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.
Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.
Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.
KLB BK IV. PP 63-64
12 2
EVOLUTION
Convergent evolution and analogous structures.(contd)
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.
Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.
Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.
KLB BK IV. PP 63-64
12 3-4
EVOLUTION
Convergent evolution and analogous structures.(contd)
Larmack?s theory of evolution.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.
Explain Larmack?s theory of evolution.
Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.

Expositions and explanations.
Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 63-64
KLB BK IV. P 67
12 5
EVOLUTION
Darwin?s theory of natural selection.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin?s theory of natural selection.
Cite examples of natural selection in action.
Expositions and explanations;
Probing questions;
Topic review.
text book
KLB BK IV. PP 67-72
13

End term one exams

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