CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms.
Binomial Nomenclature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.

Q/A: To review Classification I.
Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.
Q/A: Major taxonomic units.
Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.

Chart- Taxonomic units.
Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 

CLASSIFICATION II

Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.
Kingdom Protoctista.
Organisms with varied forms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the five animal kingdoms.

State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

To give examples of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To state general characteristics of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To draw and label an amoeba, paramecium, spirogyra, e.t.c.

Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.

Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Teacher leads in a discussion.
Drawing and labelling organisms with varied forms.

Chart- Types of bacteria
chart
Wall charts.

KLB BK III.P 3. CERTIFICATE PG 4
KLB BK III.
PP 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 8

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms in pond water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify organisms in pond water.

Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.

Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.

KLB BK III. P. 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 10

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.

Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.
Diagrams of Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

To draw and label various fungi.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.
Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.

Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.
Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Yeast,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11
KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 12

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.
Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of plants.
State general characteristics of Bryophyta.
To draw and label external features of an identified Bryophyta.
To identify features of Bryophyta.

Q/A: Compare plants with the aforementioned kingdoms, and then list down characteristics of plants.
Teacher leads in a discussion. Students examine moss plant under a hand lens, then
Draw and label the moss plant.

Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 13

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Pteridophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.

A live or preserved fern.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 15

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Spermatophyta.
Features of Spermatophytes.
Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of spermatophytes.
To identify features of spermatophytes.
To state general characteristics of gymnospermatophyta.

Teacher leads in a discussion on spermatophytes.
Class experiments: To examine a complete specimen of a bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.
Detailed discussion.

text book
Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG 16
KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.
Class Monocotyledonae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of angiospermaphyta.
To list down characteristics of Monocotyledonae.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Comparing gymnospermatophyta and angiospermaphyta.
Class experiments: Examine maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Discuss external features of the plants.

text book
Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.

KLB BK III. P 10. CERTIFICATE PG 16

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Dicotyledonae.
Kingdom Animalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Dicotyledonae.
To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.

Class experiments: Examine external features of bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Discuss their external features.
Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.

Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
text book

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Arthropoda.
Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Arthropoda.
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.
To describe external features of a centipede.

Q/A: General characteristics of Arthropoda.
Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.
Examine a centipede.
Draw and label a centipede.
Discuss general characteristics of Chilopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.

Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.

KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 19
KLB BK III. P 13. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Diplopoda.
Class Arachnida.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of a milipede.
To describe external features of mites, spiders, scorpions, ticks.

Examine a milipede.
Draw and label a milipede.
Discuss general characteristics of diplopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.
Examine specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Q/A: Differences between arachnids and members of other classes.
Discuss general characteristics of Arachnida.

A milipede.
Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Insecta.
Phyllum Chordata.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of common insects.
To identify general characteristics of chordates.

Examine live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honeybee, termite, e.t.c.
List down general characteristics of insecta.
Discuss economic importance of insects.
Q/A: Identify classes of phylum chordata.
Discussion: characteristics of chordates.

Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Pisces.
Class Amphibia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label external features of a (tilapia) fish.
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts pertaining to characteristics of fish.
Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.

Chart tilapia fish.
Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 22
KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 23

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of reptilia.
To state general characteristics of aves.

Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.

Chart- Diagrams of birds.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 24

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Mammalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.

Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.

Diagrams of various mammals.

KLB BK III. P 20. CERTIFICATE PG  25

CLASSIFICATION II

Dichotomous key.
Features for identifying animals / plants.
Examples of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.
To list identification features for animals/ plants.
To construct dichotomous keys using leaves, stems, e.t.c.

Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.
Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.
Teacher leads through constructed dichotomous keys.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

KLB BK III. P 23. CERTIFICATE PG 27
KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Construction of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.

Supervised exercise.

Written exercise.

Exercise review.

Plants from different families.

Different plant species.

KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30

ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.

text book

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36

ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Measuring abiotic factors.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.
Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.

text book
Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38
KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

Teacher exposes new concepts.


Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.

Q/A: Deductions from graphs.

Chart , graphs.

KLB BK III. P 35. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

- Predation.
- Parasitism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.

Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c
Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.

text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51

ECOLOGY

- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.
Food chains.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.

Detailed discussion.
Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.
Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.
Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.

text book
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart

KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57
KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43

ECOLOGY

Food webs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To interpret food webs.

Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

charts

KLB BK III. P 43. CERTIFICATE PG47