ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Strength of acids. Acids in aqueous form.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define an acid in terms of hydrogen ions.

Explain strength of acids in aqueous form in terms of number of hydrogen ions present.

Class experiments: investigate reactions of magnesium and zinc carbonate with different acids.
Make and record observations in tabular form.
Make deductions from the observations.
Write relevant chemical equations and ionic equations.
Detailed discussion leading to the definition of an acid and explanation of strength of an acid.

Magnesium strip, zinc carbonate,
2M HCl,
2M H2SO4,
2M ethanoic acid.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 1-4

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Strength of acids. Acids in aqueous form.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define an acid in terms of hydrogen ions.

Explain strength of acids in aqueous form in terms of number of hydrogen ions present.

Class experiments: investigate reactions of magnesium and zinc carbonate with different acids.
Make and record observations in tabular form.
Make deductions from the observations.
Write relevant chemical equations and ionic equations.
Detailed discussion leading to the definition of an acid and explanation of strength of an acid.

Magnesium strip, zinc carbonate,
2M HCl,
2M H2SO4,
2M ethanoic acid.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 1-4

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

pH values of acids. Electrical conductivities of aqueous acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine strength of acids using pH values.

Determine strengths of acids by comparing their electrical conductivities.

Classify acids as either strong or weak in terms of partial dissociations in aqueous solutions.

Q/A: review determination of strength of acids using a litmus paper and pH scale.
Class / group experiments: record colour of universal indicator in
2M HCl and 2M ethanoic acid.
Set up voltameters of 2M HCl and 2M ethanoic acid in turns.
Record amounts of current .
Discuss the observations.
Write corresponding ionic equations.

Universal
indicator,
2M HCl,
2M ethanoic acid,
dry cells,
carbon electrodes,
milli-ammeters,
wires, switches etc.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 4-6

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Definition of a base in terms of hydroxide ions.
Neutralization reaction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a base in terms of hydroxide ions.
Determine the results of reaction of an acid and a base.

Teacher demonstration:
Dissolve calcium hydroxide in water.
Carry out litmus test on the resulting solution.
Discuss the results; hence define a base in terms of hydroxide ions.

Add 1M HCl to an aqueous solution of Calcium hydroxide drop wise until colour, change of the universal indicator is noted.
Write ionic equation for the reaction.

Red litmus paper, calcium hydroxide solid.
1M HCl,
Calcium hydroxide,
universal indicator.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 6-7
K.L.B. BK IV
Page 7

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Strength of bases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare strengths of bases using pH values and electrical conductivity.


Classify bases/ alkali as either strong or weak in terms of complete / partial ionization.

Carry out pH tests of 2M NaOH and 2M ammonia solution using universal indicator solutions; and observe colour changes.

Carry out electrical conductivity tests of voltameters of the above solutions.

Discussion: relate number of hydroxide ions to pH values and electrical conductivity of bases.

2M NaOH,
2M ammonia solution, universal indicator solutions, dry cells,
carbon electrodes,
milliammeters,
wires, switches etc

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 7-9

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Strength of bases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare strengths of bases using pH values and electrical conductivity.


Classify bases/ alkali as either strong or weak in terms of complete / partial ionization.

Carry out pH tests of 2M NaOH and 2M ammonia solution using universal indicator solutions; and observe colour changes.

Carry out electrical conductivity tests of voltameters of the above solutions.

Discussion: relate number of hydroxide ions to pH values and electrical conductivity of bases.

2M NaOH,
2M ammonia solution, universal indicator solutions, dry cells,
carbon electrodes,
milliammeters,
wires, switches etc

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 7-9

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water / methylbenzene.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a polar and a non-polar solvent.

Teacher demonstration:
Dissolving HCl gas in different solvents.
Discuss the observations.
Write down related balanced chemical equations.

Ammonia gas,
Methylbenzene, hydrogen chloride gas.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 9-11

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Dissolving ammonia gas in water/ methylbenzene.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate effect of a polar / non-polar solvent on ammonia gas.

Carry out litmus tests on the resulting solution.
Make observations and deductions thereof.
Write down related balanced chemical equations.

Ammonia gas,
Methylbenzene.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 11-12

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Amphoteric oxides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define an amphoteric oxide.
Identify some amphoteric oxides.

Class experiment:
Carry out acid / base reactions with metal oxides.
Q/A: make deductions from the results.
Writing and balancing relevant equations.

2M Nitric acid
2M NaOH,
HNO3.
Amphoteric oxides.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 12-14

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Precipitation Reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a precipitate.
Write ionic equations showing formation of precipitates.

Q/A: review definition of a salt.
Class experiment;
Add sodium carbonate or a suitable carbonate to various salt solutions containing Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, etc.
Make observations and discuss the results.

Soluble carbonates e.g. Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3
Salt solutions containing Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, etc.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 14-16

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Solubility of chlorides sulphites and sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Find out cations that form (in)soluble chlorides, sulphates and sulphites.

Class experiments: measure 2cc of 0.1M solution containing Pb2+ into a test tube.
Add drops of 2M NaCl solution.
(Later 2M Sodium Sulphate and 2M Sodium Sulphate).
Warm the mixture and make observations.
Repeat the procedure using other salt solutions containing other ions.
Tabulate the results.

0.1M solution containing Pb2+, 2M NaCl solution, 2M sodium sulphate, source of heating.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 16-17

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Equations for formation of insoluble chlorides, sulphites and sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write down equations for formation of insoluble chlorides, sulphites and sulphates.

Q/A: review observations made in the above experiments.
Discuss the solubility of the cations.
Write relevant ionic equations.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 17-18

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Equations for formation of insoluble chlorides, sulphites and sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write down equations for formation of insoluble chlorides, sulphites and sulphates.

Q/A: review observations made in the above experiments.
Discuss the solubility of the cations.
Write relevant ionic equations.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 17-18

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Complex ions.
Solubility of a salt at a given temperature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation of complex ions.
Define the term solubility.
Determine solubility of a given salt at room temperature.

Add drops of 2M sodium hydroxide / 2M ammonia solution to a solution containing Mg2+, Zn2+, etc.

Make observations and discuss the results.
Q/A: review the terms saturated, unsaturated solutions & crystallization.
Class experiment: determine mass of a solute that dissolves in 100cc of water at room temperature.

2M Sodium hydroxide (2M ammonia solution),
solution containing Mg2+, Zn2+, etc.

Suitable solutes.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 18-20
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 20-21

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Solubility of a salt at a given temperature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term solubility.
Determine solubility of a given salt at room temperature.

Q/A: review the terms saturated, unsaturated solutions & crystallization.
Class experiment: determine mass of a solute that dissolves in 100cc of water at room temperature.

Suitable solutes.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 20-21

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Problems solving on solubility.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve problems involving solubility of a solute in a solvent at a given temperature.

Worked examples.
Supervised practice.
Written assignment.

Evaporating dish, watch glass, heating source, thermometer.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 21-22

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Effect of temperature on solubility of a solute in a solvent.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate the effect of temperature on solubility of a solute in a solvent.

Experiments involving solubility of KClO3 at different temperatures.
Note temperatures at which crystallization occurs.
Oral questions and discussion.

KClO3 thermometers, source of heat.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 22-25

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Effects of various salts on soap.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine the effects of various salts on soap.

Group experiments: form soap lather in distilled water, tap water, rainwater, dilute solution of sodium chloride and solutions containing Ca2+ and Zn2+.
Note volume of soap that forms lather readily.

distilled water, tap water, rainwater, dilute solution of sodium chloride and solutions containing Ca2+ and Zn2+.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 25-27

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Removal of hardness of water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify ions for hardness of water.
Identify methods of removing hardness of water.
State merits & demerits of hard water.

Review results of above experiments.

Probing questions & brief discussion.

Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 27-29

RADIOACTIVITY

Definition of radioactivity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define radioactivity, a nuclide and radioactive decay.
Differentiate between natural and artificial radioactivity.

Q/A: Review the atomic structure.
Exposition: symbolic representation of an atom / nucleus.
Exposition: meaning of radioactivity and radioactive decay.
Discussion: artificial and natural radioactivity.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 249-251

RADIOACTIVITY

Alpha particles.
Equations involving alpha particles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State properties of alpha particles.
Describe methods of detecting alpha particles.
Write down and balance equations involving alpha particles.

Q/A: position of helium in the periodic table.
Expository approach:
Q/A: Review atomic and mass numbers.
Examples of balanced equations.
Supervised practice.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 251-253

RADIOACTIVITY

Beta particles. Gamma rays.
Radioactive Half-Life.
Radioactive decay curve.
Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Applications of radioactivity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State properties of beta particles.
Define isotopes and isobars.
Write down balanced equations involving both alpha and beta particles.
State properties of gamma rays.
Define the term radioactive half-life. Solve problems relating to half ?life
Plot a radioactive decay curve to deduce the
half ?life from the curve.
Differentiate between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.
Describe applications of radioactivity.

Q/A: Review isotopes.
Expository approach: teacher briefly exposes new concepts.
Examples of equations.
Supervised practice.
Assignment.
Teacher demonstration: Dice experiment.
Exposition of the term half-life.
Worked examples.
Written exercise
Drawing a radioactive decay curve inferring the half-life of the sample from the graph.
Exposition of new concepts accompanied by nuclear equations.
Brief discussion: Carbon dating, detecting leakage, medication, agriculture, industry; effect of static charges, etc.

student book
Dice.
Graph papers.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 251-253
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 254-5

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Alkanols (Alcohols).

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:



Identify the functional group of alkanols.

Explain formation of alkanol molecules.

Q/A: review alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

Teacher exposes new concepts and links them with already known concepts.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Page 205

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Nomenclature of alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name and draw the structure of simple alkanols.

Guided discovery of naming system for alkanols.
Draw and name structures of alkanols.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 206-8

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Nomenclature of alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name and draw the structure of simple alkanols.

Guided discovery of naming system for alkanols.
Draw and name structures of alkanols.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 206-8

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Isomerism in alkanols.
Preparation of ethanol in the lab.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe positional and chain isomerism in alkanols.
Explain formation of primary and secondary alkanols.
Describe preparation of ethanol in the laboratory.

Q/A: review the terms positional and chain isomerism.
Brief discussion on isomerism.
Oral exercise: naming given organic compounds.
Written exercise: writing structural formulae for isomers of organic compounds of a given molecular formula.

Group experiments / teacher demonstration.

Discuss the fermentation process.

student book
Calcium hydroxide solution, sugar solution, yeast.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 208-10
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 210-11

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Physical properties of alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the physical properties of alkanols.

Comparative evaluation of physical properties of alkanols.
Q/A & discussion on variation in physical properties of alkanols.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Page 212

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Chemical properties of alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe some chemical reactions of alkanols.

Group experiments/ teacher demonstration to investigate combustion of ethanol and its reaction with metals.
Write corresponding chemical equations.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 213-5

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Esters and esterification.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation of esters.
Describe the esterification process.

Teacher exposes and explains new concepts.

Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 215-6

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Oxidation of ethanol. Uses of alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain oxidation of ethanol by an oxidizing agent.
State uses of alkanols.
Explain the effects of alcohol on human health

Q/A: review redox reactions, oxidizing and reducing agents.
Brief discussion: oxidation of ethanol using potassium (VII) manganate or potassium (VI) dichromate.
Write corresponding chemical equations.
Open discussion.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 216-8

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Alkanoic (Carboxylic Acids).

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the functional group of alkanoic (carboxylic) acids.
Explain formation of alkanoic acid molecule.

Q/A: review functional group of alkanols.

Brief discussion.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Page 219

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Nomenclature of alkanoic acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name and draw the structure of simple alkanoic acids.

Guided discovery of the naming system for alkanoic acids.

Chart: homologous series of alkanoic acids.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 219-221

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Nomenclature of alkanoic acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name and draw the structure of simple alkanoic acids.

Guided discovery of the naming system for alkanoic acids.

Chart: homologous series of alkanoic acids.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 219-221

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Lab preparation of ethanoic acid.
Physical properties of alkanoic acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe laboratory preparation of ethanoic acid.
Explain some physical properties of alkanoic acids.

Teacher demonstration: prepare ethanoic acid in the lab.

Brief discussion on preparation of ethanoic acid.
Compare physical properties of some alkanoic acids.
Discuss the difference in physical properties among alkanoic acids.

Concentrated H2SO4, potassium manganate
(VII) Crystals, water bath.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 221-223
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 223-4

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Chemical properties of alkanoic acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain some chemical properties of alkanoic acids.

Group experiment: investigate some chemical properties of ethanoic acid.
Carry out tests and record observations in a table.

Ethanoic acid, universal indicator, sodium carbonate, magnesium strip, ethanol, conc. H2SO4 and sodium hydroxide.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 224-5

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Chemical properties of alkanoic acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain some chemical properties of alkanoic acids.

Group experiment: investigate some chemical properties of ethanoic acid.
Carry out tests and record observations in a table.

Ethanoic acid, universal indicator, sodium carbonate, magnesium strip, ethanol, conc. H2SO4 and sodium hydroxide.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 224-5

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Chemical properties & Uses of alkanoic acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write equations for chemical reactions involving acids.
State uses of alkanoic acids.

Review and discuss the observations above.
Write corresponding chemical equations.
Teacher elucidates uses of alkanoic acids.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 225-7

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Soap preparation in the lab.
Cleaning action of soap.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe soap preparation in the lab.
Describe the nature of a soap molecule.
Explain the mode of action in cleaning.

Group experiments,
Answer questions based on the experiments already carried out.




Expository and descriptive approaches.
Answer oral questions.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 227-230
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 230-232

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Effects of hard / soft water on soap.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the effects of hard/ soft water on soap.

Group experiments: form soap lather in different solutions.

Deduce the effects of hard/ soft water on soap.

Distilled water, tap water, rainwater, sodium chloride solution.
Calcium nitrate, Zinc Sulphate, etc.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 232-235

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Soapless detergents.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare soapless detergents in the lab.

State merits of soapless detergents over soaps.

Teacher demonsration.

Brief discussion.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 235-238

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Polymers and polymerization.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concepts additional and condensation polymerization as methods of making synthetic polymers.
Identify some products of polymerization.
State merits and demerits of synthetic polymers over natural materials.

Teacher exposes and explains new concepts.

Detailed discussion.

Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 238-242